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 This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife,
Ellen “Willow” Szirandi Schmalleger, my true companion,
whose wonderful, happy, and free spirit
is a gift to all who know her.
x CONTENTS

Support Services 171

Managing Police Departments 172
Police Organization and Structure 172
Chain of Command 172
Policing Styles 172
The Watchman Style of Policing 174
The Legalistic Style of Policing 175
The Service Style of Policing 175
Police–Community Relations 175
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Police Body-Worn Cameras: The Good and the Bad 176
Terrorism’s Impact on Policing 180
■ CJ | EXHIBIT 6–1 The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing 181
Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism 182
Information Sharing and Antiterrorism 183
Fusion Centers 184
■ CJ | CAREERS Police Officer 185
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan 185
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing 185
Women as Effective Police Officers 187
■ CJ | ISSUES Trust and Diversity in Law Enforcement 187
Summary 189
Key Terms 189
Questions for Review 189
Questions for Reflection 190
Notes 190

Chapter 7 | Policing: Legal Aspects 194

Introduction 195
The Abuse of Police Power 195
A Changing Legal Climate 196
Individual Rights 197
Due Process Requirements 197
Search and Seizure 198
The Exclusionary Rule 198
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Liberty Is a Double-Edged Sword 200
Judicial Philosophy and the U.S. Supreme Court 202
■ CJ | ISSUES Plain-View Requirements 206
Detention and Arrest 209
Searches Incident to Arrest 210
Emergency Searches of Persons 213
Vehicle Searches 213
 CONTENTS xi

■ CJ | NEWS Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrants before Searching Cell Phones 214
■ CJ | CAREERS School Resource Officer (SRO) 217
Suspicionless Searches 217
High-Technology Searches 218
The Intelligence Function 219
Informants 219
Police Interrogation 220
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation 222
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision 223
■ CJ | ISSUES The Miranda Warnings 225
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence 228
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Policing in the Age of Social Media 229
Electronic Eavesdropping 230
■ CJ | NEWS Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrant for GPS Tracking 231
■ CJ | ISSUES The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and the USA Freedom Act of 2015 233
Summary 235
Key Terms 236
Key Cases 236
Questions for Review 236
Questions for Reflection 236
Notes 236

Chapter 8 | Policing: Issues and Challenges 240

Introduction 241
Police Personality and Culture 241
■ CJ | ISSUES Rightful Policing 243
Corruption and Integrity 244
Money—The Root of Police Evil? 246
Building Police Integrity 246
Drug Testing of Police Employees 248
Professionalism and Ethics 249
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics 249
Education and Training 250
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM The FBI Oath 250
Recruitment and Selection 252
The Dangers of Police Work 253
Violence in the Line of Duty 253
Risk of Disease, Drug Exposure, and Infected Evidence 254
Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers 255
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Religion and Public Safety 257
Police Use of Force 258
xii CONTENTS

Deadly Force 260

■ CJ | EXHIBIT 8–1 Taking Policing to a Higher Standard 261
Less-Lethal Weapons 263
■ CJ | ISSUES California’s Proposed Lethal Force Standard 263
■ CJ | ISSUES The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, Part 2 264
Discretion and the Individual Officer 265
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing 265
■ CJ | NEWS Is the Video Recording of Police Activity in a Public Place Legal? 266
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Was the NYPD’s Monitoring of Muslim Groups a Form of Religious Profiling? 269
Racially Biased Policing 270
Police Civil Liability 270
Common Sources of Civil Suits 271
Federal Lawsuits 272
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Law Enforcement and Data Encryption 273
Summary 276
Key Terms 277
Key Cases 277
Questions for Review 277
Questions for Reflection 277
Notes 277

PART THREE ■ Adjudication 281

Chapter 9 | The Courts: Structure and Participants 282
Introduction 283
History and Structure of the American Court System 283
The State Court System 284
The Development of State Courts 284
State Court Systems Today 285
The Federal Court System 289
U.S. District Courts 289
U.S. Courts of Appeals 290
The U.S. Supreme Court 291
The Courtroom Work Group 293
The Judge 294
The Prosecuting Attorney 296
■ CJ | CAREERS Assistant District Attorney 297
The Defense Counsel 299
■ CJ | ISSUES Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense 302
 CONTENTS xiii

The Bailiff 304

Trial Court Administrators 304
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct 305
The Court Reporter 305
The Clerk of Court 306
Expert Witnesses 306
■ CJ | NEWS DNA Sampling Solves Some of the Toughest Cases 307
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants 308
Lay Witnesses 308
Jurors 309
The Victim 310
The Defendant 311
Spectators and the Press 311
Summary 312
Key Terms 313
Key Cases 313
Questions for Review 313
Questions for Reflection 313
Notes 313

Chapter 10 | Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 317

Introduction 318
Pretrial Activities 318
The First Appearance 318
■ CJ | CAREERS Surety Agent 321
The Grand Jury 324
The Preliminary Hearing 325
Arraignment and Plea 326
Plea Bargaining 326
■ CJ | ISSUES Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions 327
The Criminal Trial 328
Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial 328
Stages in a Criminal Trial 329
Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act 329
Jury Selection 331
Opening Statements 334
The Presentation of Evidence 334
■ CJ | ISSUES Pretrial and Post-Trial Motions 338
Closing Arguments 339
The Judge’s Charge to the Jury 340
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict 340
■ CJ | NEWS Social Media Pose New Threats to Keeping Jurors Isolated during Trials 341
xiv CONTENTS

Improving the Adjudication Process 342

■ CJ | ISSUES Courtrooms of the Future 343
■ CJ | ISSUES The Bilingual Courtroom 344
Summary 345
Key Terms 345
Key Cases 345
Questions for Review 345
Questions for Reflection 345
Notes 346

Chapter 11 | Sentencing 348

Introduction 349
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing 349
Retribution 350
Incapacitation 350
Deterrence 351
Rehabilitation 351
Restoration 351
Indeterminate Sentencing 353
Explanation of Indeterminate Sentencing 353
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing 353
Structured Sentencing 354
■ CJ | ISSUES Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 356
Federal Sentencing Guidelines 356
The Legal Environment of Structured Sentencing 358
Three-Strikes Laws 360
Mandatory Sentencing 360
Sentencing and Today’s Prison Crisis 362
■ CJ | CAREERS Medicolegal Death Investigator 363
Innovations in Sentencing 364
Justice Reinvestment 365
■ CJ | ISSUES Justice Reinvestment 366
The Presentence Investigation 366
The Victim—Forgotten No Longer 367
Victims’ Rights 368
■ CJ | ISSUES Victims’ Rights in California 369
Victim-Impact Statements 370
Traditional Sentencing Options 370
Sentencing Rationales 371
Sentencing Practices 371
 CONTENTS xv

Fines 373
Death: The Ultimate Sanction 373
Habeas Corpus Review 375
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE What Are the Limits of Genetic Privacy? 377
Opposition to Capital Punishment 378
■ CJ | NEWS High Costs Lead to Reconsideration of Death Penalty 383
Justifications for Capital Punishment 384
The Courts and the Death Penalty 385
The Future of the Death Penalty 388
■ CJ | NEWS Death-Row Exonerations Based on DNA Expose Flaws in Legal System 388
Summary 389
Key Terms 390
Key Cases 390
Questions for Review 390
Questions for Reflection 390
Notes 391

PART FOUR ■ Corrections 397

Chapter 12 | Probation, Parole, and Reentry 398
Introduction 399
What Is Probation? 399
The Extent of Probation 400
Probation Conditions 400
Federal Probation 401
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Special Conditions of Probation 402
What Is Parole? 402
The Extent of Parole 403
Parole Conditions 404
■ CJ | ISSUES Culturally Skilled Probation Officers 404
Federal Parole 405
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses 406
Advantages of Probation and Parole 406
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole 406
The Legal Environment 407
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers 409
The Challenges of the Job 409
Intermediate Sanctions 411
■ CJ | CAREERS Probation Officer 411
Split Sentencing 412
xvi CONTENTS

Shock Probation and Shock Parole 412

Shock Incarceration 413
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service 413
Intensive Supervision of Probationers and Parolees 414
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM American Probation and Parole Association Code of Ethics 414
Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring 415
■ CJ | NEWS How GPS Technology Keeps Track of Sex Offenders 417
The Future of Probation and Parole 418
Changes in Reentry Policies 419
■ CJ | ISSUES Remote Reporting Probation 422
The Reinvention of Probation and Evidence-Based Practices 422
Summary 423
Key Terms 424
Key Cases 424
Questions for Review 424
Questions for Reflection 424
Notes 424

Chapter 13 | Prisons and Jails 428

Introduction 429
Early Punishments 429
Flogging 430
Mutilation 430
Branding 430
Public Humiliation 430
Workhouses 431
Exile 431
The Emergence of Prisons 432
The Penitentiary Era (1790–1825) 432
The Mass Prison Era (1825–1876) 434
The Reformatory Era (1876–1890) 434
■ CJ | ISSUES Chaplain James Finley’s Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850 435
■ CJ | ISSUES An Early Texas Prison 436
The Industrial Era (1890–1935) 436
The Punitive Era (1935–1945) 439
The Treatment Era (1945–1967) 439
The Community-Based Era (1967–1980) 440
The Warehousing Era (1980–1995) 441
The Just Deserts Era (1995–2012) 443
The Evidence-Based Era (2012–Present) 444
■ CJ | ISSUES Evidence-Based Corrections 444
 CONTENTS xvii

