DESIGN OF SLABS

Module 3
OVERVIEW
• Introduction- one-way and two-way action of slabs

• Load distribution in a slab

• IS recommendations for design of slabs

❑design of one-way slab under Flexure and Shear
.
 Slabs -Introduction

Slabs, used in floors and roofs of buildings mostly integrated

with the supporting beams, carry the distributed loads
primarily by bending
Classification of slabs
1. One-way slab
2. Two-way slab
3. Flat slabs
4. Flat plates
One-way slab

One way slab is supported by beams on the two opposite

sides to carry the load along one direction.

The ratio of longer span (𝑙𝑦 ) to shorter span (𝑙𝑥 ) is>2.

Direction in which load carried in one-way slab is called the

span

Span may be in longer or shorter direction .One-way slab are

usually made to span in shorter direction and bends in the
direction along its shorter span.
Main reinforcement is provided in shorter span and
distribution reinforcement is provided in longer span.

Distribution or transverse reinforcement are provided to

distribute any unevenness that may occur in loading and for
temperature and shrinkage effect in that direction
Load distribution in one-way slab

𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 >2
Two-way slab
Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four
sides and the loads are carried by the supports along with
both directions

The ratio of longer span (𝑙𝑦 ) to shorter span (𝑙𝑥 ) is ≤ 2.

In two way slabs, the load will be carried in both the

directions. So, the main reinforcement is provided in both
directions for two way slabs
Load distribution in Two-way slab
Flat slabs
These type of reinforced slabs are supported directly by
columns or caps, without the use of beams.

This type of slab is generally easy to construct and requires

little formwork.

The loads are directly transferred to the columns.

Flat plates
Flat plates can be constructed as either one-way or two-way
slabs and are directly supported by columns or walls.

The advantages of adopting flat plates are low-cost

formwork, exposed flat ceilings, and faster construction.
 Design of One-way Slabs
The procedure of the design of one-way slab is the same
as that of beams (designed as beam of unit width)

The amounts of reinforcing bars are for one meter width

of the slab as to be determined from either the governing
design moments (positive or negative) or from the
requirement of minimum reinforcement.

➢Check 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 ratio
➢Thickness of slab can be 100,120,150 or 200 mm
➢Clear cover of slab -15-20 mm
➢Bar diameter -8,10,12 mm
Problem 1
Design an RCC slab for a room having inside dimension 3m x
7m .Thickness of supporting wall is 300 mm. The slab carries
75 mm thick finishing at top, unit weight of which is taken as
20kN/m3 ,live load =2kN/m2.Assume slab to be simply
supported at the ends . Use M20 and Fe 415 grade steel.

1. 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 ratio , effective depth ,effective span

𝑙𝑦 =7 m 𝑙𝑥 = 3 m
𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 =7/3=2.33 >2 one-way slab
One way slab is designed as beam of unit width (1000 mm)
Effective depth (d)

Assume slab thickness (D) =120 mm

Assume clear cover of 15mm and bar diameter as 8mm

Effective depth (d)=Total depth (D)-effective cover

= 120- (15+8/2)
d =101 mm
Effective span (𝑙)
As per IS 456 pg 34 Cl 22.2 (a)
𝑙 =clear span +d lesser
c/c distance between support
= 3+0.101=3.101 3m
𝑙=3.101 m
3+0.3 =3.3

1000 mm 7m

300 mm 300 mm
2. Calculation of factored bending moment (Mu)
Load calculation
Total load on SLAB =dead load +live load
Dead load = self weight +weight of finishes etc……
Self weight of slab (in m)
=depth of slab x unit width of slab x density of
concrete(25kN/m3)
= 0.12 x 25 x 1
= 3 kN/m
Weight of floor finish
=thickness of finish x unit width of slabx density of
finish(20kN/m3)
=0.075 x 20 x1
=1.5 kN/m
Live load =2 kN/m2
Total load per unit width =2 kN/m

Total load on slab =3+1.5+2

= 6.5 kN/m
𝑤𝑙 2
Maximum bending moment (Mmax) =
8
6.5 ×3.1012
=
8
=7.813 kNm
Factored bending moment (Mu) = 1.5 x Mmax
= 1.5 x 7.813
= 11.72 kNm
 1000 mm

