ONT I-A o Pooloability & Random vasianle ee Anww Tr tw duction — ES >A Sighok Whose futwse valuiS Con be SH moglect woth the help 4 a definite vrelahonstip ox ASCs bed by a definite functon if cated & deterministic Sigrok- > A Signal whose Futese Values Conmot be Pe icked 16 Called a Non-cleberminishe signal > These if NO definite funckon of wUAHMELIP to ce Cosibe tno GerersctiOn FP Such SIF Mods — tho L1G rot Values Voy ANdomby worth Me OF Fsequoncy. Stein % Signal is also cclleg 2 BANA IgGhal: SCE A set iS a Collection AF well-defined ele ments. > Tt ie usually denoted by & capital Letter: F the elemomnte oo. rotpee SOnled by % lovdey case Lekles vwoith subscsipts. ~ Sp a stk con be Meprecented by x= tu, Nyy - ~-- pyWhose x i a sek Ty, Ay We == AR ade UeMNmes Grd the two braces Specifies Ene Sek: “r WE Cony Say thot Eno elemomnts 9G, 9,0 --tn bedlong bw KX. ond we Cory Vaile hh EX Empty sek cr nuit sek’ Ae wer ep cet is caid bbe EMPEY I HE has MP clemonts. For e@hample. x= Foy | Whow & PEPTESeRES NOU. TE is aleo catted a nul sek: Finite seb Te. Finite number > A Finite SCE has tithe Holl OF a A ele mronks - > Oy tha set has infinite NoMber Ay ehemanks . 1b iS Calied any Winike Se Subs Sek > A ak y ig a Subset 4 Y Th eroy elemont A sek XK isalso an efemonk in sek Y. > Te is sented bY XCY. > By thee I ak least one ele mont in Y wrich ic not IN XL they Ko is & popes Subset ay Y,ond we Wsite XCY- @ eae sts: > TWO cake XK amd Yo ore petty set contort all Said to be equa. It mamon Ce monkS: THE ees oc b equat sto ane denoted &Y ¥ ¢ XCY And YCX. DisJoint _sets'. > Two eetS X and Y we eoid WH bE AKisyoint iy they contain MO os mutually ed exclusive Comman chemenks - > Foe thample sus X= \ odd Nombers'y Deven nompens ] ane Li¢jeint seks: Universal stk '- Ss A cet which CmsistS 4% all le ronkS G a Aven sexy stem iS Called a ba iver-soul Sek . S it is cenottd YY S omd is the lavgert stk 4 tho. Sycten. > A stke ane SuUbeste oO the oniwercal stk -Set operotions:. ONION STE UMLON A two ES Koma Y IS Lhe seb 4p AN elements teelonging to “Ko oe Y or both. > Te is denoted oy RzKvVY. > comatimes it 1S also @lled tho som 4 sels X and Y. Sm tevsec tiny! > The intersection A two Shs “X ond Yo ig the SUE Oy ON ELE INEES commen ty Both X and Y, SS Tt IS denoted by A= XDY or XY “S Somo Gmve it iS leo catied tre product gy sete ‘YC ord YY". > For dhisjoimt tke the IeeeSeC Hin IK a null set be XAY= {p \.LOMO and intersectian Oh N seks'- & afk“. nnn nnn, ann S The UNO Ap ON SekS xX, Wee NT 12 ~—N Com bt epst.senked ods Y= XU XU XLV ~ --- UX % = Xp - Nz! io > Similercdy, Ene intervection FN sees x No Wher Wel,% ---—N Com tot. PEP TESEMMEd OL Za XN XX NX, N ~--- A Xy N = 0 XW eI > it is ateo noted that ib ALR, Ehow AUB BL ANB A- Comple monk '- The Conmplemenk ty & stk X ig the Stk A aly elementS nok WN X. > Th is denoked bY X.Ditkeserve + > The AihbErence Ay EWo ets Loma Y ig Bae eek A all AEMOrtS AX thok co Nek belong to Xe. it Ig domed by Zo X-YX. > Amitowty . bre ditbestnce A Y Oma xX IS the sek a all ehemonts % Y thouk do Not welong to y. ik iS denoted 67 wa Y-*X. a Xp YX. Sam pre Spaces'- > When a physical experitnink 1s pix fosmed | a bua possible ork Come Eho set fy all cam ple Space. XPOS INE is called > TL ic denoted by iG, > OW Fack, the Semple Space TS tho LNIWrcal SAE foc the Giverny enpesient> Por each briak % On CARPOOL there & iS Ow otk Come: > Foe example, Ena Capemimndt e tossing om UNbiased Coin hogs Hoo onlcormes — heads(H) ov tails T). fo the Sample epace is RUTy, Discrete Sample Space >A sample Space iS Soud to be DUOC Orn) Finite. Ap tha eek in tha Sample apqee hove Finite AomberS Ayr elemnkS: > Foe trampre tra SHE fia, BY AY is a Finite set > Ty the seks IN tno Sample space have Infinike Domber My Be mats . Hho the sample opace 1S ictwtee ond In fimile > Fue enample . tha otk he Lu, Basel 1S am infinite ste:ComtinUons Sawple — Space '- > Oe the Sample spare Cymtaing omy IMfinite Momsen a ekemanksS LOI Conti NOUS Vales within a Fin BaNge. Eos it iS Called a Continues Sample SPACE» > Fos trample, the stk A numbewxs fiom 0 toto, > The ett a, elementS ore infinite omd Continuous. SBN evant ic aefined ar a ot& % possinle putcomeg % OT) ep OSIM * > Bb ig tha SUBSE M- the Sample space. = Tossing a coin WS OD RE thok hog two pose] BIE ort ComonkS— heade os toule. > % a sample space has @ Ste AEN Clements N the morbred Ar evento ONL a DiSCWeLE Cvmel Cos tiNous ews’ - > A cdistedte comple SPACE hos ciscrete events:> When a Col Is tossed, tho enmnt “head” ©) is a chiscwte Omd Finite event > Everts takes From Cumtinuous sample Spaces One Cont nous. => selecting oO NM ber somdomly WN 0 given Wounge Ve a continuoug -ewmt - > ese thee ane INFinite Nomber A ernrts- > for HLAMPIE AMY NoMbex if Lhe wore G= Aiecrioy is A Com tinuonsentnk: Mutually euclucive events :— > Der omy two ents IN Oy expesiINak have no Corman oUL COINS, Drang thre events ow oud tod be mutually ELA CIVE —-CUUNrKS- > Fos thample, the BMS “dea a King cord’ ond “chavo A GWeon Caxd tom a dock Ay coxsade Oo routualty PRCIWLIVE — CVE AKS evinke bECOUSE beth Cormrnot’ occis ok thd same time -Probability Prtwduced Usrangh Relative Preqaercy > warn Y anrr Ann ANA ADDL > concider a wars WrHdony CAPEK ren with @ Sample space &: > WE Shall ASSIGD & HOD- negakive Humber Called pwobability to each evonk IN the Sample Space: > Leb W ne oa partcWar erenk INS Thin ene probability erimnk A” is denoted PY PLAY: > Stppose that @ waHcom experiment 1S wepeated DW biwes, . > BD tro evint A’ oceuss NEM) timed, then tne prrapility erent A is defined of tre vdatie Freq wncy A eink PY Whos the NUD bey A telals nN’ beds to MANY: NCA) puny = Liry neo. Y Where NU . > iS CON thea melative frag vuncy % ewmk A -~ ‘ 6 properties Oy seative frequimcy'— é W) OL NO) LA Ok Wi) gy nen wo the Srink 'A neMey OCCURS Dp ay) DOD. “the evimk A OCCUXS WD All DW trials y i OVI, ) 8 A amd B ons mutually excusing tn ncaupy= NCA) + NCB) NLBYBD — ney GY ntBy mM nr a) Pr babiaty Troe ducted tnesugh Axioms -— ee Ann ARK ONA- > By the AnLomatic ce Ani bo, tho Po ba bility PCA) A an ewnt iS Goal Humber Which sabedes “tro Follove ing ONMoms. : PLAY So > The Pr lal ty % erent A iS always a Non- Negative wok Nom ber. Artiows 2 PLSd=t PF The ent & iS aN LAiWASAl cet ond ik jc a sure event:S Thawed dow. IES probability iS ahways one. PCGy=O > The poo Pavitity ds & Hull CVErk EON inypos.si-— ble event iS alroays 2&a Storm 3’- > % O sample An WS N Werks H21,2,3--- N where N may bE WHnike And if all the events ore mutually exclugve Fe Arm An = f OF for AN MAD , thoy N PLY A )= 5) Peon YN (oD PLA AU ~~~ UAE PIAL) + PAD + - ~~ + PIAL). > To Ses phy Simplity tho enprvesSians , Consider Just trop duc Joint events A EB WY the Semple