Prisons Today 445

Overcrowding 446
■ CJ | ISSUES Who’s in Prison and Why? 447
Security Levels 449
Prison Classification Systems 450
The Federal Prison System 451
■ CJ | ISSUES The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections 455
Recent Improvements 456
Jails 457
Women and Jail 458
The Growth of Jails 458
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE To What Degree Should the Personal Values of Workers in the Criminal Justice System
Influence Job Performance? 459
Direct-Supervision Jails 460
Jails and the Future 460
Private Prisons 462
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers 462
■ CJ | ISSUES Arguments for and against the Privatization of Prisons 463
Summary 465
Key Terms 465
Key Names 465
Questions for Review 465
Questions for Reflection 466
Notes 466

Chapter 14 | Prison Life 470

Introduction 471
Research on Prison Life—Total Institutions 471
The Male Inmate’s World 472
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures 473
The Functions of Prison Subcultures 474
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types 474
■ CJ | EXHIBIT 14-1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement 475
Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison 477
The Female Inmate’s World 478
Parents in Prison 480
Gender Responsiveness 481
Institutions for Women 481
■ CJ | ISSUES The Bangkok Rules on the Treatment of Female Prisoners 482
Social Structure in Women’s Prisons 483
xviii CONTENTS

Types of Female Inmates 483

Violence in Women’s Prisons 484
The Staff World 484
The Professionalization of Corrections Officers 485
Security Threat Groups and Prison Riots 486
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM American Correctional Association Code of Ethics 487
Prisoners’ Rights 488
The Legal Basis of Prisoners’ Rights 490
Grievance Procedures 491
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine? 495
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Should Prison Libraries Limit Access to Potentially Inflammatory Literature? 496
Issues Facing Prisons Today 498
Geriatric Offenders 498
Mentally Ill and Intellectually Disabled Inmates 500
Terrorism and Corrections 501
■ CJ | ISSUES Technocorrections 502
■ CJ | NEWS Radical Islam, Terrorism, and U.S. Prisons 503
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Censoring Prison Communications 504
Summary 504
Key Terms 505
Key Cases 505
Questions for Review 505
Questions for Reflection 505
Notes 505

PART FIVE ■ Special Issues 509

Chapter 15 | Juvenile Justice 510
Introduction 511
Juvenile Justice throughout History 512
Earliest Times 512
The Juvenile Court Era 513
Categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System 515
■ CJ | NEWS Schools Take Bullying Seriously 516
The Legal Environment 516
Legislation concerning Juveniles and Justice 518
The Legal Rights of Juveniles 519
The Juvenile Justice Process Today 520
■ CJ | ISSUES The Juvenile Justice System versus Criminal Case Processing 521
Adult and Juvenile Justice Compared 521
 CONTENTS xix

How the System Works 522

Intake and Detention Hearings 522
Adjudication 525
Disposition 525
■ CJ | ISSUES Juvenile Courts versus Adult Courts 527
■ CJ | NEWS Justice-Involved Girls 529
■ CJ |CAREER PROFILE Juvenile Justice Professional 530
Postadjudicatory Review 531
Trends in Juvenile Justice 531
■ CJ | ISSUES Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice 533
Summary 535
Key Terms 536
Key Cases 536
Questions for Review 536
Questions for Reflection 536
Notes 536

Chapter 16 | Drugs and Crime 538

Introduction 539
Drugs and Drug Abuse 539
Drug Crime 540
What Is a Drug? 540
A History of Drug Abuse in America 542
Drug Use and Social Awareness 543
Antidrug Legislation 544
The Investigation of Drug Abuse and Manufacturing 549
The Most Common Drugs—And Who Is Using Them 550
Drug Trafficking 551
Marijuana 551
■ CJ | ISSUES Drugs: What’s in a Name? 552
Cocaine 553
Heroin 553
Methamphetamine 554
Club Drugs 555
■ CJ | NEWS “Bath Salts” Drugs: Very Potent, Hard to Target 556
The Costs of Abuse 557
The Indirect Costs of Abuse 558
Drug-Related Crime 558
Solving the Drug Problem 560
Strict Law Enforcement 561
Asset Forfeiture 561
xx CONTENTS

Interdiction 563
Crop Control 563
Prevention and Treatment 564
Summary 568
Key Terms 569
Key Cases 569
Questions for Review 569
Questions for Reflection 569
Notes 569

Chapter 17 | Terrorism, Multinational Criminal Justice, and Global Issues 573

Introduction 574
Ethnocentrism and the Study of Criminal Justice 574
Problems with Data 575
Islamic Criminal Justice 576
The Hudud Crimes 577
The Tazir Crimes 579
Islamic Courts 579
International Criminal Justice Organizations 579
The Role of the United Nations in Criminal Justice 580
Interpol and Europol 581
The International Criminal Court 583
Globalization and Crime 584
Transnational Organized Crime 585
Human Smuggling and Trafficking 586
Terrorism 588
■ CJ | ISSUES Lone-Wolf Terrorism and the Radicalization Process 589
Types of Terrorism 590
■ CJ | ISSUES What Is Terrorist Activity? 591
Causes of Terrorism 595
Combating Terrorism 595
■ CJ | ISSUES The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (as Amended and Reauthorized) 597
Foreign Terrorist Organizations 600
The Future of International Terrorism 603
Summary 603
Key Terms 604
Questions for Review 604
Questions for Reflection 604
Notes 605
 CONTENTS xxi

Chapter 18 | High-Technology Crimes 608

Introduction 609
Technology and Crime 609
Biocrime 610
Cybercrime 611
Terrorism and Technology 615
Technology and Crime Control 615
Leading Technological Organizations in Criminal Justice 617
Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future 618
New Technologies in Criminalistics 620
■ CJ | NEWS Microbial Communities on Skin Leave Unique Traces at Crime Scenes 621
On the Horizon 627
The Future of Criminal Justice 630
Summary 631
Key Terms 631
Key Cases 632
Questions for Review 632
Questions for Reflection 632
Notes 632

List of Acronyms 636

Glossary 639
Case Index 663
Name Index 667
Subject Index 675
New to This Edition
Chapter-Specific Changes Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? and Organization
●● A new key term, “procedural justice,” has been added to ●● A discussion of LEEP, the online gateway that provides
the chapter. law enforcement agencies and other criminal justice
●● The discussion of “new era” crime has been expanded. ­entities with access to a wealth of beneficial resources has
●● Mention is now made of the criminal proceedings against been added.
Bill Cosby. ●● A new key term, “fusion center,” has been added.
●● The chapter’s statistics have been updated.
●● Two new key terms, “evidence-based,” and “evidence- Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects
based practice (EBP),” have been added to the chapter. ●● Two new key terms, “warrantless search,” and “investiga-
tive detention,” have been added to the chapter.
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture ●● The U.S. Supreme Court’s distinction between three
●● A new key term, “unreported crime,” has been added to types of Fourth Amendment police-citizen ­interaction
the chapter. has been added: (1) consensual encounters, (2) ­detentions,
●● Updated crime statistics are found throughout the and (3) arrest.
chapter. ●● The U.S. Supreme Court case of Carpenter v. U.S.,
●● The discussion of underreported and unreported crime involving police access to cell phone records, is now
has been expanded. discussed.
●● An enhanced discussion of NIBRS is now part of the ●● A new U.S. Supreme Court case dealing with rental
chapter. ­vehicles is now discussed. A graphic showing state wire-
●● A brief discussion of the Parkland High School shooting tap authorizations is a part of the discussion.
in Florida has been added.
Chapter 8: Policing: Issues
Chapter 3: The Search for Causes and Challenges
●● Discussion of rappers Jimmy Wopo and XXXTentacion
●● Police subculture is now shown to be equivalent to p­ olice
have been added to the chapter, along with expanded occupational culture, and the discussion of police subcul-
coverage of Suge Night’s legal difficulties. ture has been expanded.
●● A new key term, “neuroscience,” has been added to the
●● The story is told about corruption among members of
chapter and defined. the Baltimore Police Department’s Gun Trace Task Force
(GTTF).
Police training standards have been updated.
Chapter 4: Criminal Law
●●

●● The 2018 Law Enforcement Mental Health and Wellness

●● Information on the insanity defense has been updated. Act is now described.
●● In the list of types and levels of crimes, the word “infrac- ●● A 2018 article published in the American Journal of Preventive
tion” has replaced “offense.” Medicine that found that members of the ­police profession
are more likely to sustain nonfatal work-related injuries
Chapter 5: Policing: History than members of any other occupation is now discussed.
The proper handling of fentanyl at crime scenes is
and Structure ●●

discussed.
●● The boxed lists of police and private security agencies has ●● Statistics and line art have been updated throughout the
been updated. chapter.

xxii
 NEW TO THIS EDITION xxiii

●● The 2017 Supreme Court case of White v. Pauly, in which ●● The concept of a term of supervised release (TSR) is
the Court established that “Qualified immunity attaches more clearly defined.
when an official’s conduct does not violate clearly estab- ●● Bill Cosby’s use of an ankle bracelet while awaiting the
lished statutory or constitutional rights of which a rea- conclusion of his trial is discussed.
sonable person would have known,” has been added. ●● Efforts made by the federal government to strengthen
BOP reentry efforts are discussed.
Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure ●● The 2018 federal First Step Act is discussed, as is the
­federal Second Chance Act.
and Participants
A discussion of the trial of drug lord “El Chapo” Guzman
●●
Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
is now a part of the chapter.
●● A new figure, Figure 13-4, “Prison and Jail Populations
in the United States,” has been added.
Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and ●● Statistics have been updated throughout the chapter.
the Criminal Trial ●● The term “new generation jail” has been changed to

●● The bail reform movement that is currently underway in “­direct-supervision jails.”

the U.S. is discussed.
●● The discussion of recidivism has been expanded and Chapter 14: Prison Life
clarified.
●● The list of terms known as “inmate argot” has been up-
dated and revised.
Chapter 11: Sentencing ●● The data on prison sexual victimization has been up-
●● A new section, “Explanation of Indeterminate Senten­ dated, as has the discussion.
cing,” has been added. ●● The discussion of prison libraries has been updated to in-
●● Details of a new report from the National Council on clude digital materials.
Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) have been added.
●● Proposed federal laws that would reduce sentences for

many inmates are discussed.

Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice
●● The concept of justice reinvestment has been moved to ●● The U.S. Supreme Court’s consideration of findings from
this chapter. the field of neuroscience is discussed in greater detail
●● Discussion of the death penalty has been updated to than before.
include a 2019 U.S. Supreme Court case that better
­ ●● The term “justice-involved youth” is introduced and
­defined the concept of intellectual disability. defined.
●● The idea of sentencing as a risk management strategy is ●● The change in juvenile court jurisdiction by age that has
discussed. taken place in various states is described.
●● The federal 2017 Rapid DNA Act is discussed. ●● A map of juvenile confinement facilities throughout the
●● Two new key terms, “wrongful conviction” and “exon- country has been added to the chapter.
eration,” have been added and are discussed. ●● A discussion of commercial sexual exploitation of children
has been added.
Chapter 12: Probation, Parole,
and Reentry Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
●● A discussion of Meek Mill, born Robert Rihmeek ●● Discussion of the 2017 report of the President’s
Williams, has been added. Mill is the Philadelphia hip- Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the
hop recording artist who became the focal point of a jus- Opioid Crisis, has been added to the chapter.
tice reform movement that began in Philadelphia.
xxiv NEW TO THIS EDITION

●● Familial DNA searching (FDS), a scientific technique ●● A revised organizational chart of the Department of
used in criminal investigations to identify a suspect by Homeland Security replaces the old one.
comparing the suspect’s DNA to the DNA of members
of the suspect’s biological family, is a new concept that Chapter 18: High-Technology Crimes
has been added to the chapter.
●● The chapter now begins with the NYPD’s ground-
breaking use of drones to patrol the skies above New
Chapter 17: Terrorism, Multinational Year’s revelers in the city’s Times Square.
Federal laws relevant to human cloning and gene editing
Criminal Justice, and Global ●●

are discussed.
Issues ●● A graphic illustration explaining how DNA phenotyping
●● A new chapter-opening story replaces the old one. can be used to construct the physical appearance of an
●● Revised minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners, unknown individual from strands of their DNA has been
known as the “Nelson Mandela Rules” are discussed. added to the chapter.
●● The cybercriminal Infraud organization is described. ●● The application of the concept known as “familial DNA
●● The 2018 National Cyber Strategy developed by the searching” is explained.
White House is discussed.
Preface
Many students are attracted to the study of criminal justice because
it provides a focus for the tension that exists within our ­society
Key Features Include
between individual rights and freedoms, on the one hand, and the Freedom OR safety? YOU decide boxes in each chapter high-
need for public safety, security, and order, on the other. Recently, light the book’s ever-evolving theme of individual rights versus
twenty-first-century technology in the form of social media, public order, a hallmark feature of this text since the first edition.
smartphones, and personal online videos, has combined with In each chapter of the text, Freedom or Safety boxes build on
perceived injustices in the day-to-day ­operations of the criminal this theme by illustrating some of the personal rights issues that
justice system, culminating in an ­explosion of demands for justice challenge policymakers today. Each box includes critical-thinking
for citizens of all races and socioeconomic status—­especially those questions that ask readers to ponder whether and how the criminal
whose encounters with agents of law enforcement turn violent. justice system balances individual rights and public safety.
A social movement that began with the shooting of an unarmed
black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014, has developed into
a widespread initiative that demands justice for all. freedom OR safety? YOU decide
Clarence Thomas Says: “Freedom Means Responsibility”
The tension between individual rights and public order is In 2009, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas crime problem then facing his city and the nation. We mistak-
spoke to a group of high school essay contest winners in a enly look to government and elected officials, Giuliani said, to
the theme around which all editions of this textbook have been Washington, DC, hotel ballroom. Thomas used the occasion,
which was dedicated to our nation’s Bill of Rights, to point
assume responsibility for solving the problem of crime when,
instead, each individual citizen must become accountable

built. That same theme is even more compelling today because out the importance of obligations as well as rights. “Today
there is much focus on our rights,” said Thomas. “Indeed, I
think there is a proliferation of rights.” But then he went on to
for fixing what is wrong with our society. “We only see the op-
pressive side of authority . . . . What we don’t see is that free-
dom is not a concept in which people can do anything they

of the important question we have all been asking in recent say, “I am often surprised by the virtual nobility that seems
to be accorded those with grievances. Shouldn’t there at
want, be anything they can be. Freedom is about authority.
Freedom is about the willingness of every single human being
least be equal time for our Bill of Obligations and our Bill of to cede to lawful authority a great deal of discretion about

years: How much personal freedom are we willing to sacrifice to Responsibilities?”

Today, the challenge for the criminal justice system, it
what you do.”

achieve a solid sense of individual and group security? seems, is to balance individual rights and personal freedoms
with social control and respect for legitimate authority. Years
ago, during the height of what was then a powerful move-
You Decide
How can we, as Justice Thomas suggests, achieve a bal-

Although there are no easy answers to this question, this text- ment to win back control of our nation’s cities and to rein in
skyrocketing crime rates, the New York Post sponsored a con-
ance of rights and obligations in American society? What
did Giuliani mean when he said, “What we don’t see is that
ference on crime and civil rights. The keynote speaker at that freedom is not a concept in which people can do anything

book guides criminal justice students in the struggle to find a sat- conference was New York City’s mayor, Rudolph W. Giuliani.
In his speech, Giuliani identified the tension between personal
they want, be anything they can be”? Is it possible to balance
individual rights and personal freedoms with social control and

isfying balance between freedom and security. True to its origins,

freedoms and individual responsibilities as the crux of the respect for legitimate authority?

References: Adam Liptak, “Reticent Justice Opens Up to a Group of Students,” New York Times, April 13, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/14/us/14bar.html (accessed

the 16th edition focuses on the crime picture in America and on October 2, 2018); and Philip Taylor, “Civil Libertarians: Giuliani’s Efforts Threaten First Amendment,” Freedom Forum Online, http://www.freedomforum.org.

the three traditional elements of the criminal justice system: police,

courts, and corrections. This edition has been enhanced with ad- CJ Careers boxes outline the characteristics of a variety of
ditional “Freedom or Safety” boxes, which time and again question criminal justice careers in a Q&A format, to introduce today’s
the viability of our freedoms in a world that has grown ever more pragmatic students to an assortment of potential career options
dangerous. This edition also asks students to evaluate the strengths and assist them in making appropriate career choices.
and weaknesses of the American justice system as it struggles to adapt
to an increasingly multicultural society and to a society in which the
CJ | CAREERS
rights of a few can threaten the safety of many—especially in the Police Officer
modern context of a War Against Terrorism. Name. Narcotics Agent Christian What qualities/characteristics are most helpful for this job? Common
Tomas sense, honesty, integrity, confidence, self-discipline, dedication,
It is my hope that this text will ground students in the im- Position. QRT Agent (Quick
Response Team/Narcotics) City
humility, composure, physical and mental toughness, tactical
awareness and the ability to work with minimal, to no, supervision.

portant issues that continue to evolve from the tension between of West Palm Beach, Florida
Colleges attended. Palm Beach
What is a typical starting salary? The West Palm Beach Police
Department starting salary is $49,935 annually, with excellent
State College benefits.
the struggle for justice and the need for safety. For it is on that
Frank Schmalleger

Majors. Psychology What is the salary potential as you move up into higher-level jobs?
Year hired. 2007 An officer reaching PFC (Patrolman first Class) and MPO (Master
bedrock that the American system of criminal justice stands, and Please give a brief description of
your job. As a narcotics agent, my
Patrol Officer) will receive a 2 and 1/2% raise for each level at-
tained. Promotion in rank produces significant raises over time.

it is on that foundation that the future of the justice system— Christian Tomas
co-workers and I target street-
level drug dealers and other
What advice would you give someone in college beginning studies in
criminal justice? This isn’t a job for someone expecting to win
quality-of-life issues, to include all of the battles. You try as hard as you can, but you have to be
and of this country—will be built. prostitution as well as other illegal business practices. We use our
own initiative to begin investigations throughout the city. We buy
prepared for some disappointments when a case doesn’t go the
way you wanted it to. Get your degree, as it will help you get

FRANK SCHMALLEGER, PH.D.

narcotics in an undercover capacity and work with the S.W.A.T. promoted. When choosing a department, make sure that it’s the
team by writing search warrants for them to execute. kind of department that you are looking for. I came to West Palm
What is a typical day like? A typical day involves doing research and Beach for the experience and to be busy; I wanted to be chal-

Distinguished Professor Emeritus, identifying a target. Once an investigation is complete, we move

on to another. Some days are spent primarily on surveillance;
lenged and to do as much as I possibly could. Policing is a very
rewarding career if you have the motivation and determination
while on others, we are directly involved with drug dealers. to succeed.
The University of North Carolina at Pembroke

xxv
xxvi P R E FA C E

CJ News boxes in each chapter present case stories from CJ Issues boxes throughout the text showcase selected is-
the media to bring a true-to-life dimension to the study of sues in the field of criminal justice, including topics related to
criminal justice and allow insight into the everyday workings of multiculturalism, diversity, and technology.
the justice system.

