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Chapter

Phytogenic Feed Additives as An

Alternative to Antibiotic Growth
Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
Jet Saartje Mandey and Florencia Nery Sompie

Abstract

Phytoadditives in animal nutrition have attracted a lot of attention for their

potential role as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Phytoadditives are feed
additives originated from plants or botanicals that are used in poultry nutrition.
This chapter provides an overview about the potency of alternative additive from
plants as a basis for exploring it as a phytoadditive for poultry. These substances
are derived from herbs, spices, and other plants and their extracts. They are natu-
ral, less toxic, residue free and ideal feed additives for poultry when compared to
synthetic antibiotics. There efficacy of phytogenic applications in poultry nutri-
tion depends on several factors, such as composition and feed inclusion level of
phytogenic preparations, bird genetics, and overall diet composition. Addition of
100 mg/kg feed essential oils consist of carvacrol, thymol and limonene in matrix
encapsulation improved performance and apparent ideal digestibility of nutrients
of broiler chickens. Besides enhancing performance, phytogenic also has antioxi-
dant, the effects of which are associated with essential oils (EOs) and their compo-
nents. Administration of eucalyptus and peppermint oil blends by oral (0.25 ml/L
drinking water) and spray route (0.1 ml/20 ml water) reduced Newcastle disease
infection in broilers. Phytoadditives have antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral,
antitoxigenic, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties. The benefits of using phy-
toadditives in poultry nutrition are increased feed intake, stimulation of digestion,
increased growth performance, reduced incidence of disease, improved reproduc-
tive parameters, feed efficiency, profitability. Based on the latest scientific findings
presented in this chapter, the following main conclusions have been drawn that
phytomolecule and that bioactives have potential to be developed as an alternative
additive for poultry, and that promote health.

Keywords: antioxidant activity, nutrition, phytoadditive, phytogenic,

broiler chickens, layers

1. Introduction

All animals need to receive a nutritious diet in order to maintain good health
and production. Diets for poultry generally consist of cereal grain and a protein
sources. The nutritional quality of a feed depends on feed presentation, antinutri-
tional factors, microbial contamination, palatability, digestibility, and intestinal
healthfulness, and a variety of feed additives are important too.

1
Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition

Feed additives are nonnutritive products added to the based diet, and are
minor components of the animal diet. Feed additives are products used in animal
nutrition for the purposes of improving the quality of feed and the quality of
food from animal origin, improve the animal’s performance and health, e.g.
providing enhanced digestibility of the feed materials. Feed additives promote
ingestion, absorption, assimilation of nutrients, growth, and health by affecting
the physiological processes, such as immune function and stress resistance. Feed
additives include immunostimulants, prebiotics, probiotics, acidifiers, essential
oils, or others. Some of the commonly feed additives in animal diets include
enzymes, pro- and prebiotics, antioxidants, antibiotic growth promoters, and
coloring agents. These ingredients are aimed to enhance digestibility or avail-
ability of nutrients, improve animal gut health and food product quality, and
promote environmental protection.
Alternative feed additives (phytogenic feed additives = phytoadditives) derived
from herbs, spices or aromatic plants are have gained considerable attention in the
recent years (Figure 1). Phytogenics were classified according to botanical origin,
processing, and composition. For example, phytogenic feed additives like herbs
and non-woody flowering plants have medicinal properties; spices, herbs with an
intensive smell or taste, commonly added to human food; essential oils, aromatic
oily liquids derived from plant materials such as flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots;
and oleoresins, extracts derived by non-aqueous solvents from plant material. This
chapter aimed to review the phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic
growth promoters in poultry nutrition.

Figure 1.
Several alternative Phytoadditive from herbs, spices, and aromatic plants.

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Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99401

