CHAPTER – 1

GUI BASED OPERATING SYSTEM

1.1 What is COMPUTER

“A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw

data to give information as output. An electronic device
that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the
influence of a set of special instructions called
Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as
Information) an electronic machine that can store, find
and arrange information, calculate amounts and control
other machines.“

COMPUTER = Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU) +

Control Unit (CU)
 1.2 Working Principle of a Computer (I-P-O Cycle)

Input-Process-Output (Storage) - IPO(S) model

❑ Program receives an input, from an input

device (e.g. keyboard, mouse, disk, etc.)
❑ Performs some processing on the input
❑ Produces an output to an output device (e.g.
screen, printer, etc.)
 1.3 Characteristics of
COMPUTER

❑Speed
❑No Feelings
❑Accuracy
❑Diligence
❑Storage Capability
❑Power of
Remembering
❑Versatility
❑Automatic
 1.4 Full form of COMPUTER

“Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used in Technical

and Educational Research”

C - Commonly
O - Operated
M - Machine
P- Particularly
U- Used
T - Technical
E - Educational
R - Research
 1.5 History of Computers
Abacus :
An abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods or
grooves, used to perform mathematical functions. In addition to
calculating the basic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, the abacus can calculate roots up to the cubic degree

Napier's Bones :
Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some
number is printed on these rods. Using this mechine they can do
addition, multiplication, subtraction and division in efficent way.

Pascaline :
Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or
adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually
used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French
mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.
 1.5 Continue…….
Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel :
It was developed by a German mathematician-
philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. The
machine performs multiplication by repeated addition, and
division by repeated subtraction. The basic operation
performed is to add (or subtract) the operand number to
the accumulator register, as many times as desired (to
subtract, the operating crank is turned in the opposite
direction).

Analytical Engine :
The Analytical Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully
program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital
computer. It would be able to perform any calculation set
before it.
 1.5 Continue…….

Difference Engine:
A difference engine, first created by Charles Babbage, is
an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions. Its name is derived from the method
of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate
functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients.\

Differential Analyzer :
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the
United States in 1930.
A Differential Analyzer (DA) is a mechanical device
which solves differential equations by simulating them on
physical components. DA s were used extensively in the
first half of the 20th century, before digital computers were
able to solve differential equations
 1.5 Continue…….
Tabulating Machine :
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith,
an American statistician. It was a mechanical
tabulator based on punch cards. It could
tabulate statistics and record or sort data or
information.

Mark I :
The next major changes in the history of
computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken
planned to develop a machine that could
perform calculations involving large numbers.
 Computer Generation
First generation (1940 - 1956)
The first generation of computers used vacuum
tubes as a major piece of technology. These
tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and
the installations used to fuse frequently.

Second generation (1956 - 1963)

The second generation of computers saw the

use of transistors They are capable of
processing assembly language and high-level
languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
 Third generation (1964 - 1971)

The computers of third generation used Integrated

Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC
has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry. The IC was
invented by Jack Kilby. This development made
computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.

Fourth generation (1972 - 2010)

The fourth generation of computers took advantage

of the invention of the microprocessor, more
commonly known as a CPU.
 Fifth generation (2010 to
present)

The fifth generation of computers is

beginning to use artificial intelligence
(AI), an exciting technology that has
many potential applications around the
world.
1.7 Basic Applications of Computer

❑ Notepad
❑ Calculator
❑ MS Office
❑ MS Paint
❑ Basic Games
❑ Window Media Player
❑ WordPad
❑ Command Prompt
 2 Components of Computer System

2.1 Main computer components

❑ Input Devices
❑ CPU
❑ Output Devices
❑ Primary Memory
❑ Secondary Memory
2.2 The operations of computer components

❑ Inputting : It is the process of entering raw data, instructions and

information into the computer. It is performed with the help of input devices.

❑ Storing : The computer has primary memory and secondary storage to

store data and instructions. It stores the data before sending it to CPU for
processing and also stores the processed data before displaying it as
output.

