Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer (2)
Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer (2)
❑Speed
❑No Feelings
❑Accuracy
❑Diligence
❑Storage Capability
❑Power of
Remembering
❑Versatility
❑Automatic
1.4 Full form of COMPUTER
C - Commonly
O - Operated
M - Machine
P- Particularly
U- Used
T - Technical
E - Educational
R - Research
1.5 History of Computers
Abacus :
An abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods or
grooves, used to perform mathematical functions. In addition to
calculating the basic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, the abacus can calculate roots up to the cubic degree
Napier's Bones :
Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some
number is printed on these rods. Using this mechine they can do
addition, multiplication, subtraction and division in efficent way.
Pascaline :
Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or
adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually
used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French
mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.
1.5 Continue…….
Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel :
It was developed by a German mathematician-
philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. The
machine performs multiplication by repeated addition, and
division by repeated subtraction. The basic operation
performed is to add (or subtract) the operand number to
the accumulator register, as many times as desired (to
subtract, the operating crank is turned in the opposite
direction).
Analytical Engine :
The Analytical Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully
program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital
computer. It would be able to perform any calculation set
before it.
1.5 Continue…….
Difference Engine:
A difference engine, first created by Charles Babbage, is
an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions. Its name is derived from the method
of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate
functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients.\
Differential Analyzer :
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the
United States in 1930.
A Differential Analyzer (DA) is a mechanical device
which solves differential equations by simulating them on
physical components. DA s were used extensively in the
first half of the 20th century, before digital computers were
able to solve differential equations
1.5 Continue…….
Tabulating Machine :
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith,
an American statistician. It was a mechanical
tabulator based on punch cards. It could
tabulate statistics and record or sort data or
information.
Mark I :
The next major changes in the history of
computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken
planned to develop a machine that could
perform calculations involving large numbers.
Computer Generation
First generation (1940 - 1956)
The first generation of computers used vacuum
tubes as a major piece of technology. These
tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and
the installations used to fuse frequently.
❑ Notepad
❑ Calculator
❑ MS Office
❑ MS Paint
❑ Basic Games
❑ Window Media Player
❑ WordPad
❑ Command Prompt
2 Components of Computer System
❑ Input Devices
❑ CPU
❑ Output Devices
❑ Primary Memory
❑ Secondary Memory
2.2 The operations of computer components
Input device enables the user to send data, information or control signals
to computer. Central processing unit of computer receives the input and
processes it to produce output.
Some of the popular input devices are-
❑ Keyboard
❑ Mouse
❑ Scanner
❑ Joystick
❑ Light Pen
❑ Track ball
❑ Microphone
❑ Touch Pad
❑ Digital Camera
2.5 Output Devices
❑ Monitor
❑ Printer
❑ Webcam
❑ Microphone
❑ Microphone
❑ Headphone
2.3 Computer Memory
1) RAM
“It stands for Random Access Memory. It is a temporary memory. The
information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is
switched off. That’s why RAM is also called “Volatile Memory”
❑ Floppy Disks
❑ Magnetic (Hard) Disk
❑ Magnetic Tapes
❑ Pen Drive
❑ Hard Disk
❑ Optical Disk(CD,DVD)
3 Concept of Hardware and Software
3.1 Hardware
Example :
❑ Motherboard
❑ Monitor
❑ Keyboard
❑ Mouse
3.2 Software
It is a set of
programs that
enables the
hardware to
perform a
specific task. All
the programs
that run the
computer are
software.
Types of Software
❑ System Software :
System software is the main software that runs the computer. When you turn on
the computer it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their
functioning. The application programs are also controlled by system software.
Like Operating system
❑ Application Software :
Applications software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task. It
does not control or coordinate the working of computer. Application software can
be easily installed or uninstalled as required. Like Microsoft Office Suite
3.3 Programming language
❑ Machine Language
❑ Assembly Language
❑ High Level Language
❑ System Language
❑ Scripting Language
3.4 Concept of Data processing
Data processing
Data processing, Manipulation
of data by a computer. It
includes the conversion of raw
data to machine-readable form,
flow of data through
the CPU and memory to output
devices, and formatting or
transformation of output. Any
use of computers to perform
defined operations on data can
be included under data
processing.
Representation of data/Information
❑ Hard Disk
❑ Compact Disk (CD)
❑ Digital Video Disk (DVD)
❑ Pen drive
❑ Memory Cards
DATA PROCESSING METHODS
This is the modern technique to process data. The fastest and best
available method with the highest reliability and accuracy. The
technology used is latest as this method used computers and employed
in most of the agencies.
3.5 Applications of IECT
E-governance
In 1977, the National Informatics Centre (NIC) was set up as first major
step towards e-Governance. E-governance is the application of
information and communication technologies to transform the efficiency,
effectiveness, transparency and accountability of informational and
transactional exchanges with in government, between government &
govt. agencies of National, State, Municipal and Local levels, citizen &
businesses, and to empower citizens through access & use of
information.
Stages of e-Governance
Computerization :
Networking :
On-line interactivity :
❑ G2G (Government to
Government)
Example :
❑ Text
❑ Graphics
❑ Images
❑ Sound/Audio
❑ Animation and/or Video
Entertainment
Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention
and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an
idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that
have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of
keeping an audience's attention.
❑ What is Computer?
❑ Computer Generations
❑ History of computer
❑ Input & Output Devices
❑ Memory
❑ Applications of IECT
Q 1.What is primary and secondary memory?
Q 5.What is software?
Q 1. Write IPO cycle definition with diagram ?
Q 7. Explain e-governance?