CJ | NEWS CJ | ISSUES
Rightful Policing
Evidence of “Warrior Gene” May Help Explain Violence
In the wake of a heated national debate about racially biased police prac-
mistreatment in childhood. The link has only been identified in men, leav- tices, the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at Harvard
University’s Kennedy School released a report on what it called “rightful
ing women seemingly immune from the effects of this genetic anomaly.
policing.” The report’s author, Tracey L. Meares, noted that success in
The media nicknamed MAOA-L the “warrior gene” after it was
police work has traditionally been measured in two ways: (1) the extent
identified as highly prevalent in a constantly warring Maori tribe. Another
to which the police are successful at fighting crime; and (2) the degree to

Guy Corbishley/Alamy Stock Photo

study found that boys with an MAOA variation were more likely to join which police agencies and their officers adhere to the law.
gangs and become some of the most violent members. Researchers now Effectiveness at crime fighting has long been used to judge the suc-
know that MAOA-L may alter the very structure of the brain. Using cess of police activities at all levels. Around the turn of the twenty-first
structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, a 2006 study century, for example, police administrators—along with politicians—
found that men with the gene variant were much more likely to have took credit for declining crime rates, and “success stories” featuring city
abnormalities in an area of the brain associated with behavior than were and local police departments were frequently heard.
other men. Functional MRI scanning then showed that these men had The second criteria by which the police have often been judged,
difficulty inhibiting strong emotional impulses. Lawyers for violent de- fidelity to the law, rests on the notion that law enforcement officers must
fendants have latched on to the growing science. In the 2009 murder trial respect legal strictures as much as anyone else. It means that authorities
of Bradley Waldroup, who was convicted of chopping up his wife with a should be held accountable when they violate the rights guaranteed
to suspects under the Constitution and by law—including statutes that Demonstrators protesting grand jury decisions in Missouri and
machete (she survived) and shooting her female friend to death, lawyers
authorize police action and the internal administrative rules and regula- New York that exonerated police officers in the deaths of
were able to demonstrate that Waldroup had the MAOA gene variant. unarmed black men. What is “rightful policing?”
tions that agencies develop to help ensure the lawful treatment of any-
ag visuell/Fotolia

Although the jury convicted him of murder and of attempted murder,

one who comes into contact with the police.
its members concluded that his actions weren’t premeditated due to the As the Harvard study notes, these two traditional criteria of police
influence that his genes had on him—sparing him the death penalty. Also effectiveness can be objectively evaluated. Measures of declining crime
in 2009, an Italian appeals court cut the sentence of a convicted murderer People typically care much more about how law enforcement
rates, for example, would appear to indicate the success of police work.
by one year on the grounds that he, too, had the MAOA-L gene. agents treat them than about the outcome of the contact. Even
Likewise, the relative lack of civil lawsuits brought against departments,
Judges are warming up to genetic defenses. In a 2012 study in when people receive a negative outcome in an encounter, such as
An artist’s representation of human DNA. Biosocial criminology and success at making arrests that “stick” are common indicators of ef-
a speeding ticket, they feel better about that incident than about
tells us that genes may harbor certain behavioral predispositions,
Science, when trial judges were given the MAOA variant as evidence in fective police work.
an incident in which they do not receive a ticket but are treated
but that it is the interaction between genes and the environment mock trials, they tended to reduce sentences by one year in comparison to Nonetheless, recent widespread dissatisfaction with a number of
poorly. In addition to being treated with dignity and respect, re-
that produces behavior. What forms might such interaction take? cases with no such evidence. Critics, however, argue that these defendants grand jury decisions to exonerate police officers involved in the death
search demonstrates that people look for behavioral signals that
should be behind bars longer. Because their trait is baked into their DNA, of unarmed black suspects in a number of jurisdictions serve to show
allow them to assess whether a police officer’s decision to stop or
As scientists studied the DNA of the mass shooter at the elementary such people say, they are likely to commit violence again. “Trying to ab- that a third way of assessing police effectiveness may be more impor-
arrest them was made fairly—that is, accurately and without bias.
solve people of responsibility by attributing their behavior to their genes tant today than any other. Cases such as those in Ferguson, Missouri,
school in Newtown, Connecticut, some experts hoped that it would These two factors—quality of treatment and indications of high-
or environment is not new,” wrote Ronald Bailey, author of the book Charleston, South Carolina, and Staten Island, New York, outraged
lead to discovery of a gene that identifies violent criminals and helps quality decision-making—matter much more to people than the
many people who thought that the lives of the suspects could have
prevent future killings. But the old adage, “be careful of what you wish Liberation Biology. He urged courts to take a tough stance against defen- outcome of the encounter.
been spared had the officers chosen to act differently. The fact that the
for” may be relevant to such efforts. If a genetic link to violence were dants with a genetic predilection to violence: “Knowing that you will be
officers who were involved in two of those incidents were not indicted The study also notes that people report higher levels of satisfac-
firmly identified, could it be used to falsely stigmatize people who held responsible for criminal acts helps inhibit antisocial impulses that we meant that their actions had met strict legal requirements, but the lack tion with police encounters if they feel that they had the opportunity
haven’t committed any crime at all? Or could such a link help con- all feel from time to time.” Also, scientists want their findings to be taken of indictments brought about nationwide protests over what was seen as to explain their situation than if they did not; and people say that they
victed criminals get reduced sentences? with a grain of salt in the courts, arguing that science and the law have dif- the unwarranted use of lethal force. Soon traditional and social media want to believe that authorities are acting in a benevolent way—that is,
The argument that “my DNA made me do it” has, in fact, already ferent aims. “Science is focused on understanding universal phenomena; were inundated with debates over the quality of American policing, in a way that is meant to protect and help them, rather than to harass
been successfully used in the courts for a particular gene linked to violence. we do this by averaging data across groups of individuals,” wrote Joshua with discussions focused on claimed racial discrimination. The slogan and control them.
Monoamine oxidase A, known as MAOA, produces an enzyme that breaks Buckholtz for the NOVA series on PBS. “Law, on the other hand, only “Black lives matter” quickly became a rallying cry for protestors. The study concludes that “all four of these factors—quality of
down serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain that are identi- cares about specific individual people—the individual on trial.” Buckholtz On the heels of those events, the Harvard study examined how treatment, decision-making fairness, voice, and expectation of benevo-
fied with aggression. Studies have shown that a variant of the gene, known observed that “Genetic differences rarely affect human behavior with the ordinary people assess their treatment by authorities. It concluded that lent treatment—constitute procedural justice in the minds of citizens who
as MAOA-L, can lead to violent behavior when coupled with serious kind of selectivity or specificity desired and required by the law.” “there is a third way, in addition to lawfulness and effectiveness, to eval- interact with the police; and that positive perceptions of procedural
uate policing—rightful policing.” The concept of rightful policing does justice matter more to most people than do other criteria of assessing
Resources: Mark Lallanilla, “Genetics May Provide Clues to Newtown Shooting,” Live Science, December 28, 2012, http://www.livescience.com/25853-newtown-shooter-dna.html; not depend on the lawfulness of police conduct; nor does it look to law enforcement success.”
Joshua W. Buckholtz, “Neuroprediction and Crime,” NOVA, October 18, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/neuroprediction-crime.html; and Patricia Cohen, “Genetic Basis statistics demonstrating efficiency at crime fighting. “Rather,” as the Study authors suggest that “a focus on the procedural justice of
for Crime: A New Look,” New York Times, June 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/arts/genetics-and-crime-at-institute-of-justice-conference.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
Harvard study says, “it depends primarily on … procedural justice or encounters can help policing agencies identify behavior, tactics, and
fairness of … conduct.” In other words, rightful policing is about how strategies that many members of minority communities find problem-
to achieve fairness in policing and about how to engender trust in po- atic and that lead to disaffection, even though they may be lawful and,
lice. The Harvard study says: considered in isolation, appear effective.”

References: Tracey L. Meares, Rightful Policing. New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2015); Tom R. Tyler
and Jeffrey Fagan, “Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?,” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 6 (2008), pp. 231 and
262; and Tom R. Tyler & Cheryl Wakslak, “Profiling and Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice, Attributions of Motive, and Acceptance of Police Authority,” Criminology, Vol. 42 (2004),
pp. 253 and 255.

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 P R E FA C E xxvii
REVEL for Criminal Justice
Today, Sixteenth Edition by
Frank Schmalleger
Designed for how you want to teach - and how your
students want to learn
Revel is an interactive learning environment that engages stu-
dents and helps them prepare for your class. Reimagining their
content, our authors integrate media and assessment throughout
the narrative so students can read, explore, and practice, all at
the same time. Thanks to this dynamic reading experience, stu-
dents come to class prepared to discuss, apply, and learn about
criminal justice — from you and from each other.
Revel seamlessly combines the full content of Pearson’s best- New Student Survey Questions
selling criminal justice titles with multimedia learning tools. Student Survey Questions appear within the narrative asking
You assign the topics your students cover. Author Explanatory students to respond to questions about controversial topics and
Videos, application exercises, survey questions, interactive CJ important concepts. Students then see their response versus the
data maps, and short quizzes engage students and enhance their responses of all other students who have answered the question
understanding of core topics as they progress through the con- in the form of a bar chart. We provide the instructor with a
tent. Through its engaging learning experience, Revel helps PowerPoint deck with links to each survey and map, making it
students better understand course material while preparing easy to pull these items up in class for discussion.
them to meaningfully participate in class.
Author Explanatory Videos
Short 2-3 minute Author Explanatory Videos, embedded in the
narrative, provide students with a verbal explanation of an im-
portant topic or concept and illuminating the concept with ad-
ditional examples.