❑ Processing : It is the process of converting the raw data into useful

information. This process is performed by the CPU of the computer. It takes
the raw data from storage, processes it and then sends back the processed
data to storage.
2.2 Continue…….

❑ Outputting : It is the process of presenting the processed data

through output devices like monitor, printer and speakers.

❑ Controlling : This operation is performed by the control unit that is

part of CPU. The control unit ensures that all basic operations are
executed in a right manner and sequence.
 2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central processing unit carries

out all important functions of a
computer. It receives
instructions from both the
hardware and active software
and produces output
accordingly.
Generally, a CPU has three components
Memory : It is called Random access memory (RAM). It
temporarily stores data, programs and intermediate and
final results of processing.

Control Unit : It controls and coordinates the

functioning of all parts of computer. It does not involve in
processing and storing data.

ALU : It performs arithmetic and logical functions.

Arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical functions mainly
include selecting, comparing and merging the data.
 2.4 Input Devices

Input device enables the user to send data, information or control signals
to computer. Central processing unit of computer receives the input and
processes it to produce output.
Some of the popular input devices are-

❑ Keyboard
❑ Mouse
❑ Scanner
❑ Joystick
❑ Light Pen
❑ Track ball
❑ Microphone
❑ Touch Pad
❑ Digital Camera
2.5 Output Devices

Output device displays the result of processing of raw data that is

entered in computer through an input device. There are number of
output devices that display output in different ways such as text,
images, hard copies and audio or video.
Some of the popular output devices are-

❑ Monitor
❑ Printer
❑ Webcam
❑ Microphone
❑ Microphone
❑ Headphone
2.3 Computer Memory

Memory is the most essential element of a computing system

because without it computer can’t perform simple tasks. The
computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to
process raw data and produce output.
 Types of Memory-
❑ Primary Memory / Volatile Memory :
Primary Memory holds the data and
instruction on which computer is currently
working. Primary Memory is nature
volatile. It means when power is switched
off it lost all data.

❑ Secondary Memory / Non Volatile

Memory :
Secondary Memory is used to store the
different programs and the information
permanently. Secondary Memory is
nature non volatile. It means data is
stored permanently even if power is
switched off.
Types of Primary Memory :

Primary memory is generally of two types.

❑ RAM
❑ ROM

1) RAM
“It stands for Random Access Memory. It is a temporary memory. The
information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is
switched off. That’s why RAM is also called “Volatile Memory”

Types of RAM : RAM is also of two types:

❑ Static RAM – Fixed RAM

❑ Dynamic RAM – Change RAM
1) ROM
It stands for Read Only Memory.
ROM is a Permanent Type memory.
Its content are not lost when power
supply is switched off. Content of
ROM is decided by the computer
manufacturer and permanently
stored at the time of manufacturing.
It is also called “Non-Volatile
Memory”.

Type of ROM : ROM memory is three types names are following:

❑ PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)-

❑ EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)-
❑ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory–

Secondary Memory is external memory of the computer. It is also

known as Auxiliary memory and permanent memory. It is used to store
the different programs and the information permanently. Secondary
Memory is nature non volatile. It means data is stored permanently
even if power is switched off.
Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory–

The secondary storage

devices are :

❑ Floppy Disks
❑ Magnetic (Hard) Disk
❑ Magnetic Tapes
❑ Pen Drive
❑ Hard Disk
❑ Optical Disk(CD,DVD)
 3 Concept of Hardware and Software

3.1 Hardware

All tangible physical components of computer and the devices

connected to it are hardware. Some of the popular examples of computer
hardware are CPU, motherboard, monitor, mouse and keyboard.

Example :

❑ Motherboard
❑ Monitor
❑ Keyboard
❑ Mouse
3.2 Software

It is a set of
programs that
enables the
hardware to
perform a
specific task. All
the programs
that run the
computer are
software.
 Types of Software

❑ System Software :
System software is the main software that runs the computer. When you turn on
the computer it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their
functioning. The application programs are also controlled by system software.
Like Operating system

❑ Application Software :
Applications software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task. It
does not control or coordinate the working of computer. Application software can
be easily installed or uninstalled as required. Like Microsoft Office Suite
 3.3 Programming language

❑ A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules

for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific
tasks.
❑ The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages,
❑ such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.