6.5 kN/m
3. Check for depth provided

Assume the section as balanced section

𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )b 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
11.72 x 106 = 0.36 x0.48 (1-0.42x0.48) 1000 x 𝑑 2 x20
dmin = 65.17 < d provided (101 mm) ,Hence safe
4. Calculation of tension reinforcement/main reinforcement
(Ast)

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
11.72 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 101 1−
20x1000x101
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 345.99 mm2

Check for minimum tension reinforcement

As per IS 456 cl 26.5.2.1 pg 48
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.15% of cross-section for Fe 250
= 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12/100 x1000x120
= 144 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ( 345.99 mm2),hence safe

Spacing of main reinforcement

Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋 2
4
×8
= x 1000
345.99
= 145.28 mm ≈ 140 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm
Max spacing =3 x 101=303
lesser
= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (140 mm), hence safe
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 140 mm c/c as main reinforcement

5.Design of transverse reinforcement/distribution reinforcement

The amount of steel reinforcement along the large span shall be
the minimum amount of steel as per cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.15% of cross-section for Fe 250

= 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = 0.12/100 x1000x120
= 144 mm2
Spacing of transverse reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
𝜋 2
4
×8
= x 1000
144
= 349.06 mm ≈ 340 𝑚𝑚

Check for spacing

As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 5d lesser
= 450 mm
Max spacing =5 x 101=505
= 450
Smax =450 > Sprovided (340 mm), hence safe
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 340 mm c/c as transverse
reinforcement
6.Check for shear
Total load per unit width =6.5 x 1=6.5 kN/m
𝑤𝑙 6.5×3.101
Maximum shear force (V)= =
2 2
= 10.08 kN
Factored shear force (Vu)=1.5 x 10.08=15.11 kN
 𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
15.11×103
=
1000×101
=0.149 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
100𝐴𝑠
Pt = , 𝐴𝑠 = area of tension reinforcement in section under
𝑏𝑑
consideration
1000 𝜋
100 140 × 4 ×82
Pt =
1000×101
= 0.36
 0.48

0.36
τc
By using the property
100𝐴𝑆
0.25 0.36 0.50 of similar triangles
𝑏𝑑 0.48 − 0.36 0.5 − 0.25
=
𝑥 0.36 − 0.25

𝑥 =0.0528
τc for 0.36 = 0.36+0.0528
= 0.413
𝜏𝑐 =0.413 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 72, Cl 40.2.1.1
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 =k 𝜏𝑐
k = 1.3
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 1.3 x 0.413 =0.537 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 > 𝜏𝑣 ,Hence safe

It is the normal practice to choose the depth of the slabs so

that the concrete can resist the shear without any stirrups for
slab subjected to uniformly distributed loads.

However, for deck slabs, culverts, bridges and fly over, shear
reinforcement should be provided as the loads are heavily
concentrated in those slabs.
7. Check for deflection
As per IS456 Pg 37, Cl 23.2.1
𝑙
= 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐×𝑑×𝑒
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎=20 (simply supported)
𝑏=1 (span < 10 m)
𝑐=?
1000 𝜋 2
100𝐴𝑠 100 140 × 4 ×8
Pt = = = 0.36
𝑏𝑑 1000×101

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑠 =0.58 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

345.99
=0.58 x 415x 1000 𝜋 2
× ×8
140 4

=231.95 N/mm2
c=1.5

1.5
𝑑 =1 ( no compression reinforcement)
𝑒=1 (not a flanged beam)
𝑙
= 20 × 1 × 1.5 × 1 × 1
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 30
𝑙 3.101×103
=
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 101
= 30.703
𝑙 𝑙
< , hence not safe
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Increase the depth of section, D=125 mm
8. Detailing
As per SP 34 Pg 122
 Two-way slab

Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four

sides and the loads are carried by the supports along with
both directions

The ratio of longer span (𝑙𝑦 ) to shorter span (𝑙𝑥 ) is ≤ 2.

In two way slabs, the load will be carried in both the

directions. So, the main reinforcement is provided in both
directions for two way slabs
Load distribution in Two-way slab
Types of two-way slab
1. Restrained slabs
• Restrained slabs are those whose corners are prevented
from lifting due to effects of torsional moments.

