FUNCTIONS

Learning Objectives:

• Determine if the mapping is a function

• Use function notation
• Find the range of a function
• Understand which values may need to be
excluded from a domain
• Find composite function
• Find inverse function
What is a function?
A function is a special type of relationship which maps inputs
to exactly one output.
(one-to-one or many-to-one)
A relation is NOT function if it can map inputs to multiple output.
(one-to-many)
STARTER ACTIVITY
Classify the following mapping diagram and graphs as FUNCTION or NOT a FUNCTION
FUNCTION NOT A FUNCTION
 Input Output Input Output

Mapping
Diagram

This is read as “ x is mapped to x+1 ”. Many-to-one relationship

For one input value there is one output value.
One-to-one relationship
FUNCTION NOT A FUNCTION
FUNCTION NOTATION

Number in Number out

Function
2 Double input 4
5 f 10
f(5) = 10
x f 2x
f(x) = 2x or f: x ↦ 2𝑥
 FUNCTION NOTATION
f:𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 This is read as “ the function f such that x is mapped to 2x”.

Example 1. If ℎ ∶ 𝑥 ↦ 3𝑥 − 2 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∶
a. ℎ 2 Solution: 𝑎. ℎ 2 = 3 2 − 2 𝑏. ℎ 𝑦 = 3 𝑦 − 2
𝑏. ℎ 𝑦 =4 = 3y - 2

Example 2. If 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔(−4)

Solution: 𝑔 −4 = 5 − (−4)
= 5+4
= 9=3
 function Output Input
Example 3. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 8, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥.
Solution: 2 + 3𝑥 = 8
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
Example 4. If f 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:
a. 𝑓 2𝑥 Solution: 𝑎. 𝑓 2𝑥 = 3 2𝑥 + 1
= 6𝑥 + 1

𝑏. 𝑓 𝑥 − 1 Solution: 𝑎. 𝑓 𝑥 − 1 = 3 𝑥 − 1 + 1
= 3𝑥 − 3 + 1
= 3𝑥 − 2
Example 5.

Solution: Step 1. First, find g(3x) . Step 2. Set up the equation for f(x) = g(3x)
to find x .
𝑔 3𝑥 = 8 − ( 3𝑥)
4 + 3𝑥 = 8 − 3𝑥
𝑔 3𝑥 = 8 − 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 8 − 4
6𝑥 = 4
2
𝑥=
3
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
EXERCISES

7.
DOMAIN AND RANGE
Remember the mapping diagram?
To get the output, we use values 1, 2, 4, and 7.

This set of values is called DOMAIN.

Substituting the domain to the function f(x) = x+2, we

get
X = 1, 1 +2=3
x = 2, 2 +2=4
x = 4, 4 +2=6
DOMAIN RANGE x = 7, 7 +2=9

The set {3, 4, 6, 9} produced by the function

is called the range of the function.
Example 1. Find the range of the function f: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 + 1
if the domain is {-1, 0, 1, 2}

𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 + 1

-1 -1 If x = -1 , 2 −1 + 1 = −1

0 1 If x = 0 , 2 0 + 1 = 1

1 3 If x = 1 , 2 1 + 1 = 3

2 5 If x = 2 , 2 2 + 1 = 5

The range is {-1, 1, 3, 5}

Example 2. Find the range of the function 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2
if the domain is {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ −2, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 }.
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+2

-2 0 If x = -2 , −2 + 2 = 0

-1 1
If x = -1 , −1 + 2 = 1
0 2 If x = 0 , 0 +2=2
1 3
. . If x = 1 , 1 +2=3
. .
. .
The range is {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 }
Example 3. Find the range of ℎ: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 2 + 2
if the domain is all real numbers.

Domain = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

x -2 -1 0 1 2
h(x) 6 3 2 3 6

Range = {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 2, 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}

*What is the range if the

Domain is {𝑥: −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟? } ?

Range = {2, 3, 6}
EXERCISES For each function, find the range for the given domain.

Function Domain Range

1. 5 + 4𝑥 {−1, 0, 1, 2}
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
2. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 {−2, −1, 0, 1}
{𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 4, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
3 {−4, −2, 0, 2}
3. 𝑥−1
{𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
1 {0, 1, 2, 3}
4.
𝑥+1 {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Values excluded from the domain
1
𝑥+1
What happens when
𝑥 = −1 ?
x -4 -3 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 1 2
f(x) -1/3 -1/2 -1 -2 2 1 1/2 1/3

The excluded value is x = -1

Values excluded from the domain

𝑎. 𝑥 𝑏. 1 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑥−2<0
𝑥<2

The excluded value is 𝑥 < 0 The excluded value is 𝑥 < 2

Values excluded from the domain

𝑎. 𝑥 𝑏. 1 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑥−2<0
𝑥<2

The excluded value is 𝑥 < 0 The excluded value is 𝑥 < 2

EXERCISES State which values (if any) must be excluded from the
domain of these functions.

1.

2.

3.
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
If 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 + 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

2 f 4 g 7

2 g 5 f 10

x f f(x) g g[f(x)]
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+3 𝑔𝑓 𝑥
-2 -4 -1 𝑔𝑓 −2
-1 -2 1 𝑔𝑓 −1
0 0 3 𝑔𝑓 0
1 2 5 𝑔𝑓 1
Domain Range Domain Range
Example 1: 2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

a. 𝑓𝑔 3 ⟶ 𝑔 3 = 3+2 = 5, so 𝑓 5 = 52 = 25
2
b. 𝑔𝑓 3 ⟶ 𝑓 3 = 3 = 9, so 𝑔 9 = 9 + 2 = 11
c. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2, so 𝑓 𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 + 2)2
d. 2
𝑔𝑓 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , so 𝑔 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 + 2

e. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2, so 𝑔 𝑥+2 =𝑥+2+2
𝑔 𝑥+2 =𝑥+4
Example 2: If , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
1
a. 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑔 4𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 4
4

𝑔 4𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4
b. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 4𝑥 = 4 4𝑥 = 16𝑥
INVERSE FUNCTION
❖ The inverse function does whatever has been done by the function.
➢ If the function is “add one” then the inverse function is “subtract one”.

2 f 3 g 2

x f x+1 g x

✓ The function g is called the inverse of the function .

✓ The notation 𝑓 −1 is used for the inverse of f.
Example 1:

1. Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5.

Step 1: y= 2𝑥 − 5 (Write function as y=…)

Step 2: 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 5 (Change any x to y and y to x.

Step 3:
2𝑦 − 5 = 𝑥 (Make y a subject )

2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 (Add 5 to both sides)

𝑥+5 (Divide both sides by 2)

𝑦=
2
−1 𝑥+5 1
Answer: 𝑓 (𝑥) = or (𝑥 + 5)
2 2
Example 2:
2. Find the inverse of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Step 1: y= 𝑥 + 1 (Write function as y=…)

Step 2:
𝑥= 𝑦+1 (Change any x to y and y to x.
Step 3:
𝑦+1=𝑥 (Make y a subject )

( 𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 2 (Square both sides)

𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥2 (Subtract both sies by 1)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1

Answer:
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1
EXERCISES
1.
For number 2, find:
a. 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) b. 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) c. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥)
2.

3.

Challenge!
4.
EXERCISES