Articles

“Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy for Year-Round Fruit

Production”
Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet
Khanikar5, Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal Gangwar8
1Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Gyanveer University ,Sagar (Madhya Pradesh).
2Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar
(Agriculture University Kota).
3Assistant Professor Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to
be University Mullana Ambala Haryana).
4Sr. Horticulturist, Sri City Pvt Ltd, Andhra Pradesh.
5M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Fruit Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab,
India.
6Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Gyanveer University Sagar (Madhya Pradesh).
7Ph.D. scholar, Department of fruit science, Dr. YSRHU venkataramannagudem, Andhra
Pradesh, 534101.
8Assistant Professor, School of Agricultural Science & Engineering, IFTM University, Lodhipur
Rajput Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244102.
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Bahar treatment in guava is a crucial crop regulation strategy that ensures year-round fruit production by
synchronizing flowering and fruiting cycles. This technique involves the strategic manipulation of
irrigation, pruning, and nutrient management to induce flowering at desired times, allowing farmers to
optimize yield and market availability. The principles of bahar treatment are rooted in understanding plant
physiology and environmental factors, ensuring sustained productivity while maintaining fruit quality. Its
significance lies in improving resource efficiency, stabilizing income for growers, and meeting consumer
demand throughout the year. Economically, bahar treatment enhances profitability by reducing seasonal
fluctuations and enabling better market positioning. However, challenges such as climate variability, labor-
intensive practices, and the need for precise implementation can affect its effectiveness. Future
advancements in biotechnology, automation, and precision agriculture may further refine this approach,
making it more efficient and adaptable to changing agricultural conditions.

Keywords: Crop Regulation, Techniques, Chemical Interventions, Economical Effects, Impact and
Challenges

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy for
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Guava's significance in horticulture

The genus Psidium (Myrtaceae) includes the guava (Psidium guajava L. 2n = 2x = 22), one of the
most delicious and well-liked fruit crops, which is cultivated commercially across the tropics and
subtropics (Pathak and Ojha, 1993; Rodríguez et al., 2010; Mishra et al., 2019). India leads the
globe in guava production, with Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Egypt, Thailand, Columbia, and
Indonesia following closely after (Pommer and Murkami, 2009). It is regarded as the "apple of the
tropics" and is one of the most popular fruits in India, loved by both the wealthy and the
underprivileged. It can survive a broad range of soil and climatic conditions, making it one of the
most resilient fruit trees. Fruits of the guava plant are used either fresh or mostly processed into
puree, paste, jam, jelly, nectar, syrup, ice cream, or juice. In support of its traditional uses, a number
of studies have shown that guava has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antidiabetic,
antigenotoxic, anti-plasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive, anticough, anti-inflammat
-ory, and antinociceptive properties (Gutierrez et al., 2008; Shruthi et al., 2013; Mishra et al.,
2022). Guava trees are resilient, extremely adaptable, and can grow in a variety of soil types,
including marginal soils (Hussain et al., 2020). Their fruit may be eaten fresh or turned into a
variety of products, such as juices, jams, jellies, and more (Kanwal et al., 2016). Because of its
excellent nutritional content, accessibility, and reasonable prices, it has grown to be quite well-
liked and available to customers. Triterpenoid acids, tannins, vitamins, sesquiterpene alcohols, and
phenolic compounds, including essential oils, are among the noteworthy components of guava
plants (Olatunde et al., 2024). Compared to many other fruits, it is a rich source of vitamin C, with
150–200 milligrams per 100 g of pulp. Guava fruit is believed to control systolic blood pressure
and contains antioxidant properties. With an average yield of 15.9 mt/ha, it is grown commercially
in the sub-tropical areas of the Indian subcontinent, specifically in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and
Haryana. The leading state in guava production is Uttar Pradesh (21.78%), followed by Madhya
Pradesh (17.20%) and Bihar (9.62%). L-49 (Sardar), Arka Mridula, Allahabad Safeda, Pant
Prabhat, Lalit, Khaja (Bengal Safeda), Dhareedar, Chittidar, and Harija are common guava
cultivars in India. In addition, there are various hybrid types, such as Kohir Safeda, Arka Amulya,
and Safed Jam. However, Uttar Pradesh produces the highest-quality guavas (Majeed et al., 2024).