2. Phytogenic feed additive in poultry

Phytogenics, also referred to as plant secondary metabolites, phytochemicals,

phytobiotics or botanicals, are plant-derived products/extracts and include a wide
range of substances such as herbs, spices, and essential oils reported to exhibit growth
promoting and/or therapeutic properties [1, 2]. The use of phytogenics as an alternative
prevent the risk of pathogens resistant to antibiotics in poultry. The ability of phyto-
genics to contribute to the health of poultry production is well documented, however,
the exact mechanisms by which phytogenic exerts its effects remain speculative [3, 4].
Plant derived products are residue-free unlike synthetic antibiotics and are also
considered safe to be used as the ingredients in the food industry as well as in animal
diet as an ideal growth promoter. The herbs and plant extracts used as feed additives
include many different bioactive ingredients such as alkaloids, bitters, flavonoids,
glycosides, mucilage, saponins, tannins phenolics, polyphenols, terpenoids, poly-
peptide, thymol, cineole, linalool, anethole, allicin, capsaicin, allylisothiocyanate,
and piperine [5]. The effects expected of herbs and plant extracts are also various.
Other factors that influence the potency of the phytogenic may include the plant
parts, the genetic, age and harvest time of the plant, and extraction method [6].
The concerns about antibiotic resistance cause it to explore alternatives antibiot-
ics which have growth-promoting effects. This antibiotics as feed additive is expected
not to induce resistance to bacteria and have no potential side effects to animals.
Some feed additives, pro/prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes and phytogenics, are
used as a replacement for AGP [7–10]. Phytogenic feed additive has been reported
to enhance performance, feed conversion ratio, carcass meat safety and quality in
animals [9, 11]. Besides enhancing performance, phytogenic also has antioxidant
property, the effects of which are associated with essential oils (EOs) and their
components [12]. Phytogenic has beneficial effects on nutrient utilization possibly
by stimulating digestive enzymes and improves gastrointestinal morphology [10].
Several alternatives to AGP have been proposed, such as organic acids, probiot-
ics, herbs and herbal products. Organic acids and medicinal plants as natural feed
additives are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and the
immune response of birds. Yang et al. [13] reported that the lipophilic nature of
phytogenic compounds limits the efficient delivery of these compounds to the gut.
This problem could be resolved by microencapsulation and combination with other
compounds. Hafeez et al. [14] reported that 100 mg/kg feed essential oils matrix
encapsulation with active ingredients carvacrol, thymol and limonene improved
performance and apparent ideal digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens.
The use of feed additives to improve the efficiency of growth, eggs production,
prevent disease and improve feed utilization is a strategy to improve the efficiency
of the poultry industry.
The use and development of enzymes, phytogenics, prebiotics and probiotics has
gained momentum in poultry feeding. Enzymes are of interest to improve nutrients
digestibility, particularly in young animals. Phytogenics are an alternative to in-feed
antibiotics to prevent the risk of developing pathogens. Probiotic which is consist of
one single strain or a combination of several strains of bacteria, and prebiotics which
are non-digestible food ingredients, such as fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosac-
charides, mannanoligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, are also used in feeds
to protect poultry against pathogens. Needs to be understanding how these additives
can be used to improve the efficiency of poultry production [15]. In Figure 1 showed
the several alternative phytoadditive from herbs, spices, and aromatic plants.
According to Abudabos et al. [16] dietary supplementation of different feed
additives in 10 treatments (Table 1) improved growth performance and gut health
by mitigating the negative effect of the disease.

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Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition

Treatment p Value

FI(g) BWG (g) FCR PEF Villus Villus Total area

height width (mm2)
(μm) (μm)
Negative
Control

Positive
Control
T1
T2
T3
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 NS 0.0001 NS
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T1: Maxus; T2: CloSTAT; T3: Sangrovit; T4: CloSTAT +Sangrovit; T5: Gallipro Tect; T6: Saccharomyces boulardii;
T7: Oregano; T8: Varium.

Table 1.
The effects of treatments on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body
weight (BW), performance efficiency factor (PEF), villi height (L), width (W), and villi total area (TA) of
broiler chickens [16].

Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are the most frequently used chemical
agents, which enhance feed conversion ratio and reduce chicken mortality [17].
The use of AGPs has been associated with acquired resistance and meat residues
that jeopardize human health [18]. Consequently, in many advanced countries, the
unlimited use of these AGPs has been discouraged, therefore, the poultry producers
are looking for alternative to antibiotics such as phytogentics [16, 19]. These natural
products mostly originate from plant sources are potent source of improved growth
performance and health in broilers [20–22]. Plants derived extract, polyphenol and
oils enhance the absorption of nutrients, secrete the digestive enzymes, improve the
immune response and antioxidant status in broiler [23].
The essential oils (EOs) present in phytogenic feed additive (PFA) contain most of
the bioactive substances of the plant which include carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, cap-
saicin, cineole and so on are well known for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral
and anticoccidial properties [24, 25]. In a study, supplementation of phytogenic feed
additive 250 mg/kg EOs of thyme and anise improved growth performance, reduced
blood total cholesterol, and also inhibited C. perfringens and E. coli prolification in
small and large intestines in broiler chicks under oral C. perfringens 5 mL (107 cfu/
mL) culture challenge [26]. Administration of eucalyptus and peppermint oil blends
by oral (0.25 mL/L drinking water for 12 hours/day) and spray route (0.1 mL/20 mL
water/10 birds) reduced Newcastle disease infection in broilers [27].
Since long time herbal and traditional plants had been used to prevent and
control many diseases and health problems on a small scale such as in heavy metals
toxicity [28, 29], ectoparasites [30], reproductive and renal toxicity [31, 32], heat
stress [28, 29], and viral disease [33, 34]. People in the world are now aware of
the advantageous use of natural derived products such as and botanicals [33, 35];
microalgae [36–43], and rare earth elements [42], over synthetic drugs and chemi-
cal in term of lower cost, toxicity and adverse effects and very low resistance [44].

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Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99401

Herbal medicine is gaining more importance in the anti-influenza research owing to

their widespread availability and easy application in the diet [45].
Interesting in alternative products with antibacterial or anti-inflammatory
activities has increased. Such products usually searching for among secondary
plant metabolites, are flavonoids [46, 47]. Flavonoids are the largest and the most
important single group of polyphenols. Molecular mechanisms of polyphenol
health-promoting properties were related to their antioxidant properties [48].
Natural substances (flavonoids, polyphenols and isoflavones) in plants present an
anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Inflammatory reactions play a role of
many conditions related to respiratory system [49].
The poultry industry plays a vital role in supply of healthy meat products to the
public. Botanical extract were positively influenced broiler physiology, improved
meat quality aid health-beneficial meat production shown by the higher meat con-
tent of essential amino acids, lower meat levels of saturated fatty acids and higher
level of UFA, MUFA, PUFA, and omega-3 and optimal fatty acid ratios. These natu-
ral botanical antioxidants are good modulators of amino acid and fatty acid contents
in broiler meat [50]. The supplementation of plant-derived (basil and chamomile)
rich in antioxidant compounds in broiler feeds improved growth parameters in
broiler chicks and had blood lipid-lowering effects by reduced serum levels of total
lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol [51]. Hashemipour et al. [52] reported dietary
supplementation of phytogenic product containing an equal mixture of thymol
and carvacrol at 4 levels (0, 60, 100, and 200 mg/kg of diet), thymol + carvacrol
enhanced BW gain and feed efficiency, and reduced feed intake. Also, the addi-
tive increased antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities and improved immune
response, which may beneficially affect health and performance of broiler chickens.
For the alleviation of diseases, modulation of immune response has been great
pointed to researchers [53]. The supplementation of poultry feed with anise as
reported to improve lymphocyte counts [54]. The increase in IgG in broilers was
noted with the inclusion of 0.1% of herb mixture consisting Phlomis umbrosa Turez,
Cynancum wilfordii Hem, Zingiber officinale Rosc and Platycodi radix in broiler [55].
Some studies reported that administration of Withania somnifera extract
10–30 g/L to broiler chicks improve their feed intake, body weight gain, hemato-
logical profile and immunological status [56]. That W. somnifera root extract has
antiviral property against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus [57]. Studied on the
immunomodulatory potential of the herbs such as W. somnifera, T. cordifolia and A.
indica were suggested to combat depressed hematological parameters and stunted
growth in chicks during chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) [58].
Alhajj et al. [59] reported that supplementation 1 or 2 g of star anise/kg of diet
improve body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Supplementation
6 g kg−1 had higher antibody titers against NDV and IBV whereas the diet contain-
ing 1 g kg−1 had the highest antibody titers against IBDV. That Chinese star anise
could be used as a natural additive to improve the immune responsiveness and
performance of broiler chickens. A heat-stable encapsulated essential oils consisting
of 4.5 g cinnamaldehyde and 13.5 g thymol in the diet could substitute zinc bacitra-
cin and resulted in enhanced growth performance, production efficiency index and
immune responses of broilers [60].

3. Impact of phytoadditives on the composition of digesta and its

consequents on health status and performance of birds

Gut microbiota and their metabolic products improve nutrient digestion, absorp-
tion, metabolism, and overall health and growth performance of poultry [61].