Space g. PE AVE) = PrAr+ PCB) HE PANEL OY. Pav ba bikity Sk W tha CHO GF the Number My Favouwable cutime % event A to the tote Nombey Ay possible outtomes, provicsted Phot aipukcoine O5\0 equally pwbable- > No-ty favowsanle ovtlomes Toto No by possible OuUkComned. tho ® Ta bor contains tb ved bale, 1 blue bolic Land 22 Fey Lalls, brat Fo tha PR hao by O- chsalo- KG @ way which IS @ ved iN colauy, B etthoy ved cy ble © net Freen. S2l'— Givers thet Ehers€ ao. WR, DB and 224 ballgin box Totak No MG ballg = SO- @ the Pr bability chang a Fd colows ba! iD pery= NO > favouvanle — eet comes Total DOM CULE COMOK- perd= 1 = =e oe © tw FoVoursable ernk is eithdy “sed or ne” Since Lhe evmts ano cLisjcin’’ PLR 4B = PCR PCB) = Jb te. DRL Wy. Bo 1 56" a\ » © tre Favorraple event is mot Oo Yew ball pla@y= 1- Plad GS pty = pea) = 2 Bo at = o-b: 25 @ 6 card 1s chawh ok SaNdorry from A clock 4 rade playing Cada: Fira ta Prparility on chewing @ an ‘ace Gae oy wheedt © neither A Nos a space rt ; , A & the Favarable ent iS ‘chawing ace” Since thove one | aces > #-1L=0035 Place) BY Ib i © the Favorwanie ewnrk Is Chavaing Pera hoovx’’. TE one cana ow 6 %B Cowde ay ‘heart? ovmd one (ard ty heaxt 6 PLE ov heart) = Pld+ PLRLort)— PCRCost 6) =e ypB-1-b et Ho, Be) BL em BL TSH OSI GC! PLAURI = pEHy-+ PUB ~PLAN®).a ae a © the Favowraple evort 1S necthor 4 Nos @® a Spade”. Lok tho ewnk 4 be DB ond the erink Qprde LeB . ThE probability op neither @ nor a gade is “net tithey 4G os q Spade". Ve ppAUBY= 1— Pp leva) =~ [pusy+ PUD = PLANBY s1-[4£, 8B 1 at BL BL = jo % = 0-692% Teint probability Ww we > a Sample space censist® Ar two events AR Which ane not mutually MLCIUSIVE, thoy tne Pw ba bility Ar these *vents Occ UxING loiny or cimutta neousty 1S Cclled goime Proloa bili ty - Ae tho Cupevsitronk aepeats “Ny times ond tha Joint occum™Mce of evints A&B iS NCB Lindos, then tra joint pre balistity a Ewnks . A ond BQ igpopnes- tim ICAP Nc nD PLANR= PCAY+ PLR — PCAYB) PEAVEY = PLAY + PLE?- PLANB) PLA NH FO PLBLYB L£ prpyt PLD CoMclitionaL probabi Lity AAn—Dj.— Ann > B® event A OCclss NEA times, ewink B occurs NCR) Gr ime Omnd the Joine ewrnkt 4 AO B Occuse READ LIMES. thon, tre cond tonot Prbapility % enmt A giWweon ewmt Bb 1s Quat to tno wate frequarcy % Ene Join Occtessence NCAB) with spect to NEB) os 1H teods td infinity POAIRY = Linn CRB) N00 NP) NER) so - dm OAD |p nes 9 |p POP IY = bing CBE nee 6 PUAN) im OCB) PCB - ne n& Prba bility sg occusence > Tha Conditioned eink A IL FID Cary bE % B When te expressed os POCA NB) bt ie lee POR > Fram the Condit@rnd Prebabilctres, Ehe Jett Prebability A the ewints A Od B Corn bO tape £6 tal oS PLA NB = PLR) PED = POpy PRO. Properties 4 COMdL tonal promabthity > Fas amy tWo events BH ard B WN a Sample cpace & ib BOA thw 8 P. Ss Ib A then PUR =| PUB) > SS BOA. then PLB)= a - # ? PED >So > Te two ewnks A OTA B ae in Sample spe SS the PG = Peet PCRy= ptr) Pc By. C-25> PCB.> gy two EWS endl B ane Mutually exclusive, thon Ene Joint enmtS. ANC ard BNC VG akso mutuolly exdugve and honcé vs a r(H0DD) = pee + PCED. Tolak probability '- Ww Qnwwe > COrsides a Sample space S tok Nas N mutually erclusive ewinks Bn New --7-N SCH Lnok Binh BRE {oy toe MAN =1,2,---N- > The probability % OY evmt A, aetined om this comple pace. CON be eapr eced ID teAML GE the Comnchiborok pv pa bly a events By, Tuts PWeabity is pmo as te fokat prvlealoibity Oy evn B- N pery= SP (gE) PLB - Ne1 Poot ised The sample Space S GON ru tually ELUSIVE een tt’ By Nt La eee Nig Shoop IN Figuxe.