Table 1: Guava nutritional composition (Kajal Sahu et al., 2025)

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

S.No. Nutrients Value/500gm

1. Water 404gm
2. Protein 12.75gm
3. Carbohydrates 71.6gm
4. Magnesium 110mg
5. Calcium 90mg
6. Fiber 27gm
7. Phosphorus 200mg
8. Energy 340 kcal
9. Potassium 2085mg
10. Vitamin C 1141.5mg
11. Total fat 4.75gm
12. Iron 1.3mg
13. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.15-0.25mg
14. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 2.5-5.0mg
15. Vitamin B6 0.5-1.0mg

1.2 Bahar Treatment: overview

When produced in India, guava is one of several tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops that, when
left alone, produce a number of light harvests with varying numbers and characteristics from the
year-round blooming flushes. According to (Mishra et al., 2020), guavas naturally produce
blossoms three times a year: in February and March (Ambe Bahar), June and July (Mrig Bahar),
and October and November (Hasth Bahar) (Shukla et al., 2008). The corresponding harvest occurs
during the rainy, winter, and spring seasons, respectively. Understanding how crops bloom and
bear fruit is essential, and after taking into account all relevant factors, bahar will yield a good
harvest. Throughout the year, acid lime trees bloom continuously, with February and March
marking a noticeable peak blooming time. On the other hand, July through August is a rather calm
time of year. Guavas provide varying quantities of fruit throughout the year. In North India, the
major crop typically ripens between July and mid-October, during the rainy season.

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

Table 2: Bahar (Blossom) in guava (Singh et al., 2018)

Flowering season Flowering Fruiting

Ambe Bahar (February) February – March July –August
Mrig Bahar (June) June- July November- December
Hasta Bahar (October) October- November March – April (low yield)

2. CROP REGULATION

The pomegranate and guava plants are given a resting period during which the tree's natural
propensity is artificially changed in order to increase fruit output during a specific time. It is
accomplished by exposing the roots, depriving them of water for around 60 days before the typical
flowering period, and using chemicals, commonly referred to as bahar therapy or flower
management. A number of crops that bloom more than once a year don't consistently deliver fruit
of high quality. Because of the relief from winter stress, guavas (Ambe bahar) produce more
blossoms in the summer. As a result, it yields more fruit when it rains. The fruit maturity period is
shortened to 30 days during this season due to high temperatures and rains, which results in surplus
inventory on the market. In contrast, the winter crop, Mrig bahar, is of greater quality and
commands a noticeably higher price. In contrast to the winter season, the rainy season guava
produces more fruit (Rathore and Singh, 1974; Singh et al., 2000), but the quality is worse because
of its bland flavor and insect infestation (Rawal, 1988).

2.1 Principles of crop regulation

The fundamental idea of guava crop regulation, according to (Sathiah et al., 2021), is to control
the guava's flowering and fruiting behavior at the ideal time to maximize fruit quality yield, cost
effectiveness, and environmental preservation by reducing the frequency of insecticide use. Crop
regulation principles state that several elements, including identification, selection, implementat
-ion, and controlling techniques, are employed to achieve higher quality and more cost- effective
output. The most important sustainability fact is that there must be negative consequences for the
environment or the bottom line in order to implement this idea. (Kumar et al., 2021).

2.2 Significance of crop regulation

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

Crop management is meant to make the tree relax and provide an abundance of fruits and flowers.
Holing irrigation water, root exposure, root and shoot trimming, deblossming, chemical spraying,
and other plant growth regulators can all help achieve this. A number of crops that bloom more
than once a year don't consistently deliver fruit of high quality. Because of the relief from winter
stress, guavas (Ambe bahar) produce more blossoms in the summer. As a result, it yields more
fruit when it rains. The fruit maturity period is shortened to 30 days during this season due to high
temperatures and rains, which results in surplus inventory on the market. In contrast, the winter
season crop, Mrig bahar, is of superior quality and commands a noticeably higher price. In contrast
to the winter season, the rainy season guava produces more fruit (Rathore and Singh, 1974; Singh
et al., 2000), but the quality is worse because of its bland flavor and insect infestation (Rawal,
1988). By lowering the frequency of pesticide use, the basic idea of crop regulation is to control
the guava plant's natural flowering and fruiting during the preferred season of the year, which
enhances the overall fruit yield, quality, profitability, and property of the surrounding area
(Mahadevan, 2014).