Corner/torsion
reinforcement
Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any corner
contained by edges over both of which the slab is continuous.
Restrained slabs are considered as divided into two types of
strips in each direction:

1. One middle strip of width equal to three-quarters of

the respective length of span in either directions
2. Two edge strips, each of width equal to one-eighth of
the respective length of span in either directions
2. Simply supported slabs
The simply supported slabs, do not have adequate provision
to resist torsion at corners and to prevent the corners from
lifting

The bending moments in the two directions for these two

way slabs is determined as per IS456 Annex D
Design of simply supported slab
Design an RCC slab measuring 5m x 6m from inside. The slab
carries a live load of 3kN/m2 inclusive of floor finish .Slab is
simply supported on all 4 edges (ends are free to get lifted
up).Use M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel.

1. 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 ratio , effective depth ,effective span

𝑙𝑦 =6 m 𝑙𝑥 = 5 m
𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 =6/5=1.2 <2 two-way slab
Effective depth (d)

Assume slab thickness (D) =200 mm

Assume clear cover of 15mm and bar diameter as 8mm

Effective depth (d)=Total depth (D)-effective cover

= 200- (15+8/2)
d =181 mm
Effective span (𝑙)
As per IS 456 pg 34 Cl 22.2 (a)
𝑙𝑥 =clear span +d
lesser
c/c distance between support
= 5+0.181
𝑙𝑥 =5.181m
𝑙𝑦 =6+0.181
𝑙𝑦 =6.181 m
2. Calculation of factored bending moment (Mu)
Load calculation
Total load on slab =dead load +live load
Dead load = self weight +weight of finishes etc……
Self weight of slab (in m2)
=depth of slab x unit width of slab x density of
concrete(25kN/m3)
= 0.2 x 1 x 25
= 5 kN/m
Live load =3 kN/m2
Total load per unit width =3 kN/m
Total area load on slab =5+3
= 8 kN/m2
As per IS 456 pg 90 Annex D ,D-2
As per IS 456 pg 91 table 27
αx =0.084
αy =0.059
𝑀𝑥 = αx w𝑙𝑥2
=0.084 x 8 x 5.1812
=18.038 kNm
𝑀𝑦 = αy w𝑙𝑥2
=0.059 x 8 x 5.1812
=12.669 kNm
𝑀𝑢𝑥 =1.5 x 𝑀𝑥
=27.057 kNm
𝑀𝑢𝑦 =1.5 x 𝑀𝑦
=19.0035 kNm
3. Check for depth provided

Assume the section as balanced section

Mu= higher of 𝑀𝑢𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑦
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )b 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
27.057 x 106 = 0.36 x0.48 (1-0.42x0.48) 1000 x 𝑑2 x20
dmin = 99.02 mm< d provided (181 mm) ,Hence safe
4. Calculation of tension reinforcement (Ast)

Along shorter span

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mux = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
27.057 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 181 1−
20x1000x181
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 435.805 mm2
Check for minimum tension reinforcement along shorter
span
As per IS 456 cl 26.5.2.1 pg 48
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12/100 x1000x200
= 240 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (435.805 mm2),hence safe
Spacing of main reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋 2
4
×8
= x 1000
435.805
= 115.34 mm ≈ 110 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 181=543 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (110 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 110 mm c/c as main reinforcement

along shorter span
4. Calculation of tension reinforcement (Ast)

Along longer span

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Muy = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

d=181-8/2-8/2
=173 mm
 415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
19.0035 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 173 1−
20x1000x173
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 316.23 mm2

Check for minimum tension reinforcement along longer

span
As per IS 456 cl 26.5.2.1 pg 48
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12/100 x1000x200
= 240 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (316.23 mm2),hence safe
Spacing of main reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋
×82
4
= x 1000
316.23
= 158.95 mm ≈ 150 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 173=519 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (150 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c as main reinforcement

along longer span
5. Check for deflection
As per IS456 Pg 37, Cl 23.2.1
𝑙
= 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐×𝑑×𝑒
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎=20 (simply supported)
𝑏=1 (span < 10 m)
𝑐=?
1000 𝜋 2
100𝐴𝑠 100 110 × 4 ×8
Pt = = = 0.25
𝑏𝑑 1000×181

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑠 =0.58 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