( Fig-vern diegsan doe events Bry Omd 5- > The events hae the pr peo ics Emo bn = oy L M+#nN=1,23---N. N ond VU BntS. N=1 ™ Fe BU BV Re ~---V BYES > tek om enmt A be defind on the Sample Space, S. - > ance A iS a@ Sub_seK A GU than ANSzA. N ve ANS= ANALY Br) =A N A= VU Hnren> D=1 opphy prdbability .” NI Por) = e( & @nen)) Ni = Vi PCAN Bn) Nz)SSINCE thro CWrksS PLAN Bp OO mutually erclusre, by APPYING tne Hnirnd Oniematic Aefinition A Prbability N POAY= ‘S PCAN Ry) N>\ s For tne definition “A Joink proba nility Planend= PlPleny PCBS N PLAY = 2 PUP le) ple). N=) Bales THe ore" '— asample space § hod N — --N_USuch SO TE States thot ib roa tuodhy exctugve erent? Bp, Noy trak BO Pnt LOY. tor man ele —--N. Ome any ewnk PB IS defined gn this Sample The poof Can be derited fom the ty tol probability thrgorer ond tho detinition % conclitinn pro ooiLi tics: > we mow thot Hho Conan tioned prota bility PUeja) = Penn A> he ‘sono AS) is PLAY P(e, A B= P (Ip, PCB S The tp tot pov bail ty NI poppe 5 PLR AAD “91 P\Slay = PEnpp> SPR DB) Ne | . p (Boley > P(Pleny PLB N LZ PlPleny PLERD He) PLAlR, *PleoInd = Dd) PCB ; ee PLP In, PLR) + PAD Pe de ~—— HEE,( Two boxes ane selected “somclomly the Fat bow comtcunds 2 ovite halls and % blecr ballg The Second bow combcunS 2 wmurke 606 and U black balls. Whak js he probabil ty 1 AA OING aAWhi te bessy SOB pacsume tok Ena two boxes have glial proba bility — Lethg Selected - > The pobability '§ ~sthee thy is equat b> ta .probability Ae sel second vor &- tue Favct box By ecting the Pomp = PUD = 4 er oR > The Favourable ewn0k 1S “selecting white al) wi") P (Wiad = Bt our WwW = Be otORe PC Ia - > Wang total probability Lheorend Pt) = P te) Pept PS Peda . 72) INcle pendent Evert 5 @® events Pod BI @ Sample non-zero Probabilities. = CONSider two space ‘s’ Having > DM the Probability Oy OCCUSTENCE Ay ONG % the evint iS Not AbvEcked by Ea occusse- Nee A, EW® othr EWE, thoy Eha CMnls one Laid tp be “statistically indep trdont —™ mathematically, top ents one statist cols Weleptak — independent ib Onn only ie PLANBY= PLAY PLE) for PrMMto % PLEY$o. > OF BR owd B EAL BoD Indep eden everte tin the Conchitional pwhabilities coil! PCAID) = PCAD- P CB) ay = PLB 7 VE ther occusomce % oy ewmt d ot Oh 94 depend cy tne Secure’ “& ony bey eink: > Sinilowly , the N€ee SSony ond SUP cit CHALKY A thsee evmts ,A.B omMd cto ve Inckep ery dom One PLANE) = PCR) PLB) PERN O = PLR PLO PCRAC) = PLB PLO PCANBNO= PCRYN PLA) A PCO: Nardom Vas iable — XXX, Qe ~~ we define a real Bandon variable o> 0 at function oy tha elemonts — & Sample SPACES: ys we shall Bepresent a TaANdon vorsiacle wy a Capital fetter Ww oF x ON: conditions for a furction te be, aandem ann aAnw ee a Vari cldle oe ms the se quised conditions for @ Funchoo Db be a wandond variable ore Qpace must ) eney point IN the cam ple wworerpand ty Only ore Vale dy Ed rereeom yonder Variciale- WW The eek ery shall bE On ene fos OMY aod RuMBEY THA poo Latte lity Om Kas evimt is egal ty the Son Athe paobablitics a all the elemontary events — comes pordung to bx La | This is cloncted es PlRea) The probabilities 4 Everts bce 2) Ond (x--0} ane mew Continuous saNdom vorsiable '- Aanw mw mw Me : > The valus& a a continous random