5
Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition

Antibiotics are either synthetic drugs or are obtained from natural sources are used
to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in a broad sense, but these antibiot-
ics also play some beneficial role in the gut. Administering 0.8 mg amoxicillin per
bird per day in drinking water for a period of 24 h to the normal early life microbial
colonization of the jejunum in 1-day old chickens is important to early life microbial
colonization of the gut in relation to immune development and to modulate the early
life colonization of ‘beneficial’ microbiota [62]. Because antibiotics reduce the gut
microbiota and their toxic metabolites, antibiotics have been widely incorporated
into the poultry industry for decades. Now, the use as the prophylactic dose in animal
feed has been banned in some jurisdictions [61].
Feed additives that can modulate the broiler gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and
provide benefit to bird performance and health have recently received more interest
for commercial applications. They can also limit foodborne pathogen establishment
in bird flocks by modifying the gastrointestinal microbial population. Prebiotics
are known as non-digestible carbohydrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial
bacteria, thus improving the overall health of the host. Other gut activities occur
due to the presence of the prebiotic, including generation of short-chain fatty acids
and lactic acid as microbial fermentation products, a decreased rate of pathogen
colonization, and potential bird health benefits [63].
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens identified as public health
risks has led to the curtailment of routine antibiotic supplementation for agricul-
tural use and outright banning in some parts of the world [64, 65]. A wide range
of feed additives have been explored for potential application in poultry including
phytobiotics, organic acids, probiotics and prebiotics, and these have been exten-
sively discussed in a number of reviews [66–70].
Prebiotics, as being indigestible by the host, are hydrolyzed and utilized by the
GIT microorganisms present in various compartments of the avian GIT. Dietary
fibers as undigested dietary material generally transit through the upper parts of
the GIT and reach the ceca as substrates for the resident cecal microbial popula-
tion [71]. Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella can also reside in the ceca and
the production of SCFA would presumably be antagonistic to their presence [69,
72]. The ceca have several potential roles associated with bird function, including
electrolyte and water reabsorption [71].
To improved GIT and host health benefits, prebiotics offer a dietary means
to select for GIT bacteria that can potentially serve as a barrier for colonization
by foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella [72–74]. Low
energy content in the diet can decrease broiler performance, lower AME value
and nutrient digestibility. Supplementing phytonutrients to a low energy diet can
maintain FCR thus increase economic profit of broilers apparently via improved
gut health [75].
Phytogenics and probiotics have the ability to stabilize the intestinal environ-
ment and provide positive advantages to the colonization and proliferation of
Lactobacilli and reducing pathogenic organisms. Also the use of medicinal plants
is safer and cheaper. It could also serve as a way of bridging the gap between food
safety and production as well as reducing mortality in animals [76].

3.1 Impact of phytoadditive on digestibility of nutrients

Beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility using different phytogenic feed

additive (PFA) in some previous researches have been observed in poultry [10, 77].
The reason for improvement in nutrient absorption may be partly explained due
to stimulation in secretions of saliva, bile and enhanced enzyme activity [78]. The
improved nutrient digestibility consequently enhances the health status of animals.

6
Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99401

The inclusion of 100 and 200 mg/kg thymol and carvacrol in broiler chickens’
diet improved villus surface, villus height, villus height to crypt depth and mus-
cular layer of jejunum and ileum [52]. The addition of Euphorbia hirta (7.5 g/kg)
increased the villus height compared to the control birds [79]. The dietary supple-
mentation with 2.0 and 2.5% of Boswellia serrata resin to broiler led to a significant
increase in the length of the duodenum and total intestine [80].
Feeding broilers a diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg EO from peppermint led
to the increase of crude protein digestibility [81]. Pirgozliev et al. [4] defined that
phytogenic did not affect dietary ME, but caused a significant improvement in the
utilization of dietary energy, which did not always relate to growth performance.
Inclusion of menthol and anethole meal at 150 mg/kg in diet had no effect to
performance and apparent ileal absorption of phosphorus, however, addition of
essential oils of caravacol, thymol, and limonene in encapsulated form 100 mg/kg
improved performance and apparent digestibility of nutrients in broilers possibly
due to improved secretion of digestive enzymes [14]. Mandey et al. [82] (Table 2)
reported that broiler chickens which got gedi leaves juice in drinking water had the
value of AME for 20 and 30 ml/L were significantly lower than control diet and
10 ml/L.
Several studies documented the use of PFA as a growth promoter [83, 84]. The
supplementation of fenugreek seeds (1, 2 and 3%) significantly improved feed con-
version ratio of broiler chickens [85]. Another study reported that supplementation
of 1 or 2 g of anise seed in broilers diet improved body weight, daily weight gain
and feed conversion ratio but had no effect on feed intake [86]. The use of herbal
mixture supplement in diet had a beneficial effect in the treated chicks, improved
egg productivity, vitality and health condition [87].
Dietary supplementation with thymeoil extract, especially at the level of
100 ppm, can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks [88]. The
supplementation of chicken diet with extracts Curcuma and Scutelleria effectively
decrease gut inflammation and increase chicken performance [89]. Using 2.5%
wood vinegar in quails diet increased weight gain, decreased feed conversion ratio
and increased production efficiency factor. Addition of 2.5% wood vinegar in
quails diet is recommended [90]. Al-Kassie et al. [91] reported that the inclusion
of mixture of hot red pepper and black pepper at a level of 0.75 and 1% in the diets
significantly improved the dressing percentage of broilers.
The feed supplemented with thyme essential oil at 100 mg/kg resulted in
improved dressing yield and cut up parts of carcass viz. breast yield, thigh yield and

