Review

❑ Well Completion

➢ starts from entering a reservoir to the commencement

(beginning) of production.

➢ This principally involves Casing, Cementing, Perforations,

Sand Control, Christmas tree installation, and Well testing
as well as reservoir Stimulation.
Fundamentals of Well Completion

Lecture 2
Casing Design & Cementing
Dr. Bin Wang, PhD
Professor

College of Petroleum Engineering

China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

 1st Layer
Surface
Content: Casing

➢ Casing Design

➢ Cementing 2nd Layer

Intermediat
e Casing

3rd Layer
Production
oil zone Casing
 China starts drilling superdeep borehole in
landmark deep-Earth exploration

TaKe1 Well
Mount Everest
11100 meter
 Casing Design

• Introduction

• Casing types and function

• Casing specifications

• Casing design and criteria

• Casing design problem

 1. Introduction
▪ Drilling a hole is not an easy job
▪ Due to highly diversified geological structure and petro-physical
properties of earth deposition and age
▪ Once a certain length of the hole is drilled it has to be cased with
steel pipe, which is called Casing

Lost circulation Blowout Casing

 1. Introduction
❑ What factors should be considered for casing design?
▪ Hydro: drilling risk prevention (casing layers, setting depth, size)
▪ Mech: wellbore integrity (casing grade, thickness, casing strength)
▪ Chem: corrosion-resistant (casing material)
casing layers, setting depth, size

casing string scheme (grade, thickness, length)

Hydrodynamic failure Mechanical failure Chemical failure

 2 Casing types and functions

• Conductor pipe
• Surface casing
• Intermediate casing
• Production casing
• Liner
• Marine Riser
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step1. Design of casing layers, setting depth and size
▪ Formation Pressure Gradient: Pore pressure gradients and Fracture pressure
gradient of formation.
Hydrostatic pressure

Casing layers, setting depth Casing size

 Casing Design

• Introduction

• Casing types and function

• Casing specifications

• Casing design and criteria

• Casing design problem

 3 Casing specifications

❑ Casing is generally classified in manufacturer catalogues and

handbooks in terms of:

• Casing Size (OD & Thickness) 13-3/8”

• Casing Grade
• Casing Weight
• Casing Connections
• Range of Length
9-5/8”

❑ API declared the standardization of

casing based on these standards
 3 Casing specifications

➢ Casing Size (OD & Thickness)

➢ Casing Grade
Connec-
➢ Casing Weight tions
Strength

➢ Casing Connections
➢ Range of Length Weight
…... …...
Grade
…...
OD 1
…...
Casing
OD 2
API Series

…... API Specification 5CT 9th Edition, June

2011. Specification for Casing and Tubing
3 Casing specifications
多选题 2分

Which casing grade for those two casing?

1
A 1-J55, 2-N80

B 1-K55,2-J55

C 1-J55, 2-K55
2

D 1-P110, 2-N80

提交
 3 Casing specifications
❑ Casing grade
▪ Dependent on chemical composition & mechanical properties
▪ Classified by the API into a series of grades (10 series)
▪ Letter refers to the chemical composition of the material
▪ Number refers to the min. yield strength of the material (X 1000 psi)
3 Casing specifications

chlorine

iron

hydrogen sulfide
3 Casing specifications
 3 Casing specifications
❑ Casing weight
▪ For a given OD and grade, various wall thickness
▪ Weight per foot, Unit: lb./ft., Kg/m, N/m
▪ Drift diameter = mini. ID
 3 Casing specifications
❑ Casing connections
▪ A threaded connection is used to connect individual joints of casing
▪ i) threaded & coupled; ii) integral-joint; iii) flush joint

Coupling

Common used
 3 Casing specifications
❑ Casing connections—API Threading (Casing & Tubing)
▪ A thread must be leak resistant and have the same or greater physical
properties as the casing itself.
• STC (Short Thread Coupled): 8 threads/inch
• LTC (Long Thread Coupled): 8 threads/inch, longer coupling, better
strength and sealing properties than STC
• BTC (Buttress Thread Coupled): flat crests and 5-6 threads/inch
• ELC (Extreme line connection): metal-to-metal seal at the end of the pin
and at the external shoulder of the connection
 3 Casing specifications
❑ Range of length
▪ Not possible to manufacture the casing to a specific length
▪ API recommendation: three length ranges
▪ Should be measured and recorded carefully on the drilling site
 3 Casing specifications
❑ What is Casing String?
▪ Consist of multiple sections of single OD, different steel grade, wall
thickness, and coupling types
▪ Also called a combination string
 Casing Design

