MODULE 1

Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material in which a binding
material mixed in water on solidification binds the
inert particles of well graded fine and coarse
aggregates.

Classification according to design of concrete

1. Plain cement concrete.
2. Reinforced cement concrete(RCC).
3. Pre-stressed cement concrete(PCC).
Plain cement concrete
• The cement concrete in which no reinforcement is
provided is called plain cement concrete or mass cement
concrete.
• This type of concrete is strong in taking compressive
stresses but weak in taking tensile stresses.

USES:
➢Plain cement concrete is commonly used in for
foundation work and flooring of buildings.
Reinforced Concrete
• The cement concrete in which reinforcement (steel bar) is
embedded for taking tensile stress is called reinforced
cement concrete.
• In this type of concrete the steel reinforcement is to be
used generally in the form of round bars,6mm to 32mm
diameter.
• This concrete is equally strong in taking tensile,
compressive and shear stresses.
• The bond between steel and the surrounding concrete
ensures strain compatibility, i.e., the strain at any point in
the steel is e qual to that in the adjoining concrete.
• Moreover, the reinforcing steel imparts ductility to a
material that is otherwise brittle.
USES:
➢RCC is commonly used for construction of slabs, beams,
columns, foundation, precast concrete.
Prestressed Concrete
• Prestressed concrete is high strength concrete with high
tensile steel wires embedded and tensioned, prior to the
application of external loads.
• By this, the concrete can be pre-compressed to such a
degree that, after the structure is loaded, the is practically
no resultant tension developed in the beam.

USES:
➢For long spans bridges, pressure vessels, pipes and water
tanks where cracks (even hairline) in concrete are not
permitted
➢In rail track sleepers where fatigue loading is encountered
 Objectives of the Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures
• Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or parts of its under the action of loads

• Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in

the various structural members

• Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under

service load conditions - which implies providing adequate
stiffness and reinforcements to contain deflections, crack-
widths and vibrations within acceptable limits and also
providing impermeability and durability (including
corrosion-resistance), etc.

• Economy and Aesthetics

How to fulfill the objectives?

All the above objectives can be fulfilled by understanding the

strength and deformation characteristics of the materials used
in the design as also their deterioration under hostile exposure.

• The concrete is prepared from several materials (cement,

sand, coarse aggregate, water and admixtures, if any).
Therefore, it is important to know the characteristic properties
of each of the materials used to prepare concrete.

• These materials and the concrete after its preparation are

also to be tested and checked to ensure the quality
• Sample testing and checking are important to ensure the
quality of steel bars or rods which is produced in industries

• The necessary information regarding the properties and

characteristic strength of these materials are available in the
standard codes of practices of different countries.

• It is necessary to follow these clearly defined standards for

materials, production, workmanship and maintenance, and
the performance of structures in service
 Method of Design

Three methods of design are accepted in cl. 18.2 of IS 456:2000

(Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of
Practice, published by the Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi).

1. Working stress method (WSM)

2. Limit state method (LSM)
3. Method based on experimental approach
 Limit State Method (LSM)

• LSM aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to

the design problem, by considering safety at ultimate
loads and serviceability at working loads.

• The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format

which attempts to provide adequate safely at ultimate
loads as well as adequate serviceability at service loads,
by considering all possible 'Limit states’ .
What are limit states?

Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and
serviceability requirements of the structure before failure
occurs.

The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that

they will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for
the use for which they are intended
 Classification of Limit states

Deals with strength and

serviceability of structure
Of collapse under maximum design
load
Limit states

Deals with deflection and

cracking of structures
under service loads,
Of serviceability durability under working
environment , stability
,fire resistance etc.
 Structural design

Based on Limit state Checked for Limit

of Collapse state of Serviceability
 Partial safety factors

Partial safety factor

Fd =F x𝛾𝑓
For Load

For material
𝑓
fd =
𝛾𝑚
 Partial safety factors for load
Design load ( Fd) = Characteristic load (F) X Partial safety factor
for load ( 𝛾𝑓 )

The “Characteristic load (F) “ means that value of load which

has 95% probability of not being exceeded during the life of
structure.