Variables Treatments in Drinking Water (DW) P value

0 mL/L DW 10 mL/L DW 20 mL/L DW 30 mL/L DW
AME 2844 ± 81.44c 2775 ± 139.60c 2534 ± 27.90b 2081 ± 108.79a <.001
(Kcal/kg)
NR (g) 6.4 ± 0.51 6.1 ± 0.65 4.7 ± 0.11 2.7 ± 0.38
AMEn 2788 ± 77.00c 2722 ± 134.20c 2488 ± 28.37b 2057 ± 105.50a <.001
(Kcal/kg)
ACP 55.2 ± 4.29b 62.7 ± 6.61c 54.5 ± 1.22b 34.9 ± 4.70a <.001
Digestibility
ACF 42.1 ± 5.55b 43.9 ± 9.93b 40.8 ± 1.58b 28.7 ± 5.14a 0.020
Digestibility (%)
Source: Mandey et al. [82]; a,b,c the difference between means with different superscript letters in the same row is
significant (P<0.05)

Table 2.
Effect of Gedi leaves juice in drinking water on nutrients digestibility.

7
Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition

back yield. However, giblet and thigh yield were not affected by addition of differ-
ent doses of thyme oil in broilers diet [92]. Ragaa et al. [93] reported significantly
higher breast yield and thigh yield in birds fed diet thyme 1 g/kg. The improved
carcass traits might be due to utilization of nutrient from diet. Amino acids espe-
cially lysine is critical for muscle development such as breast muscle.
Broilers fed diets including EOs in150 mg/kg of the diet significantly boosted
BWG compared to broilers fed the control diet [94]. The supplementation of EOs
significantly increased dressing percentage [95]. Yang et al. [6] reported improve-
ments in FCR with EO supplementation. Supplementation of Chinese herbs extract
in drinking water improve growth performance, blood biochemistry parameters,
immune organ weight and immune indexes of broiler [96]. Phyo et al. [97] also
observed the effect of dietary garlic and thyme seed supplementation on the
production performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. The diet
with cucumber in drinking water up to 30 g per liter water (Table 3) was signifi-
cantly decreased abdominal fat percentage, increased blood LDL-cholesterol and
feed conversion value, but were no affected to final body weight, giblet, the value of
blood HDL-cholesterol, and kept the good value of carcass percentage [98].
Aloe vera and clove supplementation improved the dressing percentage and breast
weight without adversely affecting the meat composition and serum enzymes. These
can be used as a growth promoter in Japanese quails [99]. The inclusion of medicinal
herbs, spices, vegetables, plants, seeds, and edible fungi, as ingredients of natural
origin, in diet of Japanese quail improved carcass and meat quality [100].
The phytobiotics compounds such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids,
tannins, steroids and saponins in guava, avocado and malunggay leaves extract is
beneficial as alternative feed additives for enhancing the growth of broiler chicks in
the poultry industry. Thus, could possibly eliminate the chemical residues that may
cause harmful effect to the health of the consuming public [101].
Besides immune enhancing, antimicrobial, and performance enhancing
effects, phytogenics also have antioxidant property. The excellent plant derived

