ABU DHABI INDIAN SCHOOL, BRANCH 1 AL WATHBA

GRADE 10 -ECONOMICS
CH-1 DEVELOPMENT
1. What are the different questions that arise when we think about development of countries?

The different questions that arise when we think about development of countries are the following:
i. What are the essential things that we require?
ii. Can life be better for all?
iii. How should people live together?
iv. Can there be more equality?

2. What would be the development goals or aspirations of the land less rural labourers?

i. Landless Labourers wanted more days of work and better wages.

ii. They wanted that local school should provide quality education to their children.
iii. They wanted to become leaders in the village. They do not want any social discrimination.

3. Prove by giving examples that developmental aspirations are some times conflicting each
other.

i. Industrialists wanted more dams to get more electricity. On the other hand, tribal people do not
want more dams, which submerge their land and disrupt their life.
ii. A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother but the brother may not like it.

4. State any two concepts of development goals.

i. Different persons can have different developmental goals.

ii. What may be the development for one may not be the development for the other.

5. What are the two types of development goals? ( What are the attributes that we consider
when we look at individual aspirations and goals?)

i. Money or material things: People wanted regular work, better wages, and decent prices for their
crops and thus wanted more income.
ii. Non material things: People wanted equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.

6. Why do people have different notions of development?

Life situation of people are different- they are born and brought up in different situations. Their
educational and spiritual thoughts will be different. Their concept of life is different. So their notions
of development will be different.

7. Give two examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.

i. People wanted equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.

ii. A job with low income but offer regular employment will be more preferred than a job with high
pay with no job security.
iii. People desire friend ship. It plays an important role in their life style.
8. Why is greater income to be considered as one of the important national goal of
development?

i. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
ii. More income means more of all things that human beings need. What ever people like and should
have, they will be able to get with greater income.

9. What is per capita income?

i. It is the average income of a citizen. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by
the population.

10. How did World Bank classify countries? What criterion did they use? What are
its limitations?
 In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used
in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum
and above in 2019, are called high income or rich countries.
 Those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income countries.
 India comes in the category of low middle-income countries because its per capita
income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
 The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries,
are generally called developed countries.

Limitations of this criterion are the following:

a) Per capita income alone can’t bring development.
b) Even though per capita income of many countries is very high, it is noticed that the standard of
living of the people remained low.

11. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations. Or Why do we use
averages? What are the limitations to their use?

i. The per capita income or the average income is used to compare economic development of
countries.
ii. We use averages to identify and analyze performance level in different areas.
iii. It is used to compare different situations and to find out the strong and weak points.
iv. We use averages to make calculations easier and averages reveal general performance level.

There are limitations to their use. Averages will not represent the actual performance.
When we take the average of similar performance or similar amount, it is meaningful.
However, when we calculate two extremes or a number of very low performances and
a very high performance, the average will not tell the exact situation.

12. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development?
Explain.

i. Average income represents the total income of a country keeping in view of the total population. If
the average income is adequate to meet, the basic requirement and other facilities that country is
considered developed.
ii. More income means more of all things that human beings need. What ever people like and should
have, they will be able to get with greater income.

13. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?

i. United Nations Development Programe used three criteria, life expectancy(health status) , literacy
rate and per capita income as the criteria to measure human development where as World Bank used
per capita income only as the criterion to classify countries.

14. What are the three components of Human Development Index? Or What are attributes of
regional or national developmental aspirations or goals?

I. Per capita income or the average income of a citizen. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for
all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the
same amount of goods and services in any country.
II. Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person
at the time of birth. Infant Mortality Rate or the number of children dying before the age of one year
per thousand births.
III. Gross Enrolment Ratio or literacy rate for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school,
secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.

15. Find out the present source of energy used by the people in India. What could be the
possibilities fifty years from now?

i. At present we use conventional source of energy mostly like coal and petroleum as the major
source of energy.
ii. Since it is an exhaustible and non renewable source of energy it may not be available after fifty
years.

iii. We use non conventional source of energy like solar energy, wind energy, and hydel energy to a
small extent. After 50 years we have to depend on non conventional sources of energy only or we
have to develop a new source of energy.
16. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

i. It is important because future generations should not suffer due to the development programmes of
the present generation.
ii. Issue of sustainability consider judicious use of resources, adopt measures to prevent
environmental pollution and to avoid wastages

17. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate even though the per
capita income is comparatively low?

i. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities. The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and
education.
ii. The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied at a
lower price than the market prices. Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the people is very
high.

18. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

i. Large areas of forests are destroyed in different parts of India.

ii. Industrial effluents are disposed and discharged with out proper treatment causing land and water
pollution.

19. Why is Per Capita Income calculated in U.S. dollars?

Per Capita Income is calculated in U.S. dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared. It is an
internationally accepted currency. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same
amount of goods and services in any country.

20. ‘The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
one person’. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development?

i. The statement warns against the modern technology of production, which leads to over exploitation
of resources and further leads to environmental pollution and wastages of resources.
ii. It is due to the greed of human beings that the resources are over exploited and the environment is
polluted. It is not sustainable. Sustainable development takes care the needs of the present generation
as well as the future generation.