Track time-on-task throughout the course

The Performance Dashboard allows you to see how much time the
class or individual students have spent reading a section or doing an
Point/CounterPoint Videos
Instead of simply reading about criminal justice, students are assignment, as well as points earned per assignment. This data helps
empowered to think critically about key topics through Point/ correlate study time with performance and provides a window into
Counterpoint videos that explore different views on controver- where students may be having difficulty with the material.
sial issues such as the effectiveness of the fourth amendment, Learning Management System Integration
privacy, search and seizure, Miranda, prisoner rights, death pen- Pearson provides Blackboard Learn™, Canvas™, Brightspace by
alty and many other topics.
D2L, and Moodle integration, giving institutions, instructors, and
students easy access to Revel. Our Revel integration delivers stream-
lined access to everything your students need for the course in these
learning management system (LMS) environments.
The Revel App
The Revel mobile app lets students read, practice, and study—
New Social Explorer Criminal Justice Data Maps anywhere, anytime, on any device. Content is available both on-
Social Explorer Maps integrated into the narrative ask students line and offline, and the app syncs work across all registered devices
to examine crime and corrections data correlated with socio- automatically, giving students great flexibility to toggle between
economic and other criminal justice data. Maps also show phone, tablet, and laptop as they move through their day. The app
differences in state statutes on major issues such as marijuana also lets students set assignment notifications to stay on top of all
legalization, the death penalty, and the distribution of hate orga- due dates. Available for download from the App Store or Google
nizations across the US. Play. Visit www.pearsonhighered.com/revel/ to learn more.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
death—Pharaoh seeks to drown his terror in a banquet—In his revels
curses God—Again refuses to let the people go—He vacillates—
Orders Moses and Aaron to be thrust from the palace—The plague of
the locusts—Despair of the Egyptians—Pharaoh acknowledges his sin
—The plague ceases—Character of Pharaoh—The plague of darkness
—Description of the plague—Pharaoh unequal to the combat with
God—His rage against Moses—Moses denounces upon Pharaoh
God's last and terrible judgment—The Egyptians deify him—pp. 539-
558.
LETTER XI.
Moses and Aaron call the elders of Israel together—The Passover
Instituted—The Hebrews cease work—They all flock to Goshen—
Moses deified by priests in the temples—Hopefulness of the Hebrews
—The sprinkling—Egyptians seek refuge with the Hebrews—Silence
of expectation—Awful vision of the Angel of the Lord in the Pillar of
Fire—A cry from Egypt—Messengers from Pharaoh to Moses—
Amunophis, the son of Pharaoh, slain by the Angel of the Lord—
Egyptians implore Moses to depart—Israel marshalled—Guided by
the Pillar of Fire, the Hebrew host leave Egypt—The Lamb of God
prefigured—Moses explains the lessons of God's judgments—pp.
559-575.
LETTER XII.
The departure—Sarcophagus containing the embalmed body of
Joseph—The Shekinah—Succoth—Etham—Pi-hahiroth—Migdol—
Hebrews inclosed between the mountains and the sea—Calm
confidence of Moses—Fulfilment of prophecy—Pharaoh determines
to destroy the entangled Hebrews—Gathers a mighty host and
follows in pursuit—Dismay of the Hebrews—The Egyptian army
comes in sight—The elders reproach Moses—He calls upon God—The
Voice of the Lord—The Pillar of Cloud and the Pillar of Fire—The sea
—Israel in the midst of the sea—The procession—The pursuit—
Frantic terror of Pharaoh and his army—Their destruction—Israel
filled with awe and gratitude—They go into the wilderness—The
bitter waters—Journey abounding in miracles—The rock in Horeb—
God's awful presence on Horeb—Moses disappears in the mount of
God—The people murmur—They demand a god—They sacrifice to a
molten calf—An indignant God!—Terrible vengeance upon the
offenders—Joshua—pp. 576-596.
APPENDIX.
The author to the scholar and critic—pp. 597-600.

THE PILLAR OF FIRE,

OR

ISRAEL IN BONDAGE.
 LETTERS
OF SESOSTRIS TO QUEEN EPIPHIA.