Variables Treatments SEM p Value

0 g CSJ 10 g CSJ 20 g CSJ 30 g CSJ

Feed Intake (g) 2144.64 2048.24 2041.36 2039.78 21.42 .23
Average Feed Intake (g) 76.59 73.15 72.49 72.85 .76 .25
Water Intake (ml) 4285 4298 4279 4290 .71 .56
Slaughter Weight (g) 1249.97 1251.20 1273.60 1300.10 14.21 .59
Weight Gain (g) 1131.89 1137.68 1159.68 1187.78 14.21 .70
Carcass Weight (g) 764.8 787.4 780.8 798.2 9.07 .65
Carcass Percentage (%) 66.78 67.60 67.33 67.74 .34 .80
a ab ab b
FCR 1.89 1.80 1.76 1.72 .02 .07
a b b b
Abdominal Fat (%) 2.47 2.09 2.05 1.94 .07 .02
Total Cholesterol 118.4 120.4 118.8 112.0 2.29 0.62
HDL-Cholesterol 94.4 99.8 99.0 99.0 0.89 0.13
b
LDL-Cholesterol 17.2a 20.6 29.4c 28.4c 1.28 0.00
Triglyceride 29.8 28.2 24.8 24.2 1.07 0.19
a,b,c
Notes: CSJ = cucumber seed juice; the difference between means with different superscript letters in the same row
is significant (P<0.05).

Table 3.
Effect of treatments in drinking water on the performance of broiler chickens [98].

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Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99401

antioxidants are obtained from rosemary, olive leaves, thyme, marjoram, sage,
oregano, etc. [61]. Some other common herbs, spices and fruits that have anti-
oxidant property are ginger, turmeric, garlic, plum, pine bark extract, berries,
pomegranate, caraway, cinnamon, clove. The effects of which are associated with
EOs and their components [102, 103]. The demand for natural antioxidants in
food is increasing due to their health benefits against oxidative stress and several
diseases [104–106].
The oxidative stability of meat obtained from broilers, hens or turkeys in a series
of studies have been reported to increase with the use of dietary supplementation
of EOs. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg/kg EO blends with 5% carvacrol, 3%
cinnamaldehyde and 2% capsicum oleoresin as active constituents improved the
concentration of antioxidants in the liver of broiler chicken [107].
The supplementation of thymol (80 mg/animal/day) helped to reduce fear
responses in quail when exposed to stressful situations [108]. Study by Ghazaghi et
al. [109] noted that supplementation of Mentha spicata (1–4%) in the diet improved
meat quality of Japanese quail. The study on the effects of PFA on egg quality is
limited and variable. Abdel-Wareth and Lohakare [110] reported that 20 g/kg dry
peppermint leaves in diet of laying hens can be used as an effective feed additive to
improve performance.
The use of antibiotics has been minimized and replaced by effective dietary
supplements such as probiotics and/or prebiotics that are claimed to enhance
growth and positively modulate the immune response. The economic analysis data
obtained from probiotic studies in broilers indicated that probiotic supplementation
may not always be more feasible and economical to obtain maximum profitability
from broiler production and hence further research in the field is currently ongoing
[111]. Herbs, spices, and various other plant extracts are being evaluated as alter-
natives to antibiotics and some do have growth promoting effects, antimicrobial
properties, and other health-related benefits [112].
Phytogenic feed additives should be used as an alternative feed additives in
poultry production to maximize the overall performance of poultry because of they
have no side effects, residual effects, non-hazardous and eco-friendly [113].

4. Conclusion

Based on the results presented in this chapter, the following main conclusions
can be drawn:

1. Phytoadditives are natural, less toxic, residue free and ideal feed additives for
poultry when compared to synthetic antibiotics.

2. Phytoadditives have antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitoxigenic, anti-

parasitic and insecticidal properties.

3. Besides immune enhancing, antimicrobial, and performance enhancing ef-

fects, phytogenics also have antioxidant property.

4. The benefits of using phytoadditives in poultry nutrition are increased feed

intake, stimulation of digestion, increased growth performance, reduced inci-
dence of disease, improved reproductive parameters and feed efficiency.

5. That phytomolecule and that bioactives have potential to be developed as an

alternative additive for poultry, and that promote health.

9
Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition

Author details

Jet Saartje Mandey* and Florencia Nery Sompie

Animal Nutrition Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty, University of Sam
Ratulangi, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

10
Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99401

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