3. TECHNIQUES FOR CROP REGULATION IN GUAVA FRUIT

Guavas typically bloom twice a year, in March and April (Ambe bahar) and June and July (Mrig
bahar), with the fruits ripening in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. Nonetheless, a third
crop with flowers that grows in central and southern India. March is when the fruits of October
(Hastha bahar) mature. This blossoming pattern and economic exploitation of fruiting is
undesirable (Mishra et al., 2020). Furthermore, the majority of guava producers suffer a large loss
as a result of the insipid, watery, low-quality, and fruit fly-infested Ambe bahar fruits that are
harvested between July and September (Thakre et al., 2016). The fruits of the winter season are of
higher quality, pest-free, and have great market value (Singh et al., 2000). It goes without saying
that crop control, which provides different flower and fruit thinning treatments over the summer,
would greatly aid in resolving such issues. There are several methods to prevent monsoon crops,
such as manual deblossoming and the use of pesticides during the blossoming and pre-bloom
stages, which hence promote healthy crops, as previously published studies.

3.1 Shoot pruning

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

Since guava blooms are always produced on recently emerged vegetative shoots, shoot trimming
has been shown to be very effective in guava regardless of the season (Thakre et al., 2016). Guava
is special because it can be trimmed to control the production (Lotter, 1990). Reducing tree size
and enhancing fruit quality are two benefits of shoot trimming (Singh and Bal, 2006). Numerous
researchers (Bajpai et al., 1973; Lal, 1983; Jadhav et al., 1998; Lal et al., 2000; Singh and Singh,
2001; Dhaliwal and Singh, 2004) have documented the positive impact of pruning on guava
productivity and fruit quality. (Salah, 2005) found that guava trees with severe and moderate
trimming had the maximum bud emergence. Guava cv. Paluma tree sprout and yield were
impacted by the timing and severity of pruning (Serrano et al., 2008a). Additionally, it was noted
that in guava cv. Paluma, mild pruning enhanced the amount of fruit per branch and the number
of productive branches (Serrano et al., 2008b). Similarly, the best way to decrease production
during the rainy season and increase yield and quality throughout the winter in Nepal was to prune
guava trees at a 20 cm pruning level in early May (Adhikari and Kandel, 2015). The best way to
increase the yield of monsoon flushed crops and the quality of the fruit of spring and monsoon
flushed crops in guava was to moderately prune the bearing shoot of the current season's growth
right before bud opening in the summer. The reason for this might be that the plants stored food
throughout the rainy season, which they could have used to produce winter fruits (Chandra and
Govind, 1995). In May and June, pruning causes more photosynthetic photon flux to enter the
canopies of trimmed trees than in unpruned trees. This greatly boosted the amount of fruit that
could be harvested in December and January. Thus, it can be said that it is economically efficient
to shift rainy season crops to the winter months in guava cultivars with May pruning (Singh et al.,
2001).

3.2 Shoot bending method

The training of guava branches is crucial to this procedure. In order to produce fruits during the
off-season, guava plants' branches are bent down 45–60 days before to the anticipated blooming
date based on the estimate of projected flowering. Given that guava trees with upright shoots bear
poorly, a variety's growth habit may influence its yield and quality (Singh, 1995). Bending
practices assist control blooming (Srivastava et al., 2022) and provide profuse flowering that
commands a fair price (Nanda et al., 2023). When shoot bending treatment was used during the
on-season (312.33), (Kumar et al., 2021) produced more blooms per plant, however during the
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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

off-season (111.33), it decreased blooming. When the guava plant is two years old, it is best to
bend its branches for the first time. Small shoots, blooms, and fruits are cut off or removed from
the branch before the leaves are bent, leaving 10–12 inches of terminal twigs in place. It takes 20–
25 days for the new shootlets to appear during the fall season (September–November). When the
young shootlets are around 1 cm long, bent branches should be loosened. Following 45–50 days
of summer and 60–65 days of autumn bending, the new shootlets begin to flower at the 4-5 pairs
of leaf stage. Applying fertilizer and manures 15 days before to branch bending and again during
the pea stage of fruit development, after watering, is recommended.