435.805
=0.58 x 415x 1000 𝜋
× ×82
110 4

=229.56 N/mm2
c=1.7

1.7
𝑑 =1 ( no compression reinforcement)
𝑒=1 (not a flanged beam)
𝑙
= 20 × 1 × 1.7 × 1 × 1
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 34
𝑙 5.181×103
=
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 181
= 28.62
𝑙 𝑙
> , hence safe
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
6.Check for shear
Total load per unit area =8 kN/m2
𝑟
Maximum shear force for shorter span (Vx)= 𝑤𝑙𝑥
2+𝑟
1
Maximum shear force for longer span (Vy)= 𝑤𝑙𝑥
3
𝑟= 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 =6/5=1.2
1.2
Vx= 8 × 5.181
2+1.2
= 15.54 kN
1
Vy= × 8 × 5.181
3
=13.82 kN
Factored shear force (Vux)=1.5 x 15.54 =23.31 kN
 𝑉𝑢𝑥
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
23.31×103
=
1000×181
=0.129 N/mm2

As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20

𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
100𝐴𝑠
Pt = , 𝐴𝑠 = area of tension reinforcement in section
𝑏𝑑
under consideration

1000 𝜋
100 × ×82
110 4
Pt =
1000×181
= 0.25
𝜏𝑐 =0.36 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 72, Cl 40.2.1.1
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 =k 𝜏𝑐
k = 1.2
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 1.2 x 0.36 =0.432 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 > 𝜏𝑣 ,Hence safe in shear
8. Detailing
As per SP 34 Pg 123
Design of two-way restrained slab
Design an RCC slab measuring 5m x 6m from inside. The slab
carries a live load of 3kN/m2 inclusive of floor finish. Ends of
the slabs are restrained against lifting. Use M20 concrete and
Fe415 grade steel.

1. 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 ratio , effective depth ,effective span

𝑙𝑦 =6 m 𝑙𝑥 = 5 m
𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 =6/5=1.2 <2 two-way slab
Effective depth (d)

Assume slab thickness (D) =200 mm

Assume clear cover of 15mm and bar diameter as 8mm

Effective depth (d)=Total depth (D)-effective cover

= 200- (15+8/2)
d =181 mm
Effective span (𝑙)
As per IS 456 pg 34 Cl 22.2 (a)
𝑙𝑥 =clear span +d
lesser
c/c distance between support
= 5+0.181
𝑙𝑥 =5.181m
𝑙𝑦 =6+0.181
𝑙𝑦 =6.181 m
2. Calculation of factored bending moment (Mu)
Load calculation
Total load on slab =dead load +live load
Dead load = self weight +weight of finishes etc……
Self weight of slab (in m2)
=Depth of slab x density of concrete(25kN/m3)
= 0.2 x 25
= 5 kN/m2
Live load =3 kN/m2
Total area load on slab =5+3
= 8 kN/m2
As per IS 456 pg 90 Annex D ,D-1
As per IS 456 pg 91 table 26
αx =0.072
αy =0.056
𝑀𝑥 = αx w𝑙𝑥2
=0.072 x 8 x 5.1812
=15.46 kNm
𝑀𝑦 = αy w𝑙𝑥2
=0.056 x 8 x 5.1812
=12.026 kNm
𝑀𝑢𝑥 =1.5 x 𝑀𝑥
=23.19 kNm
𝑀𝑢𝑦 =1.5 x 𝑀𝑦
=18.04 kNm
3. Check for depth provided

Assume the section as balanced section

Mu= higher of 𝑀𝑢𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑦
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 )b 𝑑2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS456 Pg 70
𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
=0.48
𝒅
23.13 x 106 = 0.36 x0.48 (1-0.42x0.48) 1000 x 𝑑2 x20
dmin = 91.67 mm< d provided (181 mm) ,Hence safe
4. Calculation of tension reinforcement (Ast)
Restrained slabs are considered as divided into two types of
strips in each direction:

• The maximum moments 𝑀𝑢𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑦 apply only to the

middle strips. Hence middle strip reinforcement is provided
corresponding to 𝑀𝑢𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑦
• Minimum reinforcement is provided in edge strips
Along shorter span for middle strip

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mux = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
23.19 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 181 1−
20x1000x181
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 370.63 mm2
Check for minimum tension reinforcement along shorter
span
As per IS 456 cl 26.5.2.1 pg 48
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12/100 x1000x200
= 240 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (370.63 mm2),hence safe
Spacing of middle strip reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋 2
4
×8
= x 1000
370.63
= 135.85 mm ≈ 130 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 181=543 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (130 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 130 mm c/c as middle strip

reinforcement along shorter span
Along shorter span for edge strip
Minimum reinforcement is provided in edge strips
Width of edge strip= 𝑙𝑦 /8=6.181/8
=0.773 m