Variable ied . . ore Continous in 2 GIVEN — CrntinUars sempl € apace: > A Continuous Somple Space hos WORNGL valves: an infinite > The Clicesete wilus % 4 continues Saray variawie is & value of one instomk time. SB Coptinunws wonder . VASIARIE xX 1S Genoked ds a weal function X= x8). For tnar ple X> AC TB: whore A&B oo CopVcLomkS ond gives mak elemonks-DiccwelE woOSdonms Vers iable'- Co eae as wn ann > The Value A oO ALLECEE ANON VOSIAbIe One only Eo ALSERREE Vad IN a gn Sample Space. > the cample space fr & CECE BAND Versiable Com bE Comtinuns- Aiconte OY way beth Continua and disereke pelrts: > They may. also be finite vw INFN > eb xX be oO aniccHete —sOINdorD Vorsiable with iMeger evrate Xa fay ay, ny. THE PU baBLLES ASK ok ony event 1c & functor 1 OH. Deis given bY Pe Phx=ay =F) f= 12,4--- mined wan dom Variables! Oe Ae > The volud a a IWined wandony vorw/Qble ado. both continues and ciccsdtte in a Gwen Sop ple Space -OG > Tho sample space fos O Mie MBANAoND Vasianie is a cyatinuns Saraple £pAce « a 0 (se ces Pokrts 05 Comtinuns ond Some POIDES A ayecsete VolAle Pap bability pictributinn Function — ann nwo Ne + The probability digtyibution Function CPOF) Ae sey pes Lhe Pr babilistic behaviows %% & TOMA VOEICbLE - > Tk defines tho pre be bi ity PIXERY Oa the erm [KEL for an values ap tho wanclor vorsiapie, X WP to the Valua %. SS TEIS abso Called ELe Cumutotive pr kability distyiacton function Op Ee waNdom variable X omd aenoted os FyCi) which iS a Function MN % F.C) = P\ery: Where Lis a wal Romb ey IN tLe Borge. — HO LK LOO- Papesties pavtabilily DISCMEUEOD Tune time > Dy Gey is 2 PReability cht Stef buon funchon % & BAndom vawiable X% they* Rt) =O 2 Exley =! > OL ROWE H Foy 6 RO) he KEL 5 P yx Em = FO.) — Oy) 6 Fy Qty = Fea. 1 We Kemow thek the Probability a un evenk is O nom - ne qtive cou Num loey ID ERO WOnge DOd 4. Th pw balolity toe Onn impossible evimnk if ovorys 20" we lemord Hho ewonksS newer occus, Pe. N= Oo impo ssi ble F,t-~a = P (20) =0° 2. Were Fy (wo). -weprve aenks tht Inte Potion Ay a probabilities, up bo L= > eile Ebe son Oy Xt pronabilities % XIN aA odWayS equos & one. en Sample space whch IS - EF, & = POs =. A=-®B-cnce tho disteibution function bates, Hae OO Valuoys Ay all the probabilities, EO wonge op EL Gistrbubon function 16 Aso Ed Same os the Sango oy Prvlealoilt by: oL iw EL. Ho Bex) is a RON- cle creasing function 4 eine tho duistyi bLHON function iS tha som ot; a Pon~ Negative proiabi ities fen, WON incweases, thom Fy OQ) also TACK 5 Te ig Kpnowon tho he events xen amd hye X EW Y ow mutually excusiv®» so Ene probability a the erent PK bw = PL Dc eyo fay ex Ly} PxL% y= P [xen t P faye x Es) Pf exem}= PEwy —P ieuy = OD — OW: 6. Tk Stoker thak tho proba loi by dU ste! bution Function is Conti nuoks fom by th cohee at ig an infinitesimal iNc*emarct IN 1.(wat Prwbabluty Kosi ly pepe Fer) NAW NAA > The pro ba bility clown sity fan chon . basic makhe matical tal tart f USAID a pwbablictic pehavioUss A a wancdem Varsiatsle - > Tris more preferable then pro leatoili ty pict bution fanchon. a 1S > the pmbability slensity function my He sande versiqnie x 1S defined of tha Valuas Os Pmrbabwitities of A Ginn Valva maf Te IS O desivotive 4 tre cist bution Function CAD ard ig denoted as £0. frog = GEG) a Wrare W 16 & weal Number ih tho Wo Ge ~- LW LO:Pw pestieS Ay Prva willy bon cihy Functos'- We