LETTER I.
Prince Sesostris
To his royal Mother, Epiphia,
Queen of Phœnicia.
At length, my dear mother, I have reached the "Land of the
Seven Rivers," and do now write to you from her gorgeous capital,
On, The City of the Sun.
How shall I describe to you the grand and solemn magnificence of
this city of divine temples, and convey to you a just idea of its
palaces that seem rather to have been erected for the abodes of
gods than of men!
Wheresoever I turn my eyes, I realize that I am in mighty Egypt;
for everywhere I behold grandeur and glory, excellency and
perfection. Every object illustrates the power, munificence, and taste
of the imperial princess who now sits on the throne of the Pharaohs,
and the splendor of whose reign has raised Egypt above the
mightiest empires of the earth.
And all that I behold recalls the ancient glory, my dear mother, of
our own land, the once princely Palestina and Phœnicia,—twin
kingdoms which of old gave conquerors, and rulers, and laws to
Egypt, under the short but brilliant dynasty of her Shepherd Kings!
But, though fading with age, Phœnicia still lives in the beauty, pride,
and power of her daughter Egypt.
 I will not lament over the waning glory of my own dear land, my
royal mother, while I can see it revived here with increased
magnificence. Phœnicia is not dead while Egypt lives. Every ruin in
my own kingdom is restored with augmented beauty and splendor
on the green plains of this land of the shining River, whose fountain-
head is underneath the throne of Thoth, far in the southern sky.
How shall I describe what I behold? Every new object enchants
me, and moves my soul with a fresh pleasure. I am intoxicated, not
with wine, but with the splendor of art and scenes of beauty, and
with manifestations of human glory and power hitherto
inconceivable. I have heard my royal father describe the glory of
Salem in Palestine, under the princes of the dynasty of Melchisedec,
with its gorgeous temples to the Sun, and its palaces of marble, its
hanging gardens, and noble terraces overlooking its flower-
enamelled valleys; but the cities of Egypt surpass this Syriac
magnificence.
In coming hither, across the Levantine seas, from Syria, I seem to
have crossed to the shores of that mystic world where dwell the
sacred divinities, rather than only to another land of the plane of the
earth; for Egypt, compared with the kingdom of Phœnicia seems
truly the land of the blessed. What far-famed warriors! what stately
priests, clothed with power from the gods! what superb princes!
what a majestic queen! what grace and dignity in the virgins of the
Sun! what a stupendous system of worship! what mighty
mausoleums, both tomb and temple, rising like mountains hewn into
solid triangles everywhere over the illimitable plain! What a land of
verdure and of flowers!—land of gardens and palaces, obelisks and
fountains, fanes and altars, sphinxes and gigantic statues!—land,
comprising all that can delight the heart or take captive the sense!
I ask myself—Am I, indeed, in Egypt, the "Land shadowing with
wings," as those proud Pharaohs, Thothmeses I. and II., termed it,
upon their winged globe-carved shields?—am I in Egypt, the glory of
the earth, the kingdom above all kingdoms, whose queen is above
all the monarchs that reign, and before the elevation of whose
golden sceptre all sceptres fall?
I have not yet, my dearest mother, seen, save at a distance, as
she was ascending the steps of her palace, this mighty queen of the
ancient house of the Pharaohs; but the third day hence I shall be
formally presented to her in the throne-room, where she receives
the ambassadors and princes of the nations who come into Egypt
either to learn arts or arms, or to behold the magnificence of her
empire, or to study the religion, laws, and government of a nation,
the fame of which has filled the earth.
Upon my arrival with my galleys off the mouths of the Nile, I
forwarded to her, by a private messenger in my gilded barge, the
letters written by your loving hand and sealed with the regal signet
of your kingdom, commending me to her personal favor and royal
consideration.
Although I have not yet been presented to the court, I have seen,
and must describe to you, the royal son of Queen Amense—this
proud daughter of the Pharaohs—Prince Remeses. Never did the
gods set their seal upon a nobler and truer prince. Every movement
of his stately and graceful person, his rich voice, his superb height,
his lordly eyes, his majestic yet winning carriage, all bespeak a youth
born to empire—created for dominion over men.
He is now in his thirty-fourth year, and is in the full glory of
manhood. He is skilled in all the arts of war, and not less celebrated
for his learning in all the wisdom of the Egyptians. Sages and
philosophers listen to his words when he converses, not so much
with the deference that is the homage due to rank, as with the
attention which intelligence lends to superior wisdom.
He received me with kindness and embraced me with affection,
inquiring after the welfare of my royal mother, and welcoming me to
his country with gracious and courteous words. Notwithstanding
there is a difference of six years in our ages, I feel that I shall be
regarded by him on terms of equal friendship, and that to his
companionship I shall owe the happiest hours I may pass in the land
of Egypt.
But, dear mother, as I promised to write you an account of my
voyage hither, with the adventures and scenes thereof worthy of
your notice, I will devote the remainder of my letter to this subject.
When I took leave of you on the marble steps of the stately pier
which extends along the front of our palace, and had stepped upon
the deck of my galley, I felt that a twofold cord had parted at my
heart,—one which bound me to thee, O mother, from whom I had
never before been separated, and one which tied me to my native
land.
Although for the first time in command of a beautiful fleet,
numbering a score and ten galleys, and about to visit the fairest of
all realms under the sunny skies of Afric, yet the pang of this twofold
separation deeply grieved my soul. It was with tears glittering upon
my eyelids that I gazed upon you, as you waved your adieux and
called on the god of our race to bless me! It was with a voice thick
with emotion that I gave orders to the admiral to spread the purple
sails of my golden galley to the favoring breezes which seemed to be
sent in answer to your prayers.
Long I stood upon the lofty poop of my ship, gazing towards the
receding city, with its noble lines of palaces, its crowning temples, its
familiar groves, and pleasant gardens. (Even now I am moved as I
recall the sweet emotions of that time.) As I surveyed the fleets of
merchantmen from all lands gathered about her piers and anchored
in the haven, I felt my sorrow at parting, yielding gradually to a
feeling of pride that I was the prince of the great city to which these
argosies came bearing the merchants of all the earth. Indeed it was
a noble and stirring sight, dear mother, and calculated to divert my
thoughts, to see these ships, as my galley passed through them,
lower their banners, or elevate their rows of shining oars high in the
air, both in homage and farewell to the departing lord of the port.
There were vessels for bringing the merchandise of gold, and silver,
and precious stones from unknown seas; galleys from Tarsus and
the isles of the West, bearing pearls, and coral, and precious woods,
and thyme-wood; gayly decked barges, that carry fine linen, and
purple, and silk, and scarlet down to Egypt from Syria; painted ships
from the Nile, that receive by caravans from Ind and the East
cinnamon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense, and ivory,
and diamonds; the low dark galleys from Afric, that bring Ethiopian
slaves; and the broad heavier vessels from the Delta, laden with
wheat and fine flour! There were also the strong craft from Colchis
and the North, with iron, and brass, and marble; and oaken argosies
from further Britannia, bringing tin; tall ships from Græcia with
horses and chariots; while from the south shores of the summery
seas were light, graceful vessels laden with dainty and goodly fruits,
and birds of gorgeous plumes and of ravishing songs! All these
annually lay their treasures at thy feet!
As I moved slowly in my galley through the rich fleet of ships
which filled your haven, I felt my heart beat quicker, and I returned
the salutations of the ship-masters and of the foreign merchants on
their decks, with smiles of gratification at the prosperity still at least
of our port of Tyre; though the half our realm has been lost by
invasion and our interior cities are decaying. So long as Damascus
and Tyre remain, dear mother, those two eyes of your kingdom, your
power and throne will stand. The decadence of our sister city Sidon
will not affect our prosperity, since her ships will flock to Tyre. Yet
Sidon will rise again, if in my power to restore it.
I remained upon the poop of my ship until we had passed, not
only the fleet of merchant galleys, but the fourscore war-ships with
their hundred banks of oars, that ever guard the entrance to the
port with vigilant eyes and arms. The sun was gilding with his
setting beams the battlements of the temple of Hercules; and the
columns of the graceful temple of Io were richly roseate in the
blushing glory of his radiance. The last object on which my eye
rested was the gilded gate of the gorgeous Fane of Nyeth on
Lebanon; and I sent from my lips a prayer to the fair and kind-
hearted goddess to guard thee, mother, and me for thy sake.
 We soon passed the bright red Pharos, from the lofty lantern of
which, as the shades of evening rapidly fell around us, streamed
forth like a new-born star its cheering splendor for the haven-bound
mariner. Soon in the heavens over us other lights were kindled by
the gods; and the moon, rising over the lofty mountain-range of
Libanus, made far out upon the sea a path of light, that seemed like
a band of silver with which she would bind me still to the shores I
was leaving! But in Egypt I yet behold the same moon shine down
upon me with familiar radiance; and as I gaze upon her I can feel,
that even here she is a link to bind me to my native land—that upon
her winged beams I can send a thought to my dear mother, on
whom also she shines.
My whole fleet got well out of the port before the star Aldebaran
rose; and as the breeze was light, the governors of the rowers
commanded them to ply their oars. Thus with the fall of a thousand
sweeps into the blue sea at one motion, keeping time to the voice of
a singer who stood upon the bridge across the mid-ship, we kept our
course down the coast of Palestine. We would have steered directly
for the Delta of the Nile, but had knowledge, by a vessel that met
us, of a fleet of Rhodian pirates, which lay wait, in that vicinity, for
the Egyptian merchant-ships; and, as my galleys were rather an
escort of honor than a war-fleet, I did not wish to measure my
strength with them, but dispatched one of my ships, the same night,
back to Tyre, to the admiral of your Tyrian fleet, who, no doubt, has
gone out ere this in pursuit of these sea-rovers and enemies of our
commerce.
Nevertheless, after we had passed Jaffa, and the next day Ascalon
in lower Philistia, we beheld half a score of ships of doubtful
appearance, and, by my orders, six galleys were detached from the
fleet and gave chase. They proved to be fast-sailing Ionian pirates,
for one of them, being crippled, was overtaken. They had been
many weeks on the sea, and were returning to their own distant and
barbarous islands, richly laden. The captain of the galley took out
her merchandise, and precious stones, and spices, of which she had
robbed other ships, and burned her on the sea, with all the wretches
who appertained to her.
The shores of Egypt were reached by us on the seventh day,
without any accident to my fleet. It was two hours after the sun rose
that we came in view of the low line of land which marks the
entrance to the "Garden of the World," and from which open the
seven gates of the Nile into the great blue sea.
Upon ascending to the castle for bowmen on the highest mast of
the ship, I could discern the tall columns erected by King Menes at
the chief entrance of the river, from the summit of each of which at
night blazes a wonderful flame, said to have been invented by the
Magi of Egypt. As our galley rowed nearer the faint line of coast, I
could see numerous ships coming out and entering the Pelusian
branch of the Nile,—some of them in the interior so far, that only
their tops could be seen above the level land. I was now suddenly
surprised with a change in the color of the sea, which, from an
emerald green, became clouded with an intermixture of tawny water,
thick with mud, that seemed to flow upon the surface of the sea, as
if lighter than itself. I soon perceived that this was the outrush of the
river against the sea, with which it refused wholly to intermingle and
