POWER

Engr. Jhon Paul C. Amansec, REE, RME

 POWER
Power that is used by electrical
equipment is known as real power. A
site may also draw power that is not
directly used, this is known as reactive
power. The combination of the two is
known as apparent power. Power
Factor is the relationship between real
and apparent power. If a site has poor
Power Factor, it could be paying for
energy that cannot be used.
POWER
It is customary to refer to an AC load by using the term volt-amperes (VA)
in systems involving considerable loads. Representing the product of volts and
amperes, it is a measure of such operational factors as current-carrying capacity
of wires, heating effect in electrical equipment, ratings of machines and others.
Unlike the situations that exist in DC power where power and volt-amperes
are identical, power in AC system can have any number of values from zero to
EI. In fact, the well-labeled power factor (cos θ) term indicates the extent to
which volt-amperes become P in watts.
Power in AC Circuits

the value of power at any instant is given by the product of the voltage and current at that
instant, i.e. the instantaneous power, p=vi, as shown by the broken lines.
Figure shows current and voltage waveforms for an R–L circuit where the
current lags the voltage by angle ϴ. The waveform for power (where p=vi) is
shown by the broken line, and its shape, and hence average power depends
on the value of angle ϴ. For an R–L, R–C or R–L–C series a.c. circuit, the
average power P is given by:

P = VI cos ϴ watts
or
P =I𝟐 R watts (V and I being r.m.s. values)
Sample Problem 1: An instantaneous current, i =250 sinωt mA
flows through a pure resistance of 5 kΩ . Find the power
dissipated in the resistor.
Sample Problem 2: A series circuit of resistance 60Ω and
inductance 75 mH is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply.
Calculate the power dissipated.
Power triangle and power factor

The Figure (a) shows a phasor diagram in which the current I lags
the applied voltage V by angle ϴ. The horizontal component of V is V cosϴ
and the vertical component of V is V sin ϴ. If each of the voltage phasors is
multiplied by I, Figure (b) is obtained and is known as the ‘power triangle’.
Apparent power, S, is an important quantity since a.c. apparatus, such as
generators, transformers and cables, is usually rated in voltamperes rather than in watts.
The allowable output of such apparatus is usually limited not by mechanical stress but by
temperature rise, and hence by the losses in the device. The losses are determined by
the voltage and current and are almost independent of the power factor. Thus the
amount of electrical equipment installed to supply a certain load is essentially
determined by the voltamperes of the load rather than by the power alone.

The rating of a machine is defined as the maximum apparent power that it is designed to
carry continuously without overheating.

The reactive power, Q, contributes nothing to the net energy transfer and yet it
causes just as much loading of the equipment as if it did so. Reactive power is a term
much used in power generation, distribution and utilization of electrical energy.
AC power calculations using complex quantities:
A. Current Conjugate
S = EI∗
Note: If θ and Q are positive (+), p.f. is lagging (inductive)
If θ and Q are negative (-), p.f. is leading (capacitive)
B. Voltage Conjugate
S = E∗I
Note: If θ and Q are negative (-), p.f. is lagging (inductive)
If θ and Q are positive (+), p.f. is leading (capacitive)
Sample Problem 1: A pure inductance is connected to a 150 V,
50 Hz supply, and the apparent power of the circuit is 300 VA.
Find the value of the inductance.
Sample Problem 2: A transformer has a rated output of 200 kVA
at a power factor of 0.8. Determine the rated power output and
the corresponding reactive power.
Sample Problem 3: The power taken by an inductive circuit when
connected to a 120 V, 50 Hz supply is 400 W and the current is 8 A.
Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance,
(d) the power factor and (e) the phase angle between
voltage and current.
Sample Problem 4: A circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a
capacitor takes 100 watts at a power factor of 0.5 from a 100 V, 60 Hz
supply. Find:
(a) the current flowing,
(b) the phase angle,
(c) the resistance,
(d) the impedance and
(e) the capacitance.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
The process of increasing the power factor without altering the voltage or current or the
original load.
Most domestic loads (such as washing machines, air conditioners, and refrigerators) and
industrial loads (such as induction motors) are inductive and operate at a low lagging power
factor. Although the inductive nature of the load cannot be changed, we can increase its
power factor.
Power factor correction is an adjustment of the electrical circuit in order to change the
power factor near 1. Power factor near 1 will reduce the reactive power in the circuit and
most of the power in the circuit will be real power. This will also reduce power lines losses.
The power factor correction is usually done by adding capacitors to the load circuit, when the
circuit has inductive components, like an electric motor.
Since most loads are inductive, as shown in Fig. 11.27(a), a load’s power factor is improved or corrected by deliberately installing
a capacitor in parallel with the load, as shown in Fig. 11.27(b). The effect of adding the capacitor can be illustrated using either
the power triangle or the phasor diagram of the currents involved. Figure 11.28 shows the latter, where it is assumed that the
circuit in Fig. 11.27(a) has a power factor of cos01 while the one in Fig. 11.27(b) has a power factor of cos02.

It is evident from Fig. 11.28 that adding the capacitor has caused the phase angle between the supplied voltage and current to
reduce from 01 to 02 thereby increasing the power factor. We also notice from the magnitudes of the vectors in Fig. 11.28 that
with the same supplied voltage, the circuit in Fig. 11.27(a) draws larger current than the current I drawn by the circuit in Fig.
11.27(b). Power companies charge more for larger currents, because they result in increased power losses (by a squared factor,
since P = I^2 x R ). Therefore, it is beneficial to both the power company and the consumer that every effort is made to minimize
current level or keep the power factor as close to unity as possible. By choosing a suitable size for the capacitor, the current can
be made to be completely in phase with the voltage, implying unity power factor.
Sample Problem 11: In the circuit of the Figure, what value of
capacitor is needed to improve the power factor from 0.6 lagging
to unity?
Exercise 1: Determine the power components of a combination of 3 individual load
Specified as follows:
Load 1: 250VA, pf = 0.5 lagging
Load 2: 180W, pf = 0.8 lagging
Load 3: 300VA, 100 VAR lagging
Exercise 2: An AC circuit load is rated 160 kVA at a lagging power factor of 0.75.
Determine real and reactive powers.
Exercise 3: A 50 microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 50-ohm
resistor. What is the power if the source voltage is V = 100sin(377t + 30)?
Exercise 4: A load of 20 + j35 ohms is connected across a 220 volts source.
Determine the VARS.
Exercise 5: The metering of a power customer was read and gave the following
data: kW-hr = 200,000; kVAR-hr = 180,000; maximum demand = 380kW; billing
days = 30. What is the average power factor of the customer?
Exercise 6: A 300 kVA transformer is at full load with an overall power factor of
0.70 lagging. The power factor is improved by adding capacitors in parallel with
the transformer until the overall power factor becomes 0.90 lagging. Determine
the rating (in kilovars) of the capacitors required.
Exercise 7: A circuit has an impedance Z = ( 3 + j4 ) ohms and a source p.d. of 50<
30 V at a frequency of 1.5 kHz. Determine:(a) the supply current, (b) the active,
apparent and reactive power, (c) the rating of a capacitor to be connected in parallel
with impedance Z to improve the power factor of the circuit to 0.966 lagging, and (d)
the value of capacitance needed to improve the power factor to 0.966 lagging.