Following are the major categories of Programming Languages :

❑ Machine Language
❑ Assembly Language
❑ High Level Language
❑ System Language
❑ Scripting Language
 3.4 Concept of Data processing

Data processing
Data processing, Manipulation
of data by a computer. It
includes the conversion of raw
data to machine-readable form,
flow of data through
the CPU and memory to output
devices, and formatting or
transformation of output. Any
use of computers to perform
defined operations on data can
be included under data
processing.
Representation of data/Information

Data & Information

❑ Data is any collection of numbers, characters or other symbols that has
been coded into a format that can be input into a computer and
processed.
❑ Data on its own has no meaning, or context.
❑ It is only after processing by a computer that data takes on a context
and becomes information.
❑ There are many types of data
❑ All data ends up being stored as a series of numbers inside the
computer.
❑ Data can be input to the computer by the user in many different ways.
❑ The main types of data that can be input into a computer and processed
are numeric, text, dates, graphics and sound.
Basic Data Type
 Storage of Data

❑ Hard Disk
❑ Compact Disk (CD)
❑ Digital Video Disk (DVD)
❑ Pen drive
❑ Memory Cards
 DATA PROCESSING METHODS

1. Manual Data Processing

In this method data is processed manually without the use of a machine,

tool or electronic device. Data is processed manually, and all the
calculations and logical operations are performed manually on the data.

2. Mechanical Data Processing

Data processing is done by use of a mechanical device or very simple

electronic devices like calculator and typewriters.
3. Electronic Data Processing

This is the modern technique to process data. The fastest and best
available method with the highest reliability and accuracy. The
technology used is latest as this method used computers and employed
in most of the agencies.
 3.5 Applications of IECT

E-governance

In 1977, the National Informatics Centre (NIC) was set up as first major
step towards e-Governance. E-governance is the application of
information and communication technologies to transform the efficiency,
effectiveness, transparency and accountability of informational and
transactional exchanges with in government, between government &
govt. agencies of National, State, Municipal and Local levels, citizen &
businesses, and to empower citizens through access & use of
information.
Stages of e-Governance

With respect to India, e-Governance proceeded through the following

phases :

Computerization :

This first phase was characterized by the use of computers in a large

number of Government offices.

Networking :

In this phase, few government organizations got connected through a hub

which facilitated sharing of information and flow of data between
different government entities.
On-line presence :

In this phase, the government entities began to maintain websites

containing information about the organizational structure, contact details,
reports and publications, objectives and vision statements.

On-line interactivity :

Online interactivity began between government entities and the citizens,

civil society organizations etc. It also minimized the cope of personal
interface with government entities by providing downloadable Forms,
Instructions, Acts, Rules etc.
Types of Interactions in e-Governance

❑ G2G (Government to
Government)

❑ G2C (Government to Citizens)

❑ G2B (Government to Business)

❑ G2E (Government to Employees)

 Multimedia

A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of

multiple media sources

Example :

❑ Text
❑ Graphics
❑ Images
❑ Sound/Audio
❑ Animation and/or Video
Entertainment
Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention
and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an
idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that
have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of
keeping an audience's attention.

There are various kinds of entertainment for particular tastes, as :

❑ Cinema
❑ Theatre
❑ Sports
❑ Games
❑ Concert
❑ Comedy shows etc.
 SUMMARY

In this Chapter you learned

❑ What is Computer?
❑ Computer Generations
❑ History of computer
❑ Input & Output Devices
❑ Memory
❑ Applications of IECT
Q 1.What is primary and secondary memory?

Q 2.What is the principle of computer?

Q 3. What is the current computer generation?

Q 4. Printer is an output device or input device?

Q 5.What is software?
Q 1. Write IPO cycle definition with diagram ?

Q 2. Write about all computer generations ?

Q 3. Write all the components of the computer ?

Q 4. Write the name of input and output devices ?

Q 5. Explain all type of computer memories?

Q 6. Explain hardware and software?

Q 7. Explain e-governance?