KESCO 2012

The State-of-the-art Electrical Safety Tech.

Seoul, KOREA

Technical Trend of Condition Monitoring

in Electric Power Equipment and Recovery
from Damage by East Japan Earthquake

Hitoshi Okubo
N
Nagoya U
University,
i it N Nagoya, J
Japan
[email protected]

1
I. Condition Monitoring and Diagnoses
in Electric Power Equipment
I-1. Overview
I-2. Diagnoses for Power Transformers

I-3 Diagnostics for Gas Insulated Switchgears

I-3.
(GIS/GCB)

I-4. Partial Discharge Mechanisms for Failure

Detection in Power Equipment
I-5. IGMS-Intelligent Power Grid Management
System

2
 Sensing substation and T&D equipment

B’g

GIS LTC
C

O erhead
Overhead
Transmission line
Arr GCB Tr DS VT Cable

Structure ･･ Video Camera

Substation Invasion ･･ Video Camera, Infrared Camera
Overheat ･･ Infrared Camera
Loose connection ･･ Sound
Insulator deterioration ･･ Electromagnetic radiation
3
Transformer
✓Streaming Electrification･･ Gas analysis in Oil (DGA)
Neutral point current
✓Discharge, Overheating ･･ Gas analysis in Oil (DGA)
✓ Insulation paper deterioration ･･ Gas analysis in Oil (DGA)
Furfural, Paper Color
✓ Winding transformation ･･ FRA (Frequency Response Analysis),
RVM（Recovery Voltage Method）,
Vibration
✓ PD ･･ Gas analysis
y in Oil ((DGA))
High frequency pulse electromagnetic radiation
Supersonic wave (tank)
High frequency pulse current
✓ Current ･･CT

Oil Bushing
✓ Partial Discharge (PD)
･･ High frequency pulse electromagnetic radiation
✓ Equalizer paper deterioration ･･ tan δmeasuring method
Gas analysis in oil (DGA)
✓ Wear-out, Biting ･･ Switch signal operation time,
Vibration
✓ Discharge, Overheating ･･ Gas analysis in Oil (DGA)

LTC ✓ Wear-out, Biting ･･ Switch signal operation time,

Vibration
✓ Discharge, Overheating ･･ Gas analysis in Oil (DGA)
✓ Partial Discharge ･･ High frequency pulse current

4
 GCB ✓ Gas leakage ･･ Pressure, Gas density
✓ Wear out Biting ･･Driving speed
Wear-out, speed, Vibration
✓ Notch cam ･･ Operation speed, High Speed Camera
✓ Electrode and nozzle wear-out ･･ Radiography image
✓ Discharge ･･ Gas analysis
✓ Partial Discharge ･･ High frequency pulse electromagnetic radiation

GIS
✓ Discharge ･･ Gas analysis, Pressure
✓ Partial Discharge ･･ Supersonic wave ,
UHF radiation
✓ Overheating ･･ Temperature
✓ Gas leakage
BUS ･･ Pressure, Gas density, Supersonic wave
✓ Shortage Strength ･･ Vibration

Arrester ✓ Device degradation ･･ Leakage current

✓ Element crack ･･ High frequency pulse electromagnetic radiation
✓ Loose connection ･･ Leakage current
✓ Defective fixation ･･ Vibration

5
I - 2. Diagnosis for Power Transformers

■ Transformer aging and life time

■ Dissolved
Di l d gas-in-oil
i il analysis
l i (DGA)
■ Frequency response analysis (FRA)
■ Recovery
R voltage
lt method
th d (RVM)
■ Polarization and de-polarization current
measurement (PDC)
■ Maintenance on flow electrification
■ Maintenance tools

Nagoya University 6
 Flow-chart of g
gas-in-oil analysis
y ((DGA))
and overall diagnosis
[ ETRA: Electric Technology Research Association in Japan ]

*ETRA report in Japan : Vo.54, No.5 (Part 1), 1999

* H.Okubo, et al : Electrical Insulation Diagnostic Method and Maintenance Criteria for
Oil-immersed Power Transformers, 13th ICDL, pp.372-377, 1999 7
ASSESSMENT AND JUDGMENT CRITERIA FOR DGA
IN OIL IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS
[ETRA: Electric Technology Research Association in Japan]

Nagoya University 8
DIAGNOSTIC CHART FOR FAILURE CAUSE IDENTIFICATION
IN OIL IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS

*ETRA report in Japan : Vo.54, No.5 (Part 1), 1999

*H.Okubo, et al : Electrical Insulation Diagnostic Method and Maintenance Criteria for 9
Oil-immersed Power Transformers, 13th ICDL, pp.372-377, 1999
I - 3. Diagnostics for Gas Insulated
Switchgears (GIS/GCB)