A structures may be subjected to overloading also. Hence,

structures should be designed with loads obtained by
multiplying the characteristic loads with suitable factors of
safety depending on the nature of loads or their combinations,
and the limit state being considered.

These factors of safety for loads are termed as partial safety

factors ( 𝛾𝑓 ) for loads.
As per IS 456 Table 18 Values of partial safety factor ( 𝛾𝑓 )
for loads
 Partial safety factors for materials
Design strength of material (fd)
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑓)
=
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝛾𝑚 )

The “Characteristic strength (f) “ means that value of strength of

material below not more than 5% of results are expected to fall
As per IS 456 Clause 36.4.2

Partial safety factor Limit state of Limit state of

collapse serviceability
𝛾𝑚 for steel 1.15 1
𝛾𝑚 for concrete 1.5 1

𝛾𝑚 for steel < 𝛾𝑚 for concrete ,because the steel for reinforcement is produced in steel plants
and commercially available in specific diameters with expected better quality control than
that of concrete
Compressive strength of concrete
• Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure
to carry the loads on its surface without any crack or
deflection
• For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm
X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon
the size of aggregate are used.
• Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area
• Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the
concrete must posses after 28 days of construction with
proper quality control.
 Tension test on steel rod
• Tension test is performed on mild steel, tor steel and high
tensile steel to determine the properties like Young's
modulus, ultimate strength, and the percentage elongation.
• In the tension test, a steel rod is subjected to tension load
by the means of a Universal testing machine(UTM).
• Grade of steel
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500
 Stress strain curve for concrete
Experimental stress-strain curve
 Idealized stress strain curve for concrete
Short term static design stress-strain curve for concrete
IS 456 idealized the stress-strain curve as shown
Characteristic strength

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝟏. 𝟓

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟓
= 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
• Characteristic strength (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) is divided by the factor 1.5
to account for difference in strength indicated by a cube
test and strength of concrete in structure 0.67
𝑓𝑐𝑘

• The partial safety factor for concrete 1.5 is applied to

obtain 0.446 𝑓𝑐𝑘

• The curve consists of a parabola in the initial region up

to a strain of 0.002 and a straight line thereafter, at a
constant stress level of 0.446 𝑓𝑐𝑘 up to an ultimate
strain of 0.0035.
As per IS456 Cl 6.2.3

𝐸𝐶 =5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 Stress strain curve for steel
• In the case of mild steel (Fe 250), which has a well-defined
yield point, the behavior is assumed to be perfectly linear-
elastic up to a design stress level of 0.87 fy

0.87 fy
Cold-worked bars (Fe 415 and Fe 500)

𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1.15=0.87 𝑓𝑦
 Limit state of collapse
Deals with strength and serviceability of structure under
maximum design load

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE Flexure or bending

(ultimate limit state)

Compression

Shear

Torsion
 Limit state of collapse-flexure
Assumptions
1. Plane sections normal to the beam axis remain plane after
bending.
➢This assumption means that the strain at any point on
the cross-section is directly proportional to its distance
from the neutral axis.
2. The maximum compressive strain in concrete at the
outermost compression fibre shall be taken as 0.0035
3. The relationship between the compressive stress
distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be
assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid. parabola or any other
shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of test.
An acceptable stress-strain curve is shown in fig

0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored
➢The steel reinforcement is assumed to resist the tensile
stress.

5. The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived from

the representative stress-strain curves as shown in Figs,
for the type of steel used using the partial safety factor γm
as 1.15.(0.87 fy)

Fe 250 Fe 415 & 500

6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the
section at failure shall not be less than fy/(1.15 Es) +
0.002, where fy is the characteristic strength of steel and
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
Computation of compressive force and tensile force
Compressive force
C1
3
𝑋𝑢
7

4 C2
𝑋𝑢
7

Compressive force (Cu) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝑿𝒖 𝒃

𝒇𝒄𝒌 =Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
𝑿𝒖 =depth of neutral axis
𝒃=width of compression face
Line of action of compressive force Cu (𝑥ҧ )

ഥ = 0.42𝑿𝒖
𝒙
Tensile force

As per 4th assumption of limit of collapse in flexure ,

The tensile strength of concrete is ignored
➢The steel reinforcement is assumed to resist the tensile
stress.