Ts fay 1S © pra bility density function Oy rwardors vorsiable x, Ehan 1, of fay toe a % x 2 Jt LOY AVL zl- > These pwperties state that Eno clonci ty function is Nen- negative ord tno area under the domsity Furschon 1S Unc bY fond Areas 4: ~~ OTR FS g i creer oo — clancity FUNCH OD a Fee J fen te 05 + TE stokes Erot the distri bution functiay \S equal tm tha integral a the clensity funchon bp to Valua@ ak OF je eat t> tha Osea Wado tho cemcity ef. Cucve tory 20 bf +e0.Fig area Oj dusts puting Function Ne he Pp fyex Ew) = f LOO Ae: aoa A Tus POb pmpraty Stokes thok the pobability 4X’ fows values “tm 1 Saal to Ene Osea UNder thro deal ty funchon curse From XK, tL oe pha LxXEmy= ares —~O +20 A AL mass Funchop ! l= |w--- - Ty tha pPrbability 4h POY) Satie Fes tha Fol loding Cor outions: he babi PO) So far ON i > eumetion oa fehee be wcll & FyCh) SPX ony. a 2. SF Pla) =I iz\ POY S Mace Fur ChiosDM Arondom varsianle ¥ hag pwba Shown 1 Lqble @ Find tho valvo a K B® Fird Fay, fOr od chavo tre plots =5, | =o |i Of v je a ok, KR] ot] ok 7 Sel 14 a Sondom Vaciable x has poeabilitic,, We Emad that the Som “by At prolea bili Hes is equat to 4- 6 So PCA =I ley Ot OBETK+ 0} FO-BKR+t FHI 0-242 8k = 2 EKO ez OF, B~L~o.26 rs uw | —— . Peo= for, os I GG POO fo, ONS, 028, OF 6-035, 0.25] > TRA cummative ct sbi bution function, FeCay 1 S Fiver byFl ls) = POY) SOR Fed = POI TPL) = Or FONT HOBIE Fy CO = PCAD Ft PO) TF POagys OBL +0.2 Fe (= PEAS + POD TP ClO (apt P Ow) = 0. Kast 01 0.65 Fel = POS t POD T POD F POD F POS) = Ob FO.09T = OFF e a Feeoy POA.) + PIG) + PAD T POD TF POrS) FPN > ODT O28 aie > Tho cumulative diStsl LUtTO Faery FUNCTION Ss Fea = T_Pty) wen) FOODS 0-2 WOHED +f 0-1 woatry + O25 WOH) TOLD + 0-046 UO) O2S Wi. > Th CUumala Hoe chon sity PUN chen 1S feeary = SPO 602-4)ds Clr + O25 BCH) Fos 02 64 +O: 1 Slat ODE CCAD FOS EOD S THO plots a FeO Od OO airs » — \ Or EX 4 0-596 40-2325 FOL poy 3B 2 -l4 ' a Biqi- Plo % FOO: Figie plot Mm fkeO- artchor OO - fies UE (yy ek Gaussian -DtxySi lH VAAN 2 jt! yor) : . £ Cu cant Anns Vosiavle “X ade ti bY ROO = exp (=0- a J) x OW a i peat WY Jd toe i aaa — Fela tO) 2 == PLP (— ) ) parse = For oll wv: Where FSO, ond ~CL My 220 OL COMshante called Standaya cle viotion ovnd means Values o- ‘YX! medpec tively . Ss Tho ddistsibubon function Gm be ebaluodta big USING —PuMesiccd or — APPM AL Morbi methods. > The GASSED semsity function Is also @iled tho Romo tensity function , > FF PANEM Vorriable Which Seti Hey Ea Goussion skensity furchon ts Culled o Gavssity wana vorwiqule-Fig Goussion tensity Fun chor. \ Oe Fea) os Osa] appl cobs \— > The Garssion prbaloility clensity function igthe Most impostamt density function among alt clon sity funchons I the Fitld Or Scie Owe! ONGINESSING - > Te gim& a@ccuvoske eccriptions 9 Many Practical TANIoW Buon tics: > Especially in dectoMics and Communi coin Systems, Eho cListsibublisy Of Elo NOKE signal, either Intes nally qene roted os ex ternal added, enactly matches tno GoucciodAen sily furchon - econ cliche’ bution Func tion = SAL Necmob sed Gaus ome QOUseion chick ution Function hos anne’ SY the Any =o and exci, then ik is called c nocmaticed Gauceign — cListxi uhion farce on > Te ig denvkd a8 FOXY ty wm Fos = 1 at J ce du fos LLO ord For DELO Es 1 FOO: > To gk be cstlahonsiip BeEWEED FLY & FO j FOr ! . = foes HS) oy 20 He as 2 re ue tte gue dus Lx dw= due ye F it Gt = Sole x pe | eau 9 Fyoor F es) oeThe URCHIN FOX) Com be evaluoted USIng i) either os tho Q- function aPpmr*amatan or Ene comple man tary esr function oO we function CApPRDWUMASION s RQ Function is Hered od > \ . 