■ UHF technique for partial discharge detection

■ Long distance PD signal propagation in GIL
■ Epoxy spacer V-t characteristics
■ SF6 gas management

Nagoya University 10
P
Possible
ibl defects
d f t in
i high
hi h voltage
lt GIS

SF6 gas
Floating electrode

HV conductor

Particle on Crack and Roughness of

conductor delamination conductor surface

Adhered particle Free moving particle

Particle on Void
tank
Epoxy spacer

GIS tank

Nagoya University 11
 UHF Technique for
Partial Discharge (PD) Detection
PD detection using UHF techniques can be considered a standard form
of measurement and the following items regarding the UHF technique
have recently become the subjects of research and development.

■ Failure
Fail re cause
ca se identification techniq
technique
e
■ Failure source location technique
■ PD signal propagation in different components of GIS
■ Long distance PD signal propagation in GIL
■ Risk assessment using UHF technique
■ Sensitivity calibration of UHF
■ Basic comparison of UHF and IEC techniques
■ Comparison of UHF signal and PD physics/mechanisms
Nagoya University 12
 Partial Discharge
g Detection Techniques
q

PD currentt pulse
l waveform
f PD electromagnetic signal
(PD‐CPWA technique) (UHF‐technique)
 Comparison between UHF technique
and PD-physics (PD-CPWA)
PD generation : Particle in SF6 gas 0.4MPa
Positive : 13,182 pps Negative: 105 pps

▬ PD
Electromagnetic
l i ▬ BGN
G
wave (dBm)

Voltage PD‐CPWA
Pulse current
(mA)

UHF
Electromagnetic
wave (dBm)

*[11] K.Nishizawa, et al : Particle Size Identification in GIS by Ultra High Speed measurement of PD, CMD2008, Beijing, 2008
Nagoya University 14
UHF technique and
PD mechanisms
I - 4. Partial Discharge Mechanisms for
Failure Detection in Power Equipment

■ Physical mechanisms of partial discharge

✔ Sensitivity evaluation
✔ PD-CPWA technique/Current pulse waveform analysis

■ Impulse PD mechanism leading to BD

Nagoya University 16
 Comparative evaluation of partial discharge
(PD) detection sensitivity and diagnosis for
different power equipment

*M.Hikita, et al: Cross-equipment Evaluation of PD Measurement and Diagnosis Techniques in Electric Power
Apparatus for Transmission and Distribution, IEEE TDEI,
Nagoya Vol.15, No.2, pp.505-518 (2008)
University 17
 Principle and structure of
PD-CPWA measurement system
PD-CPWA technique

Oscilloscope 1 GPIB Personal computer

2-4 GHz
Test 15-20 GS/s PD parameters
sample 32-64 MWord ･ I, di/dt
LAN
･ tr, tf
･ q, J
Oscilloscope 2 GPIB
･ FFT
2-4 GHz
Testing Coupling Voltage 50 Ω 15 20 GS/s
15-20
etc.
di id
divider High-frequency f
from PD inception
i ti
transformer capacitor switch 32-64 MWord to BD
LAN

Dead tank type testing equipment Shielding box

■ Ultra-high speed response (200-300 psec )

■ High sensitivity measurement (0.1 pC )
■ Time pursuing measurement system (64 MW)
*[15] H.Okubo, et al: A Novel Technique for Partial Discharge and Breakdown Investigation Based 18
on Current Pulse Waveform Analysis, IEEE Trans. DEI, Vol. 12, No.4, pp.736-744, 2005
 P ti l discharge
Partial di h (PD) currentt pulse
l waveform
f
and waveform parameters
20
Current p
pulse
waveforms
current [mA]

10

0
PD c

-10
Time [1ns/div]
( ) Waveform
(a) W f in
i SF6 (b) D
Definition
fi iti off parameters
t
Nagoya University 19
Partial discharge activity measurement
by
y PD-CPWA system
y

20
Partial discharge
g current pulse
p waveform in SF6 g
gas

Current p
pulse waveform
■ Rise time: t r ～ 400 psec
■ Electron avalanche
■ Streamer/Leader
transition

21
 Rise time t r of current pulse waveform as a function of
maximum
i values
l off electron
l t attachment
tt h t cross section
ti Sa
for different gases and gas mixtures at P = 0.1 MPa

22
I-5. IGMS-Intelligent Power Grid
Management System

■ Maintenance strategy for power equipment

■ Power flow control based on diagnostic data
■ Smart Grid application
■ Asset management

Nagoya University 23
 Diagnostic
Di ti technique
t h i for
f
power equipment in systems

■ From component to system PD-Criteria

■ Main function of devices Sensor
■ Total cost reduction
■ Maintenance tool Power system
■ Technical database Tool
■ Evaluation based on physics
■ Asset management Total Cost min.