lose itself,—as if the proud Father Nilus reluctantly yielded his power,
so long wielded for a thousand miles, to the sceptre and dominion of
the god of the Mediterranean. Yet the latter—so vast was the volume
of the yellow waves of the former—was forced a league from the
shore before the conquered Nile ceased to resist his fate.
The sun shone upon the battlements of the great city of Pelusium
—the oldest fortified place in Egypt, and called "the Key of Egypt,"
and also "the Strength of Egypt"—and lighted up the terraces of its
gardens and temples; but the admiral told me that every year the
deposit of the Nile is covering them, and that ere many centuries no
trace will be left of a city which is older than On or Memphis. We
saw, from the deck, palaces and obelisks and groves in the suburbs,
and further inland a country of wonderful beauty and of the highest
cultivation, but as level as the sea, from which it is elevated but a
few feet. The muddy and wonderful Nile is overflowing annually
these pleasant maritime plains; and as the plane of the Delta is
steadily raised, these ancient cities and palaces and this fair land will
become a fen for the stork and the sea-mew! How different the site
of Tyre, my dear mother! Built upon the firm coast, and defended by
nature, it will stand forever as the key of Syria and of the East; and
to the end of time the commerce of the world will flow into the
palace-like warehouses of its opulent merchants!
As we drew near the port, one of the large fishing eagles which
have their home in the Delta soared above our heads, scanning our
deck with his piercing glances: and snow-white birds with black-
tipped wings skimmed past from wave to wave; while others, resting
upon the crest of a shining billow, rocked gracefully with the motion
of its undulations. An ibis stalked upon the shore, and numerous
aquatic birds, unknown to us, soared about our galleys with sharp
and strange outcries.
The atmosphere of the morning was slightly hazy, and, suffused
by the sunbeams, cast a soft veil over the land, investing galley,
pharos, and fane with the hues of gold. It was a scene of novel
beauty, and I hailed the very first view of Egypt with delight. It was
a happy omen of the future.
As my galley advanced before the fleet, a large war-ship with a
triple poop-deck, and propelled by three hundred oars, swept like a
swift dark cloud out of the mouth of the river and bore down
towards me in hostile attitude. I displayed the insignia of my
kingdom at the top of the chief mast, and awaited the Egyptian
guard-ship. The vessel was brought to, a bow-shot from my own,
and I was asked by the governor thereof, who I was, whence I
came, and my destination? To these inquiries I gave satisfactory
replies through my admiral; whereupon the Egyptian captain,
commanding an elegant barge to be made ready, came on board,
attended by his suite, to pay his respects to me as Prince of Tyre. I
came forth from my state-room to receive him, my dear mother,
attired as became my rank. In the most courteous language, and
with an elegance of manners unsurpassed save in the polite land of
Egypt, he assured me of the pleasure it would give his royal
mistress, Queen Amense, "The Support of Worlds," as he termed
her, to have me visit her court. He said she was just then returning
from a visit to the temple of Isis and Nephthys, at Philæ, with a vast
retinue of state and sacred galleys, and by the time I arrived at
Memphis she would be either there or at her private palace at On.
By his advice, I dispatched, in our handsomest galley, my
secretary, Acherres, with a copy of the letter to the queen, which
you gave to me, sealed with my own signet. This done, I entertained
the Egyptian officer with a magnificence becoming my position and
his own. He was much pleased with the elegance of my ship, and
the complete appointment of my fleet. He said he had never seen a
Tyrian squadron before, but had heard much of our luxury and
perfection in maritime affairs.
His ship was stately in height, and terrible with its warlike aspect.
The poop bristled with armed warriors in polished helms of brass. It
had four short masts, and upon each top thereof a huge castle
containing a score of Libyan bowmen with steel-headed arrows.
Upon the prow was a sort of fortress, on which stood a group of
soldiers armed with long spears and with large oval shields, on
which were painted hieroglyphic devices in brilliant colors. Arranged
on the sides above the rowers were black Ethiopians, gigantic men
in steel cuirasses, with long swords held before them. The captains
of these warriors were stationed at various points, arrayed in rich
armor of varied fashion, according to the class of soldiers that were
under them. The prow of this mighty battle-ship, which carried one
thousand fighting men, besides three hundred rowers, was
ornamented with a lion's head and shoulders of colossal size; while
across the stern stretched the broad, gilded wings of the feathered
globe of the Sun, which is the emblem of the kingdom of Egypt.
Besides this gorgeous and majestic galley, there were many lesser
ones near, having but a single mast and fifty oars. This fleet ever
kept guard at the mouth of the Nile, and thus defended the gates of
Egypt on the sea against foes.
 When I had sufficiently admired his ship from my own, the
admiral, whose name is Pathromenes, invited me to go on board.
After viewing all the parts of the ship, and especially the noble
apartments devoted to him and his officers, I was entertained with
musical instruments by players of infinite skill. Then I was amused
with the performances of jugglers and the wonderful antics of
grotesque deformed dwarfs, who seemed kept on board only for the
entertainment of these Egyptian nobles. Towards evening, a banquet
was offered me. Among other rare dishes were gazelles. Before the
feast, the admiral made a signal to a priest of Osiris, who presided
over the sacred rites on board, and inaugurated it by a prayer to the
god for the welfare of the queen and the prosperity of the kingdom.
This custom recalled our own, of offering first a libation of wine to
the gods. During the banquet, sweet strains of music floated around
us. After we had closed the feast, and were drinking wine, an
attendant entered, bearing a miniature mummy, elaborately painted
and gilded. Holding this emblem of mortality before me and the
admiral, he said solemnly:
"Behold this, and drink and be happy; for such thou shalt be when
thou art dead!"
I was not a little surprised at this unwelcome, and, as it seemed to
me, unseasonable intrusion. Pathromenes, observing my looks, said
with a smile: "This introduction of a memorial of death to our feasts,
O prince, is not unseasonable. It is designed to exhort us to enjoy
life while we possess it, for when we are no more, enjoyment will be
past." Thus saying, he poured out a vase of wine into our golden
cups, and pledged me "Thy health, my mother!" So I drank to thee,
and the glory of thy reign. Nevertheless, I do not agree with the
admiral, but think, rather, that the intention of this exhibition of
Death to guests, is to warn them that, while life is so short, it ought
not to be spent wholly in pleasure and festivities.
At length, night coming on, I returned to my ship, and the next
day, with a light wind and aided by but one bank of rowers, entered
the mighty Nile, and slowly ascended its powerful but sluggish
stream. The courtly Pathromenes escorted me past Pelusium, and
then took leave of me, embracing me more like a father than a
friend. I left my fleet at the Pelusian Delta, to return to Tyre after it
shall have received fresh water on board from the Nile. The only
galleys I took with me are the one I came in, and that on board of
which I sent my secretary to the capital in advance of me. I trust the
remainder will safely reach Syria.
The shores of the Eastern Nile, as we ascended, presented an
unchanging scene of gardens, verdant fields of corn, villages,
temples, and tombs, all united in one unbroken belt for leagues. The
river was dotted with fishers in their slender boats, and we
constantly met vessels descending, bound to the open sea: some for
Afric for gold-dust and ivory; others to Philistia, for copper and iron;
others to Colchis, for silver, or to the Isle of Thasos. The evening of
the day we entered the river, we beheld the sacred crocodile. It was
a vast scaly monster, basking on the shore. I gazed upon him with
wonder and fear. If he be a god, his votaries worship him rather
through terror than from love. But to my senses all the minor deities
of Egypt are gross and revolting. Yet I must not dare to be impious
while in the very land of these gods.
The next day, after sailing for hours between gardens, we drew
near the City of On, on the east bank. Our approach to it was
marked by the increased size and grandeur of the palaces and
temples, and the life and activity on the shores. Before reaching the
city, I caught view of Memphis on the west side of the river, and far
beyond towered the apex of one of those mighty pyramids whose
age is lost in the oblivion of the past.
Farewell, dear mother. In my next letter I will describe my arrival
and debarking at the terrace of the City of the Sun, and my
gratifying reception by the Prince Remeses.
Your affectionate son,
Sesostris.
 LETTER II.
City of the Sun.
My dear and royal Mother:
Think not that the splendors of the Court of "Pharaoh's
Daughter," as the Egyptians still love to call their queen, will lead me
to forget my own royal home and the dear scenes in which I have
passed my life—scenes that memory will ever cherish, as they are
associated with the love and care of a mother, such as a prince was
never before blessed with by the gods. Think not, my queenly
mother, that while I describe with pleasure the magnificence of
Queen Amense's realm, I think less of your own kingdom; but,
rather, all I behold only causes me to love my native land the more;
for the glory of Tyre, my home, is my mother's presence—and my
mother is not here! Queen Amense may have the homage of my
intellect, but that of my heart is reserved only for thee!
I have prefaced my letter in this manner, dear mother, lest you
should jealously read the glowing descriptions I give of what I
behold, and may fear that the luxuries and grandeur of Egypt will
make me dissatisfied with the lesser splendor of the Court of
Phœnicia. Fear not. I shall bring back to thee a son's faithful love,
and to my people the loyal affection due to them from their prince.
I closed my letter to you in sight, as I thought, of the City of the
Sun. But what I believed to be the capital of the gods, was but the
colossal gateway leading from the river to the city, which is half an
hour's ride inland. Yet from the Nile to the city there is a continuous
avenue of temples, such as earth has never beheld—not even
Nineveh or Babylon, in all their glory. For a mile fronting the river
extends a row of palaces, which, stupendous as they are, form but
wings to a central temple of vaster dimensions. The palaces that
guard it, as it were, are adorned with sculptured columns of the
most elegant description. They are three hundred in number,
covered with gorgeous paintings in the richest tints, and carved with
the most finished art. The beautiful capitals of these columns are
shaped alternately like a flower-bud, not yet expanded, or like the
open flower of the lotus, and the sides formed of imitations, by the
wonderful artist, of leaves and flowers indigenous to Egypt. The
columns and capitals, thus exquisitely fashioned, are gigantic in size,
and of the grandest altitude.
The central temple is a lofty and wonderful edifice of brilliant red
sandstone, with sixty columns of marble enriching its façades; these,
with the three hundred, representing the three hundred and sixty
days of the ancient Egyptian year. The front of this sublime temple is
pierced by three colossal gateways, broad enough for four chariots
to pass abreast. These gateways are adorned with paintings, in the
brightest tints, representing processions of priests, sacrifices,
offering of incense, and all the imposing religious ceremonies
appertaining to the worship of the Sun.
Above the centre gateway, between the noble wings of the
propyla which flank it, is a representative emblem of Osiris, in the
shape of a splendid shield of the sun, a half-sphere of gold, from
which extend wings for many yards, each feather glittering with
precious stones. Around the globe are entwined two brazen asps
emblems of which I have not yet learned the signification.
Imagine, my dear mother, this stupendous and noble temple, with
its vast wings facing the river, and reflected upon its sunny surface.
Fancy the river itself, flowing laterally through these gateways into
an artificial canal, lined with trees, and bordered by lesser temples,
which recede in long lines of diminishing columns. Behold oranges
