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Maths Report2 2

The report discusses the Klein Four Group, a foundational concept in Group Theory, highlighting its properties and applications in areas like cryptography and automata theory. It verifies that the set A={1,3,5,7} forms a Klein 4-group under multiplication modulo 8, demonstrating closure, identity, inverses, associativity, and commutativity. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of the Klein Four Group as an example of a finite Abelian group that is not cyclic.

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28 views8 pages

Maths Report2 2

The report discusses the Klein Four Group, a foundational concept in Group Theory, highlighting its properties and applications in areas like cryptography and automata theory. It verifies that the set A={1,3,5,7} forms a Klein 4-group under multiplication modulo 8, demonstrating closure, identity, inverses, associativity, and commutativity. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of the Klein Four Group as an example of a finite Abelian group that is not cyclic.

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niharikakothval
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DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS REPORT ON INTRODUCTION TO


GROUP THEORY

TITLE: KELIN’S 4-GROUP PROBLEMS

SUBMITTED BY:
Name: H N Niharika Kothval
USN: 4GW23IS012
Sem: 4TH
Branch:ISE

GROUP MEMBERS WITH USN:

1. Fouziya Safura - 4GW23IS011


2. H N Niharika Kothval - 4GW23IS012
3. Harmain Zohra - 4GW23IS013
4. Henya Kaverappa B - 4GW23IS014
5. Jayalakshni S P - 4GW23IS015

SUBMITTED TO:

Sri. Santhosh Kumar PN


Assistant Professor
Department Of Mathematics
GSSSIETW, Mysuru-570016
INTRODUCTION

Group Theory is a foundational aspect of abstract algebra with applications in mathematics,


computer science, and cryptography. Group of order 4 is the Klein Four Group, denoted as V4.
It is named after the mathematician Felix Klein. Klein's 4-Group is a non-cyclic Abelian group
consisting of four elements. Each non-identity element is of order 2, and the group operation is
commutative.This project aims to understand the algebraic structure and verify the properties of the
Klein Four Group through theoretical verification and problem-solving.

PROBLEMS ON KELIN’S 4-GROUP :


Problem 1:
Define Klein 4 group.Verify A={1,3,5,7} is a Klein 4 group.

Definition of Klein 4- Group:


The Klein 4-group, denoted as V₄ or K₄, is a group with four elements, where every element is its
own inverse and the group is abelian (commutative). It is the smallest non-cyclic group.
It can be defined as:
V4={e,a,b,c}
with the properties:
 Identity element: e

 Each element is its own inverse: a^2 = b^2 = c^2 = e


 Operation is commutative: ab=ba,ac=ca,bc=cb
 And: ab=c,bc=a,ac=b

The group table:

* e a b c

e e a b c

a a e c b

b b c e a

c c b a e
Solution:Given set A={1,3,5,7}.We have to check whether this form a Klein 4-group.
Step 1: Define the operation
We're using multiplication modulo 8 as the group operation: a.b mod 8
Step 2: Check closure
We multiply every pair of elements in the set A={1,3,5,7} modulo 8:
a × b mod 8 1 3 5 7
1 1 3 5 7
3 3 1 7 5
5 5 7 1 3
7 7 5 3 1

All results are in A so the set is closed under multiplication modulo 8.


Step 3: Identity element
 The identity element is 1, since:

o 1⋅a mod 8=a for all a∈A


 So, 1 is the identity.
Step 4: Inverses
Check if each element is its own inverse:
 1⋅1=1

 3⋅3=9mod 8=1

 5⋅5=25mod 8=1

 7⋅7=49mod 8=1
So, every element is its own inverse.
Step 5: Associativity
 Multiplication modulo 8 is associative:(a.b).c=a.(b.c) as it inherits associativity from normal
integer multiplication.
Step 6: Commutativity
 From the table above, it is clear a⋅b=b⋅a for all a,b∈A

 So, the group is abelian.


Step 7: Group Order
 The set has 4 elements, and we've verified closure, identity, inverses, associativity, and
Commutativity.
Conclusion: The set A={1,3,5,7} under multiplication modulo 8 satisfies all group axioms and
matches the structure of the Klein 4-group.Therefore, A is isomorphic to the Klein 4-group.

To construct the group table for a group G = e, x, y, z with the same structure as the Klein

Four-Group V4 .

Group Properties :

 e is the identity element, i.e., e⋅ a = a⋅e = a for all a Є G.

 The elements x, y, z are of order 2 : x2 = y2 = z2 = e

 The group also satisfies the following binary operations: xy = z, yz = x, zx= y

Cayley Table :

The Cayley table for the group G is constructed as follows:

. e x y z

e e x y z
x x e z y
y y z e x
z z y x e

The group G = e, x, y, z satisfies the properties of the Klein four-group V4. It is an abelian group
where each non-identity element has order 2, and the product of any two distinct non-identity
elements results in the third one.
Problem: Consider a group G = {E, A, B, AB} where A^2 = B^2 = E and AB = BA. Show that G is
The Klein 4-group.
Solution: Group Multiplication Table:
* E A B AB

E E A B AB

A A E AB B

B B AB E A

AB AB B A E

From the table, we observe the following: -


Closure: For all a, b in G, the product a·b is also in G.
Associativity: The group operation is associative.
Identity: E is the identity element since a·E = E·a = a for all a in G.
Inverses: Each element is its own inverse: A^2 = E => A^-1 = A, B^2 = E => B^-1 = B, (AB)^2 = E
=> (AB)^-1 = AB.
Commutativity: AB = BA, so G is an abelian group. Since G has 4 elements, is abelian, and each element
is its own inverse.
G is isomorphic to the Klein 4-group V4
APPLICATIONS :
1. Cryptography: Klein Four Group structures are used in building symmetric encryption algorithms.
2. Automata Theory: Finite state machines can exhibit group-based state transitions.
CONCLUSION:
Klein's Four Group demonstrates an important example of a finite Abelian group that is not cyclic.
Understanding its properties enhances comprehension of symmetry, permutation, and algebraic structures
that appear in both theoretical and applied contexts.
REFERENCES
1. VTU Module 4 - Discrete Mathematics Syllabus
2. Lecture Notes on Introduction to Group Theory – GSSSIETW

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