3.3 Root pruning and root exposure

This technique removes the top soil (7–10 cm) within a 40–60 cm radius of the tree trunk, exposing
the roots to the sun. This lowers the amount of moisture reaching the top, causing the leaves to
start dropping and the tree to enter a rest period. In light sandy and shallow soils, root exposure is
not necessary since withholding irrigation water for two to three weeks is enough to cause leaf
withering and shedding. After around three to four weeks, the exposed roots are once more covered
with a mixture of soil and manure, and then they are watered (Singh, 1995; Lal et al., 2017). In
order to reduce the rainy season crop and get a healthy winter crop, water stress can be created by
exposing the roots and pruning small roots (Cheema et al., 1954). However, in Uttar Pradesh, this
root pruning technique is not advised or used as it causes moisture stress, which eventually leads
to leaf drop and tree development termination during the undesired bahar period (Kumar et al.,
2021).

3.4 Deblossoming technique

In a study, (Ikhlaq et al., 2022) also observed significant de-blooming in the summer guava crop.
In the cv. Sardar Guava, deblossoming the rainy guava crop with an application of NAA at 800
ppm would contribute to a higher winter crop production (Mishra and Singh 2021). With differing
degrees of effectiveness, flower thinning has been attempted with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA),
naphthalene acetamide (NAD), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), potassium iodide (KI),
2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon), 4,6-dinitro-ocresol (DNOC), and urea. Cultivars, tree
health, soil composition, and environment might all contribute to this difference. Guava flowering
may be eliminated with the use of a number of pesticides, which enhances the remaining yield
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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

(Kumar et al., 2021). On a small scale, in a kitchen garden, and while the plant is young, manual
deblossoming of rainy season flowers works quite well. However, on big commercial plantations,
it is difficult to follow and is exceedingly time-consuming, expensive, and burdensome. (Sahay
and Kumar, 2004) state that Sardar guava may be utilized for winter cropping by manually
deblossoming and trimming the third and fourth current shoots on May 30 after a double spray of
15% urea at 50% bloom stage and 10 days after the first spray. Guava has shown the greatest
deblossoming when sprayed with 20% urea (Singh et al., 1996). However, (Choudhary et al.,
1997) discovered that the most efficient way to deblossom the rainy season guava crop was to
use 15% urea. (Maji et al., 2015) found that in order to obtain higher quality fruits of the guava
cv. L-49 (Sardar) and more profitable winter season output, summer deblossoming with NAD @
60 ppm may be the most effective crop regulating treatment, followed by NAA @ 500 ppm and
NAD @ 40 ppm.

3.5 Holding back of irrigation water

According to this method, trees are not watered from February to mid-May, which causes them to
lose their blossoms and go into a rest phase where food resources accumulate in the branches
(Singh, 1995; Sachin et al., 2015). This approach works well for light sandy soils, however it was
not shown to be helpful in heavy soils or Tarai area soils (Tiwari and Lal, 2000). However, it is
advised to prune the roots and restrict water in December or January for heavy soils. If irrigation
is stopped on the northern plains after the winter crop is harvested, the tree will rest and its blooms
will fall. In June, the tree basin is excavated, fertilized, and watered. The tree began to blossom
profusely after 20 to 25 days, and its winter fruit matured. Melrose and (Normandeau, 2021) added
that on the Indian plains, irrigation is stopped after harvest in April or May in order to achieve crop
management. This habit causes the plant to fall into dormancy and shed its leaves and blooms.
Irrigation is resumed in June, which leads to abundant flowering one month later and the
maturation of the fruits over the winter.