• Introduction

• Casing types and function

• Casing specifications

• Casing design and criteria

• Casing design problem

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Force loading on casing: Axial: Tensile or Compressive, Internal: Burst
pressure, External: Collapse pressure
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Force loading on casing: Axial: Tensile or Compressive, Internal: Burst
pressure, External: Collapse pressure
Casing string

N80, L=600m, d = 10.36mm

N80, L=600m, d = 8.05mm

N80, L=850m, d = 9.19mm

N80, L=1000m, d = 10.36mm

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Force loading on casing: Axial: Tensile or Compressive, Internal: Burst
pressure, External: Collapse pressure

Axial: Tension loading Internal: Burst loading External: Collapse loading

Weight of casing Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic pressure

string below a inside of casing from annular
given depth Mud Cement slurry

Formation pore Hydrostatic pressure

Buoyance force pressure inside of casing
Formation fluid Mud
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Tension loading: describes the pulling force exerted by each end of a string
▪ The axial force experienced at a given point of the casing is assumed to be equal
to the weight (in air/fluid) of the casing hanging below this point.
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Tension loading: describes the pulling force exerted by each end of a string
Axial load of casing in air Axial Load

Compression Tension

Buoyance force of casing at the bottom:

Zero axial load

Axial load of casing in drilling fluid

Axial load of casing in drilling fluid at the wellhead

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Tension loading: describes the pulling force exerted by each end of a string
▪All of the casing are suspended by the topmost joint of casing string
▪Strongest casing must be placed at the top .
Worst casing: Hanging in fluid
0 Load 0 Load 0 Load

Tensile

Compressive

TVD

Casing weight in air Buoyance force Effective Loading

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Yield Strength (Fs) The stress at which a material begins to deform
plastically, Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the
deformation will be permanent and non-reversible.
Tensile strength Tensile safety factor

Tensile strength of body Tensile strength of thread/coupling

31
主观题 10分

A well is to be drilled to a depth of 3500m. An

engineer designed a 7 in casing string of
production casing as following, please calculate
the axial force at the depth of 0 and 3500? Does
it safe at those depths?
The density of casing is rs=7.784 g/cm3, the density of drilling
mud is rd=1.30 g/cm3. Tensile safety factor St=1.8
Section
Depth Unit Weight Yield Stress
Length Grade Thickness
H qi Fs
Li

m m - mm kN/m kN

0-600 600 N-80 10.36 0.4234 2611.1

600-1700 1100 N-80 8.05 0.3358 1966.1
1700-2700 1000 N-80 9.19 0.3795 2308.6
2700-3500 800 N-80 10.36 0.4234 2611.1

作答
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Answer
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Burst loading: Internal pressure results from hydraulic fracturing/pumping, etc;

pi, is the inner pressure when fracturing, MPa

H, is the depth of casing shoe, m
gf, is the formation fracture gradient, MPa/m
Burst strength Burst safety factor pbs, is the burst strength, MPa
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 2. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Burst loading: resistance to withstand maximum differential internal pressure;
▪worst condition = casing is filled inside with drilling/fracturing fluid and high
pressure formation fluid-gas (commonly assumed condition);
▪strongest casing must be placed at the bottom
Worst casing: Hydraulic fracturing
MPa/m Load Casing

TVD

Fracture Pressure Gradient Internal Burst Pressure of fracturing

35
主观题 10分

A well is to be drilled to a depth of 3500m. The

equivalent density of fracture pressure are shown
below. What is the operating inner pressure of
fracturing at the depth of 0 and 3500 m? Does it
safe at those depths?
Inner Burst safety factor Si=1.1, fracture gradient gf=0.01 MPa/m
Safety margin of fracture gradient Dgf=0.0012 MPa/m

Section
Depth Yield Strength
Length Grade Thickness
H Pb
Li

m m - mm MPa

0-600 600 N-80 10.36 56.26

600-1700 1100 N-80 8.05 43.71
1700-2700 1000 N-80 9.19 49.92
2700-3500 800 N-80 10.36 56.26

作答
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Answer
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Collapse loading: External pressure results from mud column in annulus ;

poc, is the external annulus pressure, MPa

H, is the depth of casing, m
rd, is the density of drilling fluid, g/cm3
Collapse strength Collapse safety factor
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Biaxial stress effect: Axial stress effect on tangential stress is called
▪ Tension will reduce collapse strength
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Collapse loading: resistance to withstand maximum differential external pressure;
▪ strongest casing must be placed at the bottom
▪ must consider strength reduction in collapse strength due to tension;
Worst case: casing is empty
Load Load Load Casing