860 = ( em yy m7 The cppormimodion aya) QOO gine bY Bosjessom omd sundbery IS = seo= fe : b= cas 2o ©-6Glau + O-'S49 +4 5) e Wy Faye IF @OU. uw COMPLE Mey Eon SHOE ex Function Op Pao rtimodhion > Tho Completnen Lary SPE FuRction % ZW NS cle fined o& a 2 \ =e exte (z= e ay ci S Then the GaUcscion Aistei bution Function 1s given Ih kexts OF exfe@y os Ew - j- 4 nade \ xO = | 5. fede aS Lo.ORUox ts clencity Func bon 3S Tho Onifom probateility cloncity furnckon 1 cle fired oS \ Loa) = eal atreb o else Whore - Whore AE bane well Constowks. Cnd bSQ. —2OLQalw, -_ ThE ONC HosM chicksibb hi function is a Boys { LOO a FeO) = } Aowk ba Qa = A b-4 FrCa5 =O Felb) = BS 24 b-@ oOFs onttocms cistsiwhon Function. S ThE Onifwain chendi by funch has & concborne am plitude in ELS qn “CONGO » > Tho kak ASH Ay two function 1S aloays one. appli cotiors 0 ae . : s The DANdoM duistxi buh %% eomg IN bmIUc eal in the sound ot process one oni focmly OLittsibuted - yy O SAID ple ILS Ne OrFeRE areal Nom bey > Un che qi Lou ConMMUN COSHGNG, he ty tus signol is Sound-ott © Pew or In a game. Whin % is Conwerttl INK Co MMIC GE ELL PIF A enroe §— sod and Li fowmby chists’ Buse,Erponentiat preba bill by Dinsity Function’ > The exponen bal probability clensity function fora Continucs spar dors) VON6) Oly e “do tined od , . 1 2h O, 1S G ye OW = b Wb oO Whose A aNd bonne seal comctomks ~waLablk ond bSO- ss the cistibuton # Function iS vo Feo = ffx oy Oo sree Fee fhe Os 3? oe m —( 4-0) =Jiy4 le I) ° Qa EeOSs {+ LeOlr O ALG Bae a Io ea ! HadZz) Figi- €Pormmtiod. consity function AG exponentiod chistrieuhin Function > THO tporential clonsity function has % Moanimon Valud Ay 4 ak 22a. The Function Start akwsta& - Ond exponen Erobly decreases 22m of L200 3S Tho distrinution function Starts ab =A and exponen teddy INCwen ves bo ono Ab =O op pA cations! > The fluctuations in signal cteength Fectved WY Adan weCEI VES frory cérstoun Cypes % kore gekS ane expontos tioky ake Stet buted. > Rouit\eksop Si2e%, When A large Nomisty % OLY Shor mena Iymnbs ant Mare, aANoalso mePONO Holly cist bultd . Royylecg h propariliy prasity Function :- > The Rayleigh probability olensity PUNCHED As © woman vasiale “x” is ole final 0% ~C1r-@S7 fos [E Moe ib "da 0 KLEQ Whese QA and b one seal cumctont& —-oLQt00 coved bSso- 1 > The distsibubion Function iS Rds | a0 on na Fete \z -a) oe Bie at TO Chaluake tna integrodhon - b Eaad=dy 2 Ela) s a _ sYfs fay = -aMp —cr- Bh, SO, caelLLG Ce ° >. = KY = Nes erp Wa | ata) fot —- — _ _ O60) F eo = a Orsay Fig'- Raytergh tensity funchm L at fbr Figi- Roylsign distribution function. se monmorm valud Oy Rebe Royleigh aensi ty Function + fw= Hone ers ODS a XLO LS ThO Martmom Value occurs oe ACY an Bats saw [bot 2 =O ee 2 sO], 2 fia-ay. é ;Me At Jbl. Tho manimory Vala OCclsd oct cat Jb. L f° may 2 \lor Joie a) son Me _Wensy == (yer) 2” Ib _\ = > fen a b = O- oor) 2 Tho marxmum value IS = oO 603 JB Ai CoSH OMS 1 opp cokions ! ye Tk dostrib® Et eyvplope a White Noise, Whoo the noise is passed thmagh o Lord PASS Filkeg- ie is a wetodtionslhp With — gaussian clomsity AWnction: > Some Ly Pe A signot FIUckUOHONs FE c