Control valve fundamentals

Sadasivan.V

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Control valve fundamentals
 Control valve definition
 Control valve terminology
 Control valve categories

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Control valve fundamentals

Control valve definition:

 It is a power operated device that modulates

the fluid flow rate in a process control system.
A control valve consists of a body assembly
connected to an actuator mechanism. The
actuator, in response to a signal from the
controlling system, can change position of a
flow-controlling element in the control valve.

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Basic Flow Schematic

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 Control valve terminology

Control Valves General

Capacity – Rate of flow through a valve under stated
conditions.

Cv – Number of US gallons of water per minute passes

through a control valve with 1 psi pressure drop.Liquid
sizing co-efficient.

Cg – Gas sizing co-efficient

Cs – Steam sizing co-efficient

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 Control valve terminology

Static unbalance– The net force produce on the plug in

closed position.
Sliding Stem Actuator Size
Dynamic unbalance – The net force produce on the plug in
any stated open position.
Sliding Stem Actuator
Normally closed control valve - A condition wherein
the valve port remains closed when actuating power fail.

Normally Open control valve - A condition wherein

the valve port remains opened when actuating power fail.

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 Control valve terminology

Fail lock - A condition wherein the port remains in the last

Position when the actuating power fails.

Fail safe – A Characteristics of actuator which upon loss of

power supply will cause the plug to open, close or lock.

Inherent rangeability – Ratio of maximum to minimum controllable

flow or co-efficient.

Rated travel – Linear movement of the valve plug from the close
position to the full open position.

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 Control valve terminology

Characteristics – Relationship between flow through the valve and

percent rated travel as the travel varied from 0 to 100 percent.
Flow Characteristics
Inherent flow characteristics – Flow characteristics when constant
pressure drop is maintained across the valve.

Installed flow characteristics – Flow characteristics when pressure

drop across the valve varies as dictated by flow and related conditions
in the system in which the valve is installed..

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 Control valve terminology

Pressure drop – The difference between the upstream pressure

and downstream using the control valve as a reference.

Pressure drop, open – Difference between the upstream pressure

and downstream when the valve is in open position. This is also
called as valve sizing pressure drop.

Pressure drop , close - Difference between the upstream pressure

and downstream when the valve is in closed position. This is also
called as actuator sizing pressure drop.

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 Control valve terminology

Push-down-to- close construction – A globe-style valve

construction in which the valve plug is located between
actuator
and the seat ring, such that extension of the actuator stem
moves
the valve towards the seat ring, finally closing the valve.

Push-down-to- open construction – A globe-style valve

construction in which the seat ring is located between
actuator
and the valve plug, such that extension of the actuator stem
moves
the away from the seat ring, opening the valve.
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Control valve terminology

PUSH DOWN TO CLOSE - PDTC

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Control valve terminology

PUSH DOWN TO OPEN - PDTO

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Control valve terminology

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Control valve categories

 Two categories
– Sliding stem ( Globe valve )
• Gate Valve
• Globe valve
– Rotary shaft ( Quarter turn valve )
• Butterfly valve
• Eccentric plug valve
• Ball valve
• Rotary plug valve

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 Control valve categories

 Sliding stem valves Classification

– Body styles – Guiding designs
• Globe style • Cage guided
• Angle • Post guided
• Slant – Trim & cage design
• Oversized end connection • Balanced
• High pressure globe • Unbalanced
– Number of ways
• 2 Ways
• 3 ways
– Number of ports
• Single port
• Double port 15
 Control valve categories

 Sliding stem valves Classification

– Trim & cage design – Anti-Cavitation trim
• Linear cage • Cav III 1 stage
• Quick open cage • Cav III 2 stage
• Equal percentage cage • Cav III 3 stage
• Modified parabolic cage • Cav4
– Noise abatement trim
• Whisper I
• Whisper III
• Whisperflo

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Control valve categories

 Sliding stem major components

– Valve body
– Bonnet assembly
– Packing box assembly
– Trim
– Seat ring
– Valve plug
– Cage
– Stem
SLIDING STEM VALVES

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Sliding Stem (Globe Valves)