TVD
Fluid level

External Pressure Internal Pressure Effective Pressure

40
主观题 10分

A well is to be drilled to a depth of 3500m. The

equivalent density of fracture pressure are shown
below. What is the operating external pressure of
fracturing at the depth of 1700, 3500 m? Does it
safe at those depths?
Inner collapse safety factor Sc=1.0, the density of drilling mud
is rd=1.30 g/cm3, density of casing is rs=7.784 g/cm3
Section Yield
Depth Unit Weight Yield Stress
Length Grade Thickness Strength
H qi Fs
Li Pc
m m - mm MPa kN/m kN
0-600 600 N-80 10.36 48.40 0.4234 2611.1
600-1700 1100 N-80 8.05 26.41 0.3358 1966.1
1700-2700 1000 N-80 9.19 37.30 0.3795 2308.6

2700-3500 800 N-80 10.36 48.40 0.4234 2611.1

作答
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Answer
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪Principles for casing string design:

• A well design of casing string is the combination of the magnitude

of collapse, tension and burst forces and standard design safety
factor.

Casing strength ≥ Safety/Design Factor × Loading force

• Satisfy drilling, oil and gas production and hydraulic fracturing

• Keep a certain reserve capacity when applying extra loading

• To be economy and simple, choose a casing string with 2 ~ 3

types of grade and wall thicknesses will be good.
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Casing design factors
• Use small safety factors under the following conditions
✓ Reliability& accuracy of strength data approach true min. values
✓ Reliability& accuracy of loading assumptions approach max.
encountered in service
✓ Service & test conditions are similar
• Use high safety factors under the following conditions
✓ When the possibilities of hazard to personnel and economic loss
are high (i.e. consequences of failure)
• Typical design safety factors used.
Shell Group Mobil Group China
Collapse 1.0 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.1
Burst 1.1 1.0-1.5 1.1-1.2
Tension 1.6 1.5-2.0 1.6-1.8
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
▪ Casing string design – constant safety factor method
① Calculate maximum burst pressure, select the
casing grade with enough burst strength
② Design the bottom section by collapse strength
and the top section by tensile strength,
according to the rule:

Bottom to up
Strength ≥ Load ×Safety factor
③ Biaxial stress should be considered for the
collapse strength
④ The axial force is calculated by casing weight
in air for tensile strength design, while the axial
force is calculate by buoyant weight for biaxial
stress design.
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections

Example：Design a 177.8mm (7ꞌꞌ) OD round thread

production casing string for a 3500m well. Here is the
available data
• Mud weight =1.3 g/cm3
• The max. burst pressure = 35 MPa
• Assume the worst possible loading conditions,
(i) casing is empty for collapse, (ii) internal pressure =
reservoir pressure and external pressure = 0, (iii) neglect
buoyancy effect (buoyancy force = 0) on tension, but
tension effect on collapse strength must be included.
• Assume hole to be straight, thus neglecting bending
forces (stress).
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections

Example：Design a 177.8mm (7ꞌꞌ) OD round thread

production casing string for a 3500m well. Here is the
available data
• Mud weight =1.3 g/cm3
• The max. burst pressure = 35 MPa
• Assume the worst possible loading conditions,
Coupling
Unit Body Tensile Collapse Burst
Tensile
Grade Thickness Weight Strength Strength Strength
Strength
qi Fs Pc Pb
Fst
- mm kN/m kN kN MPa MPa
N-80 8.05 0.3358 1966.1 1966.1 26.41 43.71
N-80 9.19 0.3795 2308.6 2308.6 37.30 49.92
N-80 10.36 0.4234 2611.1 2611.1 48.40 56.26
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Calculate max. burst pressure, Select the casing grade with enough
burst strength
Burst strength  Pi max  Si = 38.5MPa

Handbook: Select casing grade：

C-75, L-80, N-80, C-90, C-95, P-110
Grade Sort by cost：
N-80 < C-75 < L-80 < C-90 < C-95 < P-110
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof
(1) Determine max. collapse pressure (H1=3500m), 1st casing