Physics IT/CT
IGMS
Intelligent
g Power Grid BD prediction
Management System
24
 ＩＧＭＳ calculation algorithm
g
Probability
approach Reliability
y in Influence of
（Markov process） power grid social infrastructure

Diagnosis
Di i Component ･T&D loss
data performance ･Over load
History of y
& life analysis
M i t
Maintenance
equipment Power system ･Maintenance
reliability ･Outage, etc.

Power system
data
Total cost
Sequential ・T&D cost minimum
Monte Carlo Method
・Optimum
Optimum power flow control
Nonlinear
programming
・Optimum maintenance
 IGMS calculation results （RBTS）
Maintenance strategy for
f equipment in power grid
CB 1-CB 2-CB 3
1.14 RG-RG-RG
RG-RG-OH
RG-RG-RP
RG-OH-RG
RG-OH-OH
D cost (p.u.)

1.13 RG-OH-RP
RG-RP-RG
RG-RP-OG
RG-RP-RP
OH-RG-RG
1.12 OH-RG-OH
Expeccted T&D

OH-RG-RP
OH-OH-RG
OH-OH-OH
1.11 OH-OH-RP
OH-RP-RG
OH-RP-OH
OH-RP-RP
RP-RG-RG
1.1 RP-RG-OH
RP-RG-RP
RP-OH-RG
RP-OH-OH
RP-OH-RP
1.09 RP-RP-RG
0 10 20 30 40 RP-RP-OH
RP-RP-RP

Operation year (year)

 S U P E R I G M S : Intelligent Power Grid Management System
≪ Reliability + Cost + Environment + Security ≫

Power
P A
Asset
t managementt
station IGMS Transmission system

HVDC IT Network
Power
electronics

Substation
equipment
Distributed
energy

Storage
Customer
Smart Grid
Distribution system
Nagoya University
II El
II. Electric
i PPower S
System iin Japan
J
and Recovery from Damage
by East Japan Earthquake

28
 El t i Power
Electric P System
S t in
i Japan
J
HOKKAIDO
Maximum Power： ca. 180 GW
Power Demand (Year)： ca. 900 TWh
0.11
HOKURIKU 0.1
0.28
TOHOKU
KANSAI 0.5

CHUGOKU 0.21 50 Hz
KYUSHU 0.3 1.0 TOKYO

60 Hz
OKINAWA CHUBU
0.1 0.45
SHIKOKU 29
 History of Electric Power Demand and
T h i lD
Technical Development
l t iin Japan
J
Maximum Power： ca. 180 GW

Short cirrcuit currrent [kA]

P
Power Demand
D d (Y
(Year)：
) ca. 900 TWh
e [kV]

GW]
power [G
Transmission
n voltage

voltage
500 kV Generator

or power [MW]
power
Short circuit

Maaximum p
Transmission

current
50 kA

Generato
Year
30
 Electric
El t i Power
P Grids
G id
around Metropolitan City
in Japan
Osaka
東北電力

北陸電力
南福光
BTB
東京電力
新信濃
FC
Tokyo
関西電力 中部電力

佐久間 FC
東京電力
中部電力
東京電力
Nagoya 東清水
FC 31
Electric Power Interconnection HOKKAIDO
in Japan
HOKURIKU
TOHOKU

CHUGOKU
KYUSHU
KANSAI

CHUBU TOKYO
SHIKOKU

OKINAWA

60 Hz 50 Hz
※ 平成19年度供給計画，各社プレス発表資料を参照 FC
West Japan East Japan
32
 East Japan
p Earthquake
q

■March
■M h 11,
11 Friday,
F id 2011
at 14:46 PM
■The magnitude : M 9.0
90
■Hypocenter
Sendai North latitude: 38.1
East longitude: 142.9
From Ojika Peninsula:
ESE 130 km
k offshore
ff h
Depth: 24 km
■Death: 15,838
15 838
Tokyo Missing: 3,647
Total : 19,485