– Sizes up to 20-inch

– ANSI class ratings up to CL 2500

– NPT, flanged, weld ends

– Wide variety of materials

– Choice of flow characteristics

– Good shutoff

– Noise and cavitation trim

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Rotary Shaft

– Ball valves

– Eccentric plug valves

– Eccentric disc butterfly valves

– Butterfly valves

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Ball Valves

– Efficient, streamlined, line-of-sight

– Higher flow for same pressure drop than globe
valve
– Equal percentage characteristic
– High rangeability
– Good shutoff
– Sizes up to 24-inch, CL 600 rated
– Full ball or V-notch ball designs

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Type V500 Eccentric Plug Valve

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Type V500 - Flow Schematic

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Type V500 and CV500 Eccentric Plug Valves

V500 control valve at left, incorporates erosion-tough VTC trim (optional). CV500
eccentric-action valve, at right, features V-notch configuration for enhanced capacity.

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 Eccentric Plug Options

V500 eccentric-action plug fights VTC ceramic trim option for V500 CV500 eccentric-action ball
off erosive flow to give long (plug, seat ring, and ring retainer combines V-notch and straight-
service life. insert) protects against the through flow path for greater
toughest erosive flows. capacity.

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Eccentric Butterfly Valves

– Higher temperature and pressure drops

– Dynamically designed disc

– Linear flow characteristic

– Good shut-off and long seal life

– Saves space, weight, and cost

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Eccentric Butterfly Valves

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Eccentric Disc Design - Cross Section

ECCENTRIC DESIGN

B B

SECTION B-B

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Butterfly Valves

– Flangeless, wafer style body

– Highest flow capacity at lowest cost

– Equal percentage flow characteristic

– Sizes up to 72 inch

– Choice of disc designs

– Small body mass

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Lined Butterfly Valves

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 Codes & Standards

 ANSI – American National Standards Institute

 ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
 ISA – Instrument Society of America
 API – American Petroleum Institute
 OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Act
 FCI – Fluid Controls Institute

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 Codes & Standards

 ANSI – American National

Standards Institute
– B16.34 - Steel valves
• Defines criteria for
designing control
valves, including
minimum wall
thickness
requirement.
• Defines pressure /
temperature ratings
• Set requirements for
hydro test
• Fisher complies with
ANSI B16.34

P T Ratings
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 Codes & Standards

 ANSI – American National Standards Institute

– B16.37 - Hydrostatic testing of control valves
• Defines requirements for the hydrostatic test.
– 1.5 x CWP
• Test pressure are consistent with ANSI B16.34
(CWP)
• Fisher complies with ANSI B16.37

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 Codes & Standards

 ANSI – American National Standards Institute

– B16.104 - Control valve seat leakage class
• Now the standard is FCI 70-2
• Establishes test procedures & seat leakage
classes.
• Six leakage classifications.

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LEAKAGE CLASSES

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 Codes & Standards

 ASME – American Society of mechanical engineers

– Section I – Boiler & Pressure vessel code.

• Control valve are not included.

• Boiler external piping include control
equipment
– Section II – Material specification
– Section III – Nuclear power plant component
– Section IV – Nondestructive examination
requirements and methods
– Section V – Pressure vessel design

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 Codes & Standards

 ASTM – American Society for testing & materials

– Govern all material standard
– Most materials used by Fisher are govern by ASTM
– Refer Control valve hand book

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 Select the Right
Product the First Time

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Basic Flow Schematic

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Selection Requirements

– Sizing considerations

– Service life

– Shutoff

– System performance

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Sizing Considerations

– Inlet pressure

– Outlet pressure

– Flow rate

– Temperature

– Vapor pressure / viscosity

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Service Life

– Material ratings

– Chemical compatibility

– Erosion

– Cavitation

– Flashing

– Noise

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Shutoff (Allowable Leakage)

– Factory acceptance test

– Application requirements

– Cost and implications on selection

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System Performance

– Size

– Accuracy

– Flow characteristic

– Positioner usage and actuator stiffness

– Stroking speed requirement

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Applications

– General service

– High performance

– Severe service

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General Service

– Clean process

– < 800° F

– <= 600# ANSI Class

– < 300 psi DP

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High Performance Service

– Dirty process

– Hazardous process

– Moderate erosion

– Moderate corrosion

– Tight shutoff

– > 300 psi DP

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Severe Service

– Flashing

– Cavitation

– Noise

– Erosion

– Corrosion

– > 600# ANSI Class

– > 800° F

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