3.6 Nutrition

The fertilizer schedule should be adjusted from April to May to May to June in order to improve
the quantity of winter crops. This will encourage greater vegetative development, which will raise

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

the amount of winter cropping. According to (Kowalska et al., 2023), the optimal time to apply
fertilizer is in June, July, and August since it promotes growth and blooming for a better winter
production. Guava crop output will increase if the fertilizer schedule is changed from April to May
to June during the winter months. This is because more vegetative growth will occur. Additionally,
(Kumar et al., 2021) recommended applying different fertilizers and manures 15 days before to
branch bending (if encountered), then again at the pea stage of fruit growth, and finally, watering.
In order to induce higher vegetative development, (Gupta and Nijjar, 1978) recommended
applying a mixture of NPK@ 40, 100, and 40 g, respectively. The fertilizer schedule should be
adjusted from April to May to May to June in order to boost the quantity of winter crops. This will
cause greater vegetative growth, which in turn raises the winter cropping.

3.7 Chemical Intervention for Crop Regulation

A key tactic for producing a high-quality and high-quantity harvest is the use of chemicals to
regulate crop load during the rainy season (Singh et al., 2002). It has been discovered that growth
regulators are very effective in regulating floral thinning and the cropping season. A
straightforward method of crop control is chemical spraying. Rainy-season crops were
deblossomed by some chemicals, which resulted in an improvement in winter crops. According to
(Singh et al., 2002), guava crop management has been shown to be cost-effective for quality
invention with a single 25% urea spray and two 10% urea sprays in Sardar and Allahabad Safeda,
respectively, during the bloom stage (April–May). The fruit quality was greater and the treatments
had no detrimental effects on the tree since the fruiting was mostly focused in the winter. Allahabad
safeda that are 10 years of age or older According to (Dubey et al., 2002), induced the most
defoliation during the rainy season blooming and produced the most fruit in the winter, both in
terms of production and quality. Similar results were obtained by (Choudhary et al., 1997) and
(Das et al., 2007). A spraying of 60 parts per million of NAA produced the highest fruit weight,
yield, and ascorbic acid in the winter crop of a 15-year-old guava tree cultivar called Sardar,
according to (Yadav et al., 2001). Fruit volume (185.38 ml), pulp thickness, weight (175.57 g),
pulp percentage (96.66), and canopy spread all increased in tandem, according to (Agnihotri et al.,
2013).

3.8 Modern techniques of crop regulation

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

Precision agriculture and genetic engineering have significantly improved guava cultivation by
enhancing crop management and plant traits. The use of sensor technology in precision agriculture
enables farmers to monitor environmental variables and apply fertilizers and water more precisely,
leading to better flowering and fruiting stages. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in
disease-resistant guava varieties with enhanced floral and fruiting characteristics, further boosting
yield and quality. Together, these advancements contribute to more efficient and productive guava
farming (Huang et al., 2021; Shaikh et al., 2022).

4. EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CROP REGULATION ON

PRODUCTION AT THE FARM LEVEL
In India, consumers and marketers are becoming more interested in high-quality guava fruits.
Sardar and Allahabad Safeda, the two most popular guava varieties cultivated in India, produce
naturally poor-quality fruits during the wet season (Singh et al., 2002). According to (Singh et al.,
2000), applying 10% urea spraying in the winter significantly raised the yield (100 kg/tree) in
"Allahabad Safeda." Summer deblossoming with a NAD@ 60 ppm spray yielded the greatest
benefit:cost ratio (7.84:1), according to Maji et al. (2015). According to (Thakre, 2016), lone leaf
pair pruning of fruited branches alone (OLPF) occurs in guava cultivars. With a cost-benefit ratio
of 1:2.96, Pant Prabhat turned out to be more profitable than other therapies. Furthermore, the best
results from this treatment were obtained during the winter and rainy seasons.

5. IMPACT OF CROP BAHAR TREATMENT ON GUAVA FRUIT QUALITY

Impact on Nutritional Content: Guava fruits that are high in nutrients might result from good soil
management and water management. The health advantages of the fruit are attributed to the
enhancement of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant levels through the use of biotechnological
techniques, organic and inorganic fertilizers, and environmental stress management (Jiménez-
Gómez et al., 2017).

Impact on Productivity and Yield: Guava fruit quality and yield are impacted by crop regulation
techniques. Increasing output requires effective use of fertilizer, water, and pruning (Suman and
Bhatnagar, 2019). To ensure constant output and quality, it is essential to balance quality and
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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

quantity, use current techniques, and take sustainability and economic factors into account (Muhie,
2022).