33
34
 Power Shutdown at the Earthquake
q
東北地方太平洋沖地震発生後（3月11日20時現在）
Shutdown
Prefecture
Power Station Shutdown Houses
Aomori 900,000
Tohoku Electric： ca.6,000 MW
・女川NP 2170 MW Iwate 770,000
4.48 MH /
・東通NP 1100 MW Akita 660,000
・原町火力
原町火力 TP 2000 MW Yamagata 510,000
ca 6
ca. 6.50
50 MH
・新仙台火力 TP 950 MW Miyagi 1370,000 ca. 70 % in
TEPCO： ca. 20,000 MW Niigata 0 Tohoku
・福島NP 1F 4700 MW F k hi
Fukushima 270 000
270,000 area
・福島NP 2F 4400 MW Gunma 230,000
・常陸那珂 火力 TP 1000 MW
・広野火力 TP 3800 MW Tochigi 570,000
ほか Ibaraki 820 000
820,000
Saitama 340,000 3.95 MH /
Tokyo 100,000
ca.25 MH
Kanagawa
g 1280,000
,
ca
ca. 20 % in
Chiba 350,000
TEPCO area
Yamanashi 150,000
Shizuoka 110,000
8.35 8.35 MH /
Total
M Houses 31.50 MH
35
► This slide is onlyy for p
presentation

Power System Frequency Fluctuation

at the Moment of East Japan Earthquake
March 11, 2011

36
 Power supply and power demand
att the
th earthquake
th k
1. Shutdown of ppower generation:
g ca. 15 GW
2. Collapse of power supply and demand: ca. 12.8 GW
▪ T & D equipment failure ca. 3.2 GW
▪ Demand lost ca.
ca 3.9
3 9 GW
▪ UFR shutdown of power supply ca. 5.7 GW
3. Frequency collapse:
▪ Before the earthquake (14:47) 49.99 Hz (50 Hz)
After (14:48) 48.44 Hz (1.55 Hz down)
▪ By
y EPPS / UFR Shutdown / Pumpingp g hydro
y power
p / etc.
(14:51) 50 Hz recovery
4. FC interconnection:
▪ From West: Shin-shinano/Sakuma
Shin shinano/Sakuma FC EPPS : 500MW
▪ From North: Hokkaido-Honshu E. AFC : 200 MW
5. Blackout in whole grid was avoided.
▪ Local outage: Tohoku area: 7.9 GW, TEPCO: 12.8 GW
37
38
500 kV CT

39
Air ‐ blast circuit breaker

40
41
Rapid recovery of power supply

E t Japan
East J earthquake
th k (TEPCO)
Hanshin‐Awaji earthquake

(Hours)

42
 Recovery
y of Power Generation
TEPCO area : Recovery of Power Supply
y [MW]
Power supply

March April May June July / 2011

43
3/11
■ High
Hi h reliability
li bilit power system
t in
i Japan
J
■ Electricity dependent modern society

■ East
E t Japan
J E
Earthquake
th k and
dTTsunamii
▪ Widely expanded natural disaster
▪ Long time shutdown of gross bulk power stations
▪ Blackout / Rolling outage
▪ Nuclear power station disaster

■ Discussions on future concept of electricity supply

▪ Energy sources / Nuclear, Thermal, Natural energy, etc.
▪ Environmental issues / Lower losses
▪ Strengthen the 50/60 Hz frequency interconnections
▪ Smart Grid applications/ IT applications/ Sensing apparatus
▪ Future technology: HTS, Power electronics, HVDC, IGMS,
Energy storage, FCL, New energy sources, CMD, etc.
▪ Power flow control, Power system stability, etc.

Security oriented future “Smart

Smart society”,
society ,
by reliable and stable power supply system.
44
 IGMS : Intelligent Power Grid Management System
≪ Security + Reliability + Cost + Environment ≫

Power station Transmission system

Asset management
Nuclear P/S
Power flow UHV IGMS HTS Grid
control Reliability
EMI/EMC/EMF Security Global grid/
Diagnostics
g Long distance transmission lines
Lightning
CBM/RCM Environment
Recycling
Reactive power control Bidirectional communications

DC/Power Insulation IT/CT Network

electronics coordination
Low loss HTS substation
b t ti
SiC/GaN transmission
FACTS Substation Equipment Materials
Arrester DC-HTS
HVDC Electrical Environmental
High current Vacuum material
Wind/Solar P/S i
insulation
l ti interruption applications
Nano-composite/FGM
Cable Current limiter VCB
Distributed generation GIL FCL Power quality
SFCLT
Micro grid Storage
g FCL-cable Inverter surge
Batte
Battery
Smart meter
DSM
Total energy
Storage Demand response
management Energy conservation
BEMS Customer
Smart Grid Smart community HEMS
Plug-in HEV
FEMS 45
Distribution system Nagoya University
 KESCO 2012
Th State-of-the-art
The St t f th t Electrical
El t i l Safety
S f t Tech.
T h
Seoul, KOREA

Conclusions
1. Overview of future diagnostic
g techniques
q for electric
power equipment, including power transformers and
gas insulated switchgears.
2. Brief introduction of electric power system in Japan.
3 Recovery
3. from damage of electric power and
substation equipment by East Japan Earthquake.

Security oriented future “Smart society”,

by reliable and stable power supply system.
system
46