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Linear Transformatio1

A linear transformation is a function between vector spaces that preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. It is essential in various fields such as computer graphics, machine learning, and cryptography, enabling the modeling of real-world problems and simplifying complex systems. The document also provides examples and exercises demonstrating the properties and applications of linear transformations.

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Abu Muhammad
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2 views8 pages

Linear Transformatio1

A linear transformation is a function between vector spaces that preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. It is essential in various fields such as computer graphics, machine learning, and cryptography, enabling the modeling of real-world problems and simplifying complex systems. The document also provides examples and exercises demonstrating the properties and applications of linear transformations.

Uploaded by

Abu Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Transformation

Definition

A linear transformation is a function between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of
vector addition and scalar multiplication.

Formally, a transformation T: V → W is linear if for all vectors u, v in V and scalars c, the following
hold:

1. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)

2. T(cu) = cT(u)

Goals of Linear Transformation:


In Discrete Mathematics, the goal of a linear transformation is to provide a systematic way of
mapping vectors from one vector space to another while preserving the structure of vector
addition and scalar multiplication. This is crucial in many areas such as:

Key Objectives:

1. Preserve Linearity:

• Ensure operations like addition and scalar multiplication behave consistently after
transformation:

2. Model Real-World Problems Mathematically:

• Transformations are used to represent processes like rotations, scaling, encoding


data, or mapping between coordinate systems.

3. Simplify Complex Systems:

• Linear transformations help in simplifying and solving systems of linear equations


using matrix representation.

4. Enable Computation in Vector Spaces:

• Crucial in algorithms for computer graphics, data compression, cryptography, and


automata theory.

Example in Discrete Math Context:

In graph theory, adjacency matrices are used, and applying a linear transformation (like
multiplying by a vector) can help determine reachable paths or update network states efficiently.
Applications in the IT Industry:
1. Computer Graphics:

• Rotations, translations, and scaling of images and 3D models.

2. Machine Learning:

• Feature transformation and dimensionality reduction (e.g., PCA).

3. Data Compression:

• Linear transforms like the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) used in JPEG.

4. Computer Vision:

• Perspective transformations and object detection.

5. Cryptography:

• Linear mappings in block ciphers and error correction codes.

Exercise 1 :
A . Let T: R² → R² be a transformation defined by

T(x, y) = (2x + y, 3x − y).

Is T a linear transformation?

Solution:

Check the two linearity conditions:

1. Let u = (x₁, y₁) and v = (x₂, y₂)

Then:

T(u + v) = T(x₁ + x₂, y₁ + y₂) = (2(x₁ + x₂) + (y₁ + y₂), 3(x₁ + x₂) − (y₁ + y₂))

= (2x₁ + 2x₂ + y₁ + y₂, 3x₁ + 3x₂ − y₁ − y₂)

= T(u) + T(v)

Given vectors:

• u = (1, 2)

• v = (2, 3)
1. Compute T(u):

u = (1, 2)

T(1, 2) = (2×1 + 2, 3×1 − 2) = (4, 1)

So, T(u) = (4, 1)

2. Compute T(v):

v = (2, 3)

T(2, 3) = (2×2 + 3, 3×2 − 3) = (7, 3)

So, T(v) = (7, 3)

3. Compute T(u + v):

u + v = (1 + 2, 2 + 3) = (3, 5)

T(3, 5) = (2×3 + 5, 3×3 − 5) = (11, 4)

So, T(u + v) = (11, 4)

4. Compute T(u) + T(v):

T(u) + T(v) = (4 + 7, 1 + 3) = (11, 4)

T(u + v) = (11, 4) and T(u) + T(v) = (11, 4)

T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)


This confirms that T satisfies the additivity condition and is a linear transformation.

B . For scalar c,
T(cu) = T(cx₁, cy₁) = (2cx₁ + cy₁, 3cx₁ − cy₁)

= c(2x₁ + y₁, 3x₁ − y₁) = cT(u)

Let the transformation be:

T(x, y) = (2x + y, 3x − y)

Let vector u = (1, 2)

Let scalar c = 3
Solution:

1. Compute cu = 3u:

cu = 3 × (1, 2) = (3, 6)

2. Compute T(cu) = T(3, 6):

T(3, 6) = (2×3 + 6, 3×3 − 6) = (6 + 6, 9 − 6) = (12, 3)

3. Compute T(u) = T(1, 2):

From before,

T(1, 2) = (2×1 + 2, 3×1 − 2) = (4, 1)

Then,

c × T(u) = 3 × (4, 1) = (12, 3)

T is a linear transformation.
Audience Exercises:

Exercise 2:
Question:

Let T: R² → R² be defined by

T(x, y) = (x², y).

To be linear, T must satisfy:

A. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)

B. T(cu) = cT(u)

Let u = (1, 2) and v = (2, 3)

Then:

• u + v = (3, 5)

• T(u + v) = (3², 5) = (9, 5)

• T(u) = (1², 2) = (1, 2)

• T(v) = (2², 3) = (4, 3)

• T(u) + T(v) = (1 + 4, 2 + 3) = (5, 5)


T(u + v) = (9, 5) (purple vector)

• T(u) + T(v) = (5, 5) (red vector)

Since these two results are not equal, the transformation T(x, y) = (x², y) violates the additivity
property of linear transformations.

T is not linear. This visual confirms it.

Since T(u + v) ≠ T(u) + T(v),

T is not linear.

This happens because of the x² term, which breaks linearity (not closed under addition or scalar
multiplication).

Exercise B:
Let T: R² → R² be defined by T(x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

Find the image of vector v = (2, 3) under T.

We apply the transformation directly:

T(2, 3) = (2 + 3, 2 − 3)
= (5, -1)

The blue arrow represents the original vector (2, 3).

• The red arrow represents the transformed vector (5, -1) after applying the
transformation T(x, y) = (x + y, x − y).

This visual shows how linear transformations can change the direction and length of a vector while
maintaining the structure of the space (e.g., preserving straight lines and origin alignment). Let me
know if you’d like to visualize other transformations or vectors

Conclusion:

Linear transformations are powerful tools in mathematics and the IT industry, providing the
backbone for systems that deal with structured data, visual transformations, and algorithmic
modeling. Understanding their properties helps in building robust solutions across machine
learning, graphics, and software engineering.

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