Handbook：

N 80, t1 = 10.36mm,
q1 = 0.4234 KN / m,
pc1 = 48.40MPa,
Fs1 = 3007 KN , Fst1 = 2611.1 KN
2655.6KN
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress

(2) Determine 2nd section of casing；

Select a thinner casing with less strength
Handbook： N − 80, t2 = 9.19mm, q2 = 0.3795KN / m,
pc 2 = 37.301MPa,
Fs 2 = 2686.7 KN , Fst 2 = 2308.6KN
Collapse strength: depth of 2nd casing: H2，length of 1st casing: L1

H2 = 2900 m (Integer)
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8 rs=7.784 g/cm
3

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

• Collapse stress with biaxial stress at 2nd casing, validate D2&L1

Unsafe
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

• Extend the thick N-80 casing to the depth of 2700 m

Repeat biaxial yield stress strength proof (the same process)

2nd casing： Dangerous profile TVD 2700 m

Sc = 1.02 > 1.0 Safe

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

• Tension safety factor proof at the top 1st

Coupling has the min strength

Safe

Results: H2 =2700 m , L1=800m

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

(3) Determine 3rd section of casing & length of 2nd casing: L2

• Select a thinner casing with less strength
Handbook：

N − 80, t3 = 8.05mm, q3 = 0.3358KN / m,

pc 3 = 26.407 MPa,
Fs 3 = 2366.5KN , Fst 3 = 1966.1KN
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

• Biaxial Yield Stress calculation , Determine depth of 3rd casing：

Trail, If: H3 =1700 m , So, Sc= 1.03 Safe!

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Bottom Section: consider collapse effect with biaxial yield stress proof

• Tension safety factor proof top of 2nd casing

Coupling has the min strength

Results: H3 =1700 m , L2=1000m

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Top section: above TVD 1700 m for tension proof

(1) Determine Length L3 of 3rd casing by satisfying tension strength

• Since
Fst 3
 St
Fm 2 + q3 L3
Fst 3
− Fm 2 1966.1 − 718
St
L3 = = 1.8 = 1117m
q3 0.3358
• Determine: L3=1100m
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Top section: above TVD 1700 m for tension proof

(1) Determine Length 4th casing by satisfying tension strength

• Handbook：higher tension strength than 3rd

N 80, t4 = 10.36mm,
q4 = 0.4234 KN / m, The same casing as

pc 4 = 48.401MPa, the 1st casing

Fs 4 = 3007 KN ,
Fst 4 = 2611.1KN
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Top section: above TVD 1700 m for tension proof

(1) Determine Length 4th casing by satisfying tension strength

• Calculate available length of L4 at the wellhead:

Fm3 = 718 + 1100  0.3357 = 1087 KN

Fst 4
− Fm3 2611.1 − 1087
St
L4 = = 1.8 = 858.7m
q4 0.4234
• L4=858.7>600m, safe
 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections
Solution： Safety factors： Sc=1.0 , Si = 1.1 , St =1.8

 Top section: above TVD 1700 m for tension proof

(2) Check the collapse strength at the bottom of 4th casing

• Calculate available length of L4:

Fm3
pc 4 (1.03 − 0.74 )
Fs 4
Sc = = 4.82  1.0
9.81r d D4

Results: L4 =600 m , H2=600m

 4 Casing design and criteria
❑ Step 3. Design of casing grade, thickness, length sections

Section
Depth
Length Grade Thickness
H
Li

m m - mm

0-600 600 N-80 10.36

600-1700 1100 N-80 8.05
1700-2700 1000 N-80 9.19
2700-3500 800 N-80 10.36
 Homework2
❑ Repeat the process of example problem, however casing strength
of N-80 with 9.19mm thickness is increased due to using
advanced material, please re-design the casing string.
Coupling
Unit Body Tensile Collapse Burst
Tensile
Grade Thickness Weight Strength Strength Strength
Strength
qi Fs Pc Pb
Fst

- mm kN/m kN kN MPa MPa

N-80 8.05 0.3358 2366.5 1966.1 26.41 43.71

N-80 9.19 0.3795 2686.7 2308.6 37.30->38 49.92
N-80 10.36 0.4234 3007 2655.6 48.40 56.26

• Submission Link
• https://send2me.cn/USozzEQp/Rn25jqzxrbf9aw
• Due
• March 22, 23:59