swinging in clusters from branches bending over the water, while
scarlet pomegranates, figs, and olives fill trees innumerable that
shade the terraces; and vines, either gorgeous with flowers of
wonderful beauty and form, or pendent with purple grapes, entwine
the columns, and depend from the carved abacus of the capitals.
Into this canal my beautiful galley was received, in the sight of
thousands of admiring gazers standing upon the steps of the terrace
which led down to the entrance, and on which I had landed to pay
my homage to the chief captain at the propylon, who, magnificently
attired, waited, by the queen's command, to receive me and conduct
me to the city.
Returning with me on board my galley, he gave orders for it to be
taken in charge by two royal barges, with prows of silver, and golden
banners waving above the heads of the rowers, who were Nubian
slaves clothed in scarlet tunics. Thus, in state, my dear mother, as
became a prince, was I borne along this avenue of palaces and
fanes, and fragrant gardens. The vanishing line of columns was, at
short intervals, interrupted by gateways, above which were statues
of Osiris and Isis.
I was almost bewildered by the novelty and splendor of these
varied scenes, and was thinking that nothing could surpass in
magnificence this mighty avenue to a city, when all at once the canal
expanded into a circular lake completely inclosed by columns,
forming majestic colonnades on all sides, in which were walking and
conversing innumerable richly dressed persons, while others were
grouped around noble-looking ancient men, listening to their
discourses. The chief captain, who was with me in my galley,
informed me that these columned halls were the favorite resort of
the eminent philosophers and scholars of all lands, who came hither
to be taught in the learning and wisdom of the Egyptians. I then
looked a little closer, when he was pleased to point out to me several
great philosophers, who, called wise men in their own kingdom, yet
had come hither to learn at the feet of these masters of the world's
wisdom, the wise men of Egypt. As we were rowed past and around
this majestic circle of columns, I saw two noble youths from
Damascus, who came last year to Tyre, in order to embark for
Memphis. I beheld also Prince Melchor of the City of Salem, in Syria,
the descendant of the great king Melchisedec, whose wise reign,
about three centuries ago, is still remembered with glory and honor
to his name. The prince recognized me, and returned my salutation,
and leaving the group with which he stood, hastened around the
terrace to meet me at the place of debarkation; for this delightful
lake, dear mother, terminated the noble canal which united it with
the river. Beyond it, the galleys and barges did not go. Instead of
water, this mighty avenue to On was now to be continued by land.
At the place opposite the inlet rose two lofty obelisks a hundred feet
in the air, of incomparable elegance and beauty. They were
dedicated to Osiris and Isis. Elevated upon pedestals of porphyry,
they formed the graceful entrance to a semicircular flight of marble
steps which led from the lake to a broad terrace interlaid with parti-
colored marbles, in every variety of device which taste could
conceive, or art execute. Landing upon these steps, I ascended to
the terrace, and was there met and embraced by the Prince of
Salem. Here the chief captain took leave of me, and immediately
there advanced towards me a noble person, wearing a chain of gold
about his neck, and clothed in purple silk, richly embroidered, and
who carried in his right hand a long silver wand, with the head of an
ibis, cut out of a precious stone, upon it. He said that he was an
officer of the court of the queen, and had come to conduct me on
my way to the city.
"Her majesty," he said, with dignity becoming one who served so
mighty a monarch, "has received your letter, royal prince, and has
directed her servants to pay you all honor!"
I acknowledged the grace of the queenly Amense in this courteous
reception of a stranger, and followed him across the terrace, which I
perceived was encircled by statues of all the divinities of the earth;
and I was gratified to see that Io, and Hercules, and the favored
deity of Phœnicia, Athyris, had conspicuous pedestals allotted to
their sacred images, near the Theban god Amun.
Indeed, dear mother, this fact, and the manner of my reception,
shows that the present dynasty has graciously forgotten the
conquest of Egypt by the warlike hosts of Phœnicia. But when we
recollect that the first Amosis of the present house of Pharaohs had
for his queen the beautiful Ephtha, daughter of the last Phœnician
Pharaoh, taking her captive when he expelled the father from the
throne of Memphis, we need not be surprised at the favor shown us
by the noble Queen Amense, for, fourth only in descent from the fair
Phœnician, who was of our own blood, she is our cousin by just
hereditary lineage.
When I had traversed the "Hall of the Gods," we came to a lofty
two-leaved gate of brass, which stood between two sculptured
propyla of Libyan stone. At a wave of the wand of my escorter, they
flew wide open, and revealed the most magnificent and awe-
inspiring spectacle that it was possible to conceive the world could
present.
Before me was revealed an avenue, more than a mile in length to
the eye, leading straight to the City of the Sun, which rose, temple
rising beyond temple, shining like gold in the sunbeams, a mountain
of architecture, fashioned as if by the hands of gods rather than of
men. In the midst stood, elevated above all surrounding edifices, the
great temple of Osiris itself, encircled by a belt of twelve glittering
obelisks, representing the twelve months. In the centre of this
wonderful girdle, upon the apex of a pyramid rising within the walls
of the temple, two hundred feet high, blazed that sacred gold shield
of the sun—the shield of Osiris—the fame of which has filled the
world. It was like the sun itself for glory and splendor! Oh, how can I
describe all this! My pen refuses to find language to record what I
wish to write.
But I will be brief, lest I overpower you with gorgeousness, and
blind you with glory. Verily, the Egyptians seem resolved to rob the
heavens of their celestial architecture, and set up a rival heaven on
earth!
From the open gateway of brass I beheld the city thus described,
with its temple, obelisks, pyramid, and countless palaces, while the
whole was encircled by a green belt of gardens, which shut it in from
the desert, like a setting of Indian diamonds in a bed of Assyrian
emeralds.
The avenue itself was paved with red-colored Syene stones from
the isles of the Cataracts, and on each side was a gigantic row of
sphinxes, reposing on broad, elevated dromoi. Some of these
represented lions, leopards, and other beasts of the African and
Nubian deserts. Some of them had the head of a ram, with the body
of a lion, the fore-paws extended upon the terrace, the vast body
resting upon the hind-paws, all presenting aspects of majestic
repose. There were one hundred of these stone effigies, in a double
row twenty feet apart, facing the avenue, and fastening upon the
passer-by their stony eyes in immovable watchfulness. This avenue I
walked up, preceded by the queen's officer, and escorted by a
retinue, which fell in behind me.
Having passed this row of crio-sphinxes we ascended three broad
steps, on each side of which towered a lofty pylon, elaborately
adorned with costly paintings of colossal size, representing sacred
scenes. Another dromo bordered with fourscore andro-sphinxes,
having alternate faces of Osiris and Isis, the one stamped with
majesty, the other with beauty, now began, and passing this solemn
and awful range of gigantic faces we came to another ascent of
marble steps, flanked by obelisks: four lofty pylones, and three
spacious courts were at the end of the dromos of sphinxes, also a
vast arena inclosed by palaces. Crossing this noble square, we came
to two colossi of granite, representing Cheops and Nilus, their
shields covered with hieroglyphics wrought with the highest degree
of perfection, each cartouch recording their titles and deeds.
At this point there met me a superbly caparisoned Arabian
charger, held by two pages; while a young noble, bearing upon his
breast the insignia of a prince of the queen's palace, addressed me,
and invited me to mount the beautiful and fiery animal.
I obeyed, leaping into the saddle with delight at once more being
upon horseback. Scarcely had I pressed the bit with the gilded
bridle, ere a score of horsemen, in splendid armor, issued from the
propylon on my left, in two columns, and, inclosing me between
them, escorted me through several magnificent courts, in which I
caught glimpses of obelisks, monoliths of kings, pylones sixty feet in
height with pyramidal wings, giving entrance to courts each more
magnificent than the last.
 At length I saw before me the great and splendid pylon which
gives admission to the city. In front of it, raised upon a throne of
crimson stone, stood, with his ibis head fifty feet in the air, a
monolith statue of Thoth. In his outstretched right hand he held a
pair of scales, and in his left a tablet.
At this gate, the city is entered in its central point. Two obelisks,
ninety feet in height, towered on each side of the entrance. Here I
was received by a venerable noble, who was mounted upon a snow-
white horse, and attended by a brilliant retinue, all superbly
mounted. This personage extended to me the same hospitable and
courteous welcome from his queen, which had been presented to
me from the others. He rode by my side, and we took our way at a
rapid trot along an avenue of alternate obelisks and sphinxes, until
we passed through a pylon which opened into the streets of the city.
The splendor around bewildered me. Palaces, with gorgeous façades
and triple stories of colonnades, composed street after street, while
fountains and statues and propyla, temples, monoliths, andro-
sphinxes and crio-sphinxes presented, as I rode along through this
superb "City of the Sun," an endless spectacle of architectural
grandeur and marble magnificence. The streets were thronged with
handsomely attired citizens, either in the pursuit of pleasure or
business, while priestly processions, festival parties crowned with
flowers and attended by musicians, and bodies of horse, were met
by us. Gilded chariots, palanquins, and vehicles of rare and graceful
forms, were numerous. The whole city wore an air of pleasure and
life, and impressed me with the idea that the Egyptians are not only
master-builders in architecture, but know how to enjoy the splendid
cities they erect with such costly care.
My senses sated with luxury, I was not unwilling to alight at the
entrance of a beautiful palace, which the venerable horseman said
the queen had placed at my service. Upon its portico I was met by
my private secretary, Acherres, who, in his joy at beholding me
again, forgot for a moment my rank, and embraced me with tears of
delight; for, in this foreign land, he saw in me alone the link which
bound him to his native country.
 I have now been two days in this palace, wherein is furnished me,
by the queen, the attendance of slaves; and every luxury of Egypt is
at my command. As I said to you, dear mother, in my first letter, I
have yet only seen the Queen of Egypt at a distance, as she was
ascending the steps of her palace, but to-morrow I am formally to
be presented to her, for on that day of the week alone she receives
princes and ambassadors. She had returned four days before to
Memphis, from Philæ, with a great retinue of the lords and officers
of her realm, and yesterday, crossing the Nile in her barge of state,
she entered this sacred city, which she visits for three days every
month to perform in the great temple the sacred rites of her
gorgeous religion. Of this worship I will soon write you more fully. It
is an error, however, to suppose that these enlightened Egyptians
worship the sun, or any other objects, as such, of mere matter. Their
fundamental doctrine is the unity of the deity, whose attributes are
represented under positive and material forms. The common people
perhaps never go beyond these forms, and their minds never are
admitted to a knowledge of the truth of the mysteries; but the
priests, and the high in rank, look upon the sun, and moon, and
animals, and the fecund Nile, only as so many attributes of a one
infinite deity. The sun—believed to possess much of the divine
influence in its vivifying power and its various other effects—is
regarded as one of the grandest agents of the one deity. The moon
is another direct manifestation of the invisible author, and as the
regulator of time, say their sacred books, is figured in painting and
sculpture as the ibis-headed Thoth, and the deity who records, as
time flies, the actions of men's lives. Osiris, if I understand their
mythology, is this supreme god (symbolized here by the sun