Tensile force=tensile stress X area of steel reinforcement

= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 × 𝑨𝒔𝒕
Modes of failure

• Balanced section

• Under-reinforced section

• Over-reinforced section
 Balanced Section
• A section is known as balanced section in which the
compressive stress in concrete (failure strain in
compression 0.0035 in compressive zones) and tensile
stress in steel(yield strain) will both reach the maximum
permissible values simultaneously.

• The neutral axis of balanced (or critical) section is known

as critical neutral axis (𝑥𝑢max ).

• The failure of such a section, termed 'balanced failure', is

expected to occur by the simultaneous initiation of
crushing of concrete and yielding of steel.
Under-reinforced section
• If the area of steel provided is less than that required for balanced
section, it is known as under- reinforced section

• In under-reinforced section steel is fully stressed (reaches yield

strain) and concrete is under stressed (i.e. some concrete remains
un-utilized ).

• Due to less reinforcement the position of actual neutral axis (𝑥𝑢 )

will shift above the critical neutral axis (𝑥𝑢max )i.e. 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢max

• Steel being ductile, takes some time to break. This gives sufficient
warning before the final collapse of the structure.

• For this reason and from economy point of view the under-
reinforced sections are designed.
 Over-reinforced section
• If the area of steel provided is more than that required for a
balanced section, it is known as over-reinforced section.

• In this section concrete is fully stressed (failure strain in

compression 0.0035) and steel is under stressed.

• As the area of steel provided is more, position of actual

neutral axis (𝑥𝑢 ) will shift below the critical neutral axis
(𝑥𝑢max )i.e. 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢max

• Under such conditions, the beam will fail initially due to

over stress in the concrete. Concrete being brittle, this
happens suddenly and explosively without any warning.
 Depth of neutral axis –General expression

For under reinforced section , steel reaches yield stress of

𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝒙𝒖 =
𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃
𝒙𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
=
𝒅 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅
 Terminologies

Singly reinforced beam/Doubly reinforced beam

When steel is provided only in tensile zone (i.e. below neutral
axis) is called singly reinforced beam

NA NA

When steel is provided in tension zone as well as compression

zone is called doubly reinforced beam.
Over-all depth (D)
The normal distance from the
top edge of the beam to the
bottom edge of the beam is
called over all depth. It is
denoted by ‘D’.

Effective depth (d)

The normal distance from the
top edge of beam to the
centre of tensile
reinforcement is called
effective depth. It is denoted
by ‘d’.
Clear cover
The distance between the
bottom of the bars and
bottom most the edge of the
beam is called clear cover.

Effective cover
The distance between centre
of tensile reinforcement and
the bottom edge of the
beam is called effective
cover.
Effective cover = clear cover
+ ½ dia of bar.
Neutral axis
The layer / lamina where no
stress exist is known as
neutral axis. It divides the
beam section into two zones,
compression zone above the
neutral axis & tension zone
below the neutral axis.
Depth of neutral axis
𝒙𝒖
The normal distance
between the top edge of the
beam & neutral axis is called
depth of neutral axis. It is
denoted by ‘𝒙𝒖 ’
Lever arm
The distance between the
resultant compressive force
(Cu) and tensile force (T) is
known as lever arm. It is
denoted by ‘Z’. Cu

The total compressive force

(Cu) in concrete act at the
c.g. of compressive stress Z
diagram i.e. 0.42 𝒙𝒖 from
the compression edge.