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415= 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.12/100 x 0.773 x 103 x200
= 185.52 mm2
Provide 185.52 mm2 of reinforcement evenly on the strip of
width 0.773 m
Spacing of edge strip reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 0.773 x 103
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋
×82
4
= x 0.773 x 103
185.52
= 209.43 mm ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 181=543 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (200 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 200mm c/c as edge strip

reinforcement along shorter span
Along longer span for middle strip

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Assume the section as under–reinforced <
𝑑 𝑑
As per IS 456 pg 96 Annex G ,G-1.1
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
Muy = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d 1−
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
18.04 x 106 = 0.87x 415x 𝐴𝑠𝑡 x 173 1−
20x1000x173
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 299.58 mm2
Check for minimum tension reinforcement along longer
span
As per IS 456 cl 26.5.2.1 pg 48
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12/100 x1000x200
= 240 mm2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (299.58 mm2),hence safe
Spacing of middle strip reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋 2
4
×8
= x 1000
299.58
= 167.78 mm ≈ 160 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 181=543 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (160 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c as middle strip

reinforcement along longer span
Along longer span for edge strip
Minimum reinforcement is provided in edge strips
Width of edge strip= 𝑙𝑥 /8=5.181/8
=0.648 m

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of cross-section for Fe 415= 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.12/100 x 0.648 x 103 x200
=155.52mm2

Provide 155.52 mm2 of reinforcement evenly on the strip of

width 0.648 m
Spacing of edge strip reinforcement
Assume 8 mm diameter bars
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x 0.648 x 103
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝜋
×82
4
= x 0.648 x 103
155.52
= 209.43 mm ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
Check for spacing
As per IS 456 cl 26.3.3 pg 46
Max spacing = 3d
lesser
= 300 mm

Max spacing =3 x 181=543 lesser

= 300
Smax =300 > Sprovided (200 mm), hence safe

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c as edge strip

reinforcement along longer span
5.Design of torsion reinforcement /corner reinforcement
As per IS 456 pg 90 Annex D ,D-1.8
 3
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡
4
3
= x 370.63
4
= 277.97 mm2
Assume 8 mm dia bars
277.97
No of bars in each layer = 𝜋 2
4
×8

= 5.53 ≈ 6
8. Detailing
As per SP 34 Pg 123
6. Check for deflection
As per IS456 Pg 37, Cl 23.2.1
𝑙
= 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐×𝑑×𝑒
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎=20 (simply supported)
𝑏=1 (span < 10 m)
𝑐=?
1000 𝜋 2
100𝐴𝑠 100 130 × 4 ×8
Pt = = = 0.21
𝑏𝑑 1000×181

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑠 =0.58 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

370.63
=0.58 x 415x 1000 𝜋
× ×82
130 4

=230.72 N/mm2
c=1.7

1.7
𝑑 =1 ( no compression reinforcement)
𝑒=1 (not a flanged beam)
𝑙
= 20 × 1 × 1.7 × 1 × 1
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 34
𝑙 5.181×103
=
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 181
= 28.62
𝑙 𝑙
> , hence safe
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
6.Check for shear
Total load per unit area =8 kN/m2
𝑟
Maximum shear force for shorter span (Vx)= 𝑤𝑙𝑥
2+𝑟
1
Maximum shear force for longer span (Vy)= 𝑤𝑙𝑥
3
𝑟= 𝑙𝑦 / 𝑙𝑥 =6/5=1.2
1.2
Vx= 8 × 5.181
2+1.2
= 15.54 kN
1
Vy= × 8 × 5.181
3
=13.82 kN
Factored shear force (Vux)=1.5 x 15.54 =23.31 kN
 𝑉𝑢𝑥
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏×𝑑
23.31×103
=
1000×181
=0.129 N/mm2

As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 20

𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥=2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , Hence safe
As per IS456 Pg 73, Table 19
100𝐴𝑠
Pt = , 𝐴𝑠 = area of tension reinforcement in section
𝑏𝑑
under consideration

1000 𝜋
100 × ×82
110 4
Pt =
1000×181
= 0.25
𝜏𝑐 =0.36 N/mm2
As per IS456 Pg 72, Cl 40.2.1.1
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 =k 𝜏𝑐
k = 1.2
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 1.2 x 0.36 =0.432 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 > 𝜏𝑣 ,Hence safe in shear