Effects on Physical Appearance: Crop management techniques have a major impact on the size,
shape, color, and texture of guava fruit. Frequent trimming gives the tree shape and produces
consistent fruit sizes (Yahia et al., 2011). A pleasing color, texture, and overall beautiful look are
guaranteed by proper nutrient and water management as well as efficient insect control (Fitri et
al., 2022).

6. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN GUAVA CROP

REGULATION

Commercial guava has embraced cultural and hormonal modifications for fruit setting and bloom
induction for a number of reasons. These are meant to control consistent, high-quality fruits (Lal
et al., 2017). The harvesting season can be prolonged (Mishra et al., 2018), diseases and insect
pests can be lessened (Khan et al., 2011; Lal et al., 2017), and environmental sustainability,
profitability, and nutritional quality can all be improved (Singh et al., 2000; Das et al., 2007; Maji
et al., 2015; Lal et al., 2017). Guava fruit growing faces with difficulties. Despite improvements
in agricultural technology, farmers still face challenges managing diseases and pests. Significant
productivity and fruit quality losses can result from illnesses and insects (Kondoyanni et al., 2022).
Since improper methods can result in toxicities or shortages, managing water and nutrients also
poses significant issues (Dowd et al., 2008).The unpredictability of climate change's effects adds
still another level of complexity, influencing yield and quality (Lipiec et al., 2013). Effective
cultivation is hampered in some areas by a lack of trained workers and cutting-edge technology
(Kabir et al., 2018), and guava farming may become financially hazardous due to changes in global
markets (Rana, 2021). There are plenty of chances for study and development in spite of these
obstacles. Sustainable output can be enhanced by creative, eco-friendly pest and disease
management techniques (Pouthika, 2023). There are revolutionary opportunities for managing
water and nutrients with the use of smart farming and precision agriculture (Javaid et al., 2022).
More resistant guava types might potentially be produced through selective breeding and genetic
engineering. Furthermore, guava farming may become more profitable by emphasizing fair trade
methods and bolstering regional economies (Telwala, 2023).
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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

Future Trends and Innovations: With a number of new developments and trends, the guava
industry appears to have a bright future. The cultivation process might become more efficient by
the automation of several tasks through the integration of robots and artificial intelligence (AI)
(Balaska et al., 2023).To lessen the impact of global warming on guava farming, climate-resilient
methods will be crucial. Resource usage may be maximized through a circular economy strategy
that reduces waste. Guava farming throughout the world may also benefit from international
cooperation and information and technology transfer (Khan et al., 2020).

7. CONCLUSION

Because guavas naturally blossom three times a year—in February–March, June–July, and
October–November—and are harvested in the rainy, winter, and spring seasons, respectively,
potential production is not realized during the intended time frame. Therefore, bearing guava trees
are artificially given a resting interval to change the plants' natural blooming inclination in order
to increase fruit output during a certain time. Several cultural and chemical techniques can be used
to successfully implement crop management in guava. Numerous investigations conducted by
researchers have strongly supported the idea that using a variety of cultural and chemical
techniques can effectively control summer blooming and yield winter fruits. According to the
results of many guava experiments published by experts, winter fruits were noticeably better in
every way. Different strategies are used for regulation. The prudent use and accessibility of
chemicals, as well as labor, expertise, and knowledge, are essential for the successful
implementation of guava crop regulation. The fundamental idea behind crop control is to
encourage blooming and fruiting at the desired season of the year, which increases fruit output,
quality, profitability, and environmental sustainability by minimizing the frequency of pesticide
usage. Research on crop management revealed that the deblossoming of summer flowers and the
production of winter fruits in guava may be controlled by shoot trimming and the administration
of different chemicals. However, there are still issues with finding the ideal balance between
quality and production, ethical issues with genetic engineering, and the requirement for
international regulatory compliance. In order to advance guava farming into a sustainable future,
it is imperative that farmers, academics, and policymakers collaborate, conduct ongoing study, and
use cutting-edge technology.

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Shikha Jain1, Himanshu Chawla2, Ravi Pratap “Bahar Treatment in Guava: A Key Strategy
Singh3, P Chakradhar4, Stutigeet Khanikar5, for Year-Round Fruit Production”
Shubham Jain6*, Gummidi Bhrijavasi7, Vishal
Gangwar8

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