The total tensile force (T)

acts at c.g. of the
reinforcement.
Lever arm(Z) = (d- 0.42 𝒙𝒖 )
Tensile reinforcement
The reinforcement provided
tensile zone is called tensile
reinforcement. It is denoted
by Ast.
Ast

Compression reinforcement
The reinforcement provided
compression zone is called Asc
compression reinforcement.
It is denoted by Asc

Ast
Expression for moment
of resistance

In terms of tensile force

Moment of resistance (Mu )
= Tensile force X lever arm
= 0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 X Z
=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (d- 0.42 𝑥𝑢 )
𝑥𝑢
=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d(1- 0.42 )
𝑑
0.87𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1− 0.42
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
In terms of compressive force
Moment of resistance (Mu )

= compressive force (Cu) X lever arm

=𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒙𝒖 𝒃 (d- 0.42 𝑥𝑢 )

N
𝑥𝑢
=𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒙𝒖 𝒃 d(1- 0.42 )
𝑑
Ast

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 ) 𝒃 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
 Steps for finding Moment of Resistance of a
section

Step 1
Determine the depth of neutral axis
𝒙𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
=
𝒅 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
Find (limiting value of neutral axis for different grade
𝒅
of steel) from IS 456 page 70

𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
Compare the values of and
𝒅 𝒅
Step 2
𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
If = Balanced section
𝒅 𝒅

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu =Mulim = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )𝒃 𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑

𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
If < under-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅

𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu= 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
 𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
If > Over-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅

IS 456 recommends to redesign the section

These sections are to be redesigned either by increasing

the depth of the beam or by providing compression
reinforcement.
Problem 1
Find the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam of
200mm width and 400 mm effective depth reinforced with 3
bars of 16mm diameter . M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel is
used in beam

Step 1
𝒙𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
=
𝒅 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅

𝜋
0.87×415× 3× 4 ×162
= =0.378
0.36×20×200×400
3 #16mm𝜙
As per IS456 Pg 70

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
Step 2

𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
< Under-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu= 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝜋
𝜋 415× 3× 4 ×162
= 0.87 × 415 × 3 × × 162 × 400 1−
4 20×200×400
= 73.48 × 106 Nmm
= 73.48 kNm
Problem 2
Find the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam of
200mm width and 400 mm effective depth reinforced with 4
bars of 16mm diameter . M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel is
used in beam
Step 1
𝒙𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 ×𝑨𝒔𝒕
=
𝒅 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅

𝜋
0.87×415× 4× 4 ×162
=
0.36×20×200×400
=0.504
As per IS456 Pg 70

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
Step 2

𝒙𝒖 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
> Over-reinforced section
𝒅 𝒅

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu =Mulim = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 ) 𝒃 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 ×0.48 (1- 0.42 ×0.48 ) 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 4002 ×20
= 88.29 kNm

Code recommends the section to be redesigned

 Design of beam
In the design type of problems for the factored moment the
designer has to determine

➢The dimensions b, d, D
➢Area of tension reinforcement and other detailing of
reinforcement (shear reinforcement )
➢Grades of concrete and steel
Selection of breadth of the beam (b)
Normally, the breadth of the beam b is governed by
➢Proper housing of reinforcing bars
➢Architectural considerations

❑It is desirable that the width of the beam should be less than
or equal to the width of its supporting structure like column
width, or width of the wall etc.

❑It has been found that most of the requirements are satisfied
with b as 150, 200, 230, 250 and 300 mm.

❑ Again, width to overall depth ratio is normally kept between

0.5 and 0.67
Selection of depths of the beam d and D

The effective depth depends upon

➢The strength requirements of bending moment and shear
force
➢Deflection of the beam

❑The initial effective depth of the beam is assumed such that

the deflection requirement should get satisfied which
depends on the span and type of the reinforcement

❑Effective depth of beams is assumed as per IS 456 cl 23.2.1

pg 37 from basic ratios of span to effective depth
IS 456 stipulates the basic ratios of span to effective depth of
beams(l/d) for span up to 10 m as
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26

The total depth D can be determined by adding 40 to 80 mm to

the effective depth depending upon effective cover.
Selection of the amount of steel reinforcement Ast

• The amount of steel reinforcement should provide the

required tensile force T to resist the factored moment MU of
the beam
• It should satisfy the minimum and maximum percentages of
reinforcement requirements also
• The minimum reinforcement As is provided for creep,
shrinkage, thermal and other environmental requirements
irrespective of the strength requirement.
• The minimum reinforcement As to be provided in a beam
depends on the fy of steel as per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1 Pg 46
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1b
The maximum tension reinforcement should not exceed 0.04
bD, where D is the total depth.