vied by tna FeCU Vey dS modelled ak Rok Raybere ts Olu sbsib ution. >abs ‘ unckign: iy Binomial! peobability Pensity FuUockin for (MN tviols ann + My the expos monk tha binomial pro ball is -sepect ed ity densit i thon . Junction as ° aictseke Wrodory vas iable wNcth m yg detined od N NHK eos DN BERD 6a). K=0 S and tno vihomial distsi busi function IS N. Roo 2 S Wer Ba-py kK cee K=o0 = TRE tevin Ng up *® ig cbtoined fom Bexnowlti tsiale: 7 Ne, 1S the binomial Coethiciont Ne NI (N=) 1 KI \ rr _ r brn cos oe rt sb EE i - rn Bmomiod cLensity Bineiniok cdistsipwtion nar Funckon:A pplicationg: > The oligtsibukign Com bre opplitd bo nomi James Ar chomce, chate chan pwrlems a in aday And Sonar, Ord — INany PAPO MmOnks having only tO possible oUklomes 1M Omy Qiven Pei Poi Ssen's Probability pen sity Function > poigcon's prbability density function foe Acdiccwete warden variable IS given { a ee £tw= €° DG cae K=0 : Where bro. is Q Meal Cunstont - > Poissons probability clistri buon function iS wo K Etw= @P Soe WOE, : kzo > Poissons — olistsi bution is La eppr% Mates function a tha binomick cistributiin Whor NSO And pro. Eee EVO constant b= Np-> peissons chan iby ornd chicts buna) es) functign oda Satine ad tht bi nomi oh duistet bub — funchen Opp coutiongt nnnw anaarnr" > Tk ig mostly opplied to counting type. Peles QD The No ay Eekephone calls mode using A pesiod a time Wi) the no: ae defective — ekemmbe in a ire San ple - GiT) Th po a eleckwne emitked from a Cathode IN O& Givers time INtervo_ W) The no My items uda.ting in a guene ite A ond B ono bd events, > Ms A 1S an event [XL for warden vosiane Yi, they the Conalitionalcuicear bution function A X, When Ena eran B Te Emoan 1S denoted aS Fx On) ond 1S clefjned ads Fetuipy= efx np we emow = bhat bre Conditimod pmbability PLAlE) = a Whese PLB 0» TREN CORE p Re aney = Fx Clay. Poe > the joimt erent Frere), aa AN gukcomes Ay S Such thak XOQLEX Ord SEB, S The eapressiom> for hiscrtte N FRoyp = PO Ip) Bo fel CAD AoW VOSIAHE fy Popes tics Ar cookitin chistes: bubo Funchin. WY) Fx Cedar =0 W) Phyt x 2% 18) =F Coley — ti |p) =\ ae Oise Ie) Wk Cled= ¢ | di) OL Ryle £1 x Br), a) F,Ouley £ Ec tlny Gean Comolitinnal — pany TY Function © Cy oF An STL Comchitional somsity function % ef anden variavle “x 1S Cetned o& thd dexivative % t¥2 — Cunckitional LL 661 BUGOD FUNC ON - Fyblley= dens dy > Ge a chistrete warden varsitol® N Oa = SPM) SK) ist Pepestics A conckiti¢nat clensity Functine: WW Acozl uw) t fe Ap) =\ ob so win Fy@[p) = ( fe CU) ay ~*~ F WL WP (yexerf\ — J Fe Qa ay. Dictei bution fury Cliany ie a Conckitioal €Mag TAS nae « <2 AIAN aed < eo mn > These ae tuo im postant methore ty dehne amther CWont B a& A Comolifimal erentos the fixst method tS “evenk B is olefined im deems ay x amd tha Second method ic “eve py ctofinad WEAMS of Grmothey ‘Soran vasiable Y. method 1° Event & is defind intsme Ar Eo - sande vasiqnlé x. @ Let tro ewnt B= ML BY fig the ccomdors vasiavle X, Whese “1S o veo cynstomt 09 Lb - Then tha Com auton Prba bibity dhighs! buchen funchon 1S Fk Olpy= Fe fulx Lby= Pp xen, — P kkern xX epy five all Xe p keby WD Consicler tho erent B fp be move onverad { e os B= LOL XLEY Who O omd b ane real cynckomks = - LE bE:ex) Tne Crmolitional probability chi sts! bution function is Belg) = Br Pulse x Eb} = PL xLayat xu) Fee = Pixbanacx bb} plarx Lb) fore oA Pharxcry bo.