Selection of diameters of bar of tension reinforcement

➢The selection of the diameter of bars depends on its

availability, minimum stiffness to resist while persons walk
over them during construction, bond requirement etc.

➢Normally, the diameters of main tensile bars are chosen

from 12, 16, 20, 22, 25 and 32 mm
Selection of grade of concrete
➢Besides strength and deflection, durability is a major factor
to decide on the grade of concrete.

➢Table 5 of IS 456 recommends M 20 as the minimum grade

under mild environmental exposure and other grades of
concrete under different environmental exposures also.

Selection of grade of steel

➢Normally, Fe 250, 415 and 500 are in used in reinforced
concrete work.
➢Mild steel (Fe 250) is more ductile and is preferred for
structures in earthquake zones or where there are
possibilities of vibration, impact, blast etc
Problem
A simply supported beam of clear span 6 m carrying a load of
12 kN/m. The bearing of beam over the support is 300 mm.
Design the beam using M20 concrete and Fe415 grade of steel.

6m

300 mm
1.Dimension of the beam
Depth of beam
As per IS 456 pg 37 Cl 23.2.1
𝑙
≤ 20
𝑑
𝑙 = Effective span (c/c distance between supports)
= 6+0.3 =6.3m
𝑙
Assume =15
𝑑
𝑑= 6.3 x 103/15
=420mm
Assume effective cover as 40mm
D=420 + 40 =460 mm≈ 500 𝑚𝑚
d =500-40 =460 mm
Breadth of beam
𝑏
=0.5 to 0.67 500
𝐷
𝑏
Assume =0.5 6.3 m
𝐷
b=250 mm
Effective span (𝑙)
As per IS 456 pg 34 Cl 22.2 (a)

𝑙 =clear span +d Less

c/c distance between support
= 6+0.46=6.46
𝑙 = 6.3 m
6+0.3 =6.3
2. Calculation of factored bending moment (Mu)
Load calculation
Total load on beam =dead load +live load
Dead load = self weight +weight of finishes etc……
Self weight of beam
=Area of beam x density of concrete(25kN/m3)
= 0.25 x 0.5 x 25
= 3.125 kN/m
Live load =12 kN/m
Total load on beam =3.125+12
= 15.125 kN/m

6.3
 𝑤𝑙 2
Maximum bending moment (Mmax) =
8
15.125 ×6.32
=
8
=75.038 kNm
Factored bending moment (Mu) = 1.5 x Mmax
= 1.5 x 75.038
= 112.55 kNm

3. Calculation of tension reinforcement (Ast)

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
 415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
112.55 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 460 1−
20x460x250
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 790.39 mm2
Providing 20 mm diameter bars
No of bars (n) = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 / area of one bar
790.39
= 𝜋
4
×202

= 2.5 ≈ 3 𝑛𝑜𝑠
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 3 x × 202 =942.47 mm2
4
4. Check for minimum and maximum tension reinforcement
As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1 Pg 46, minimum area of tension steel
(𝐴𝑠 ) given by
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.85 x 250 x 460/415
=235.54 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ,Hence safe

As per IS 456 cl. 26.5.1.1b ,pg 47

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 bD
= 0.04 x 250 x 500
= 5000 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ,Hence safe
Provide 3 # 20 mm dia bar as tension reinforcement

3 # 20 mm ∅
5. Design of shear reinforcement
𝑤𝑙 15.125 kN/m
V=
2
15.125×6.3
= 6.3
2
=47.64 kN
Vu =1.5 x 47.64
=71.47 kN
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
71.47×103
=
250×460
=0.62 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
To find τc
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
100𝐴𝑆 100×942.47
=
𝑏𝑑 250×460
= 0.82
 0.62

0.56
τc
By using the property
100𝐴𝑆 of similar triangles
0.75 0.82 1
𝑏𝑑 0.62 − 0.56 1 − 0.75
=
𝑥 0.82 − 0.75

𝑥 =0.0168
τc for 0.82 = 0.56+0.0168
= 0.58
𝜏𝑐 =0.58 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 ,Hence shear reinforcement is required
As per IS456 Pg 72, 𝐶𝑙 40.4 when 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 and vertical
stirrups are provided
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
Vus = ,
𝑆𝑣

where Vus = Vu – τc b d
Vus= (71.47 x 103)-(0.58 x 250 x460)
=4.77 kN
Assume we are providing 2 legged 10 mm stirrups, finding
spacing of shear reinforcement…..
𝜋
0.87×415× 2× 4 ×102 ×460
4.77 x 103 =
𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣 =5469.2 mm≈ 5400 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing of shear reinforcement
As per IS456 Pg 47, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.5 ,for vertical stirrups
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d=345
less
300 mm
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑆𝑣 provided ,hence unsafe
Limit the spacing to 𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c as shear
reinforcement
 250

2 # 12 mm ∅ ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
500
2 L 10mm
𝝓 @ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄

X
6300

2 # 12 mm ∅ ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

2 # 20 mm ∅
500 3 # 20 mm ∅ 2 # 20 mm ∅ 500

X
Detailing as per 34-Handbook
SP On Concrete
Reinforcement And Detailing
6. Check for deflection
As per IS456 Pg 37, Cl 23.2.1
𝑙
= 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐×𝑑×𝑒
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎=20 (simply supported)
𝑏=1 (span < 10 m)
𝑐=?
100𝐴𝑠 100×942.47
Pt = = = 0.82
𝑏𝑑 250×460

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑠 =0.58 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

790.39
=0.58 x 415x
942.47

=201.86 N/mm2
c=1.19

1.19
𝑑 =1 ( no compression reinforcement)
𝑒=1 (not a flanged beam)
𝑙
= 20 × 1 × 1.19 × 1 × 1
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 23.8 mm
𝑙 6.3×103
=
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 460
= 13.69 mm
𝑙 𝑙
< , hence safe
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Limit state of collapse in
shear
 Shear stresses in beams
Bending in reinforced concrete beams is usually accompanied
by shear.

Rate of change of bending moment is shear force

Shear stress is accompanied diagonal tension or compression

Concrete is weak in tension , large diagonal tension stresses

can produce cracking and even failure of concrete member

Hence beam should be always be checked for safety against

‘shear failure’
 Cross-section

Tensile steel are called longitudinal reinforcement

Stirrups are called shear reinforcement or transverse
reinforcement
 Calculation of Shear Stress
Rectangular section
𝝉𝒗

i) Actual shear stress distribution

ii) Average shear stress distribution (𝝉𝒗 )
As per IS456 Pg 72 Cl.40.1
For beams of uniform depth average or nominal shear stress is
given by
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑

𝜏𝑣 =Average shear stress

𝑉𝑢 =Shear force due to design load (factored shear force)
𝑏=Breadth of member or for flanged section its is 𝑏𝑤 (breadth
of web)
𝑑=Effective depth
 Types of Shear Reinforcement
Shem reinforcement, also known as web reinforcement may
consist of any one of the following systems (As per IS456 Pg
72 Cl. 40.4 ) .
1. A system of vertical stirrups
Arrangement of vertical stirrups in cross-section
2. A system of inclined stirrups placed at right angle to
diagonal tension crack
3. Main tension steel bent up and placed

• Vertical stirrups and bent up main steel bars are most

commonly used
 IS code recommendations for shear design-
Procedure
Step 1:
Calculate the factored shear force (Vu) due to loading in
the beam

Step 2:
Calculate the nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣 ) As per IS456 Pg 72
Cl.40.1
Step 3:
Compare the value of 𝜏𝑣 with 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (maximum shear
stress of in reinforced concrete beams )
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20

Code prescribes under no circumstances, the nominal

shear stress in beams 𝜏𝑣 shall not exceed 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Step 4:
Compare the value of 𝜏𝑣 with 𝜏𝑐 (design shear strength of
concrete)

𝜏𝑐 design shear strength without shear reinforcement which

depends on % area of tensile reinforcement and grade of
concrete

As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19, Design shear strength of

concrete 𝜏𝑐 for different grades of concrete with a wide range
of percentages of positive tensile steel reinforcement
calculated.
As per IS456 Pg 72, 𝐶𝑙 40.3 when 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 minimum shear
reinforcement should be provided as per 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.6

𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
𝑏𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in

shear
𝑠𝑣 = stirrup spacing along the length of the member
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of the web of
flanged beam bw
𝑓𝑦 = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in
N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2.
 As per IS456 Pg 72, 𝐶𝑙 40.4 when 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐
shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the
following forms:

1. Vertical stirrups
2. Bent-up bar along with stirrups
3. Inclined stirrups

The amount of shear reinforcement to be provided is

determined to carry a shear force Vus equal to

Vus = Vu – τc b d
Step 5:
Check the spacing of shear reinforcement As per IS456 Pg
47, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.5
Problem 2
A reinforced concrete beam 250 mm wide and 400 mm
effective depth is subjected to an ultimate design shear force
of 150 kN at the critical section near supports. The percentage
of tensile reinforcement at the section near the support is
0.5% . Design the shear stirrups near the supports, also design
the minimum shear reinforcement at the midspan .Assume
M20 concrete and Fe250 grade steel bars
250

Step 1
Given data
Vu = 150 kN 400
Pt = 0.5% 0.5%
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 250 N/mm2
Step 2
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
150×103
=
250×400
=1.5N/mm2
Step 3
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
Step 4
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
𝜏𝑐 =0.48 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 ,Hence shear reinforcement is required
As per IS456 Pg 72, 𝐶𝑙 40.4 when 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 and vertical stirrups
are provided
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
Vus = ,
𝑆𝑣

where Vus = Vu – τc b d
Vus= (150 x 103)-(0.48 x 250 x400)
=102 kN

Assume we are providing 2 legged 10 mm stirrups, finding

spacing of shear reinforcement…..
𝜋
0.87×250× 2× 4 ×102 ×400
102 x 103 =
𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣 =133.97 mm≈ 130 𝑚𝑚
Step 5
Check for spacing of shear reinforcement
As per IS456 Pg 47, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.5 ,for vertical stirrups
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d=300
less
300 mm

𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑆𝑣 provided ,hence safe

Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia bars @ 130 mm c/c as shear
reinforcement at section near support
Minimum shear reinforcement at midspan
As per IS456 Pg 48, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.6 minimum shear reinforcement
should be provided as per
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
𝑏𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦
Assume we are providing 2 legged 10 mm stirrups, finding
spacing of shear reinforcement…..
𝜋
2 × × 102 0.4
4 =
250 × 𝑆𝑣 0.87 × 250
𝑆𝑣 =341.64≈ 340 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing of shear reinforcement
As per IS456 Pg 47, 𝐶𝑙 26.5.1.5 ,for vertical stirrups
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d=300
less
300 mm
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑆𝑣 provided ,hence unsafe
Limit the spacing to 𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c as shear
reinforcement at section near midspan
2 L 10mm
𝝓 @ 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄 2 L 10mm
𝝓 @ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄

Cross-section at support (X-X) Cross-section at midspan (Y-Y)

X Y

2 L 10mm
2 L 10mm X Y 𝝓 @ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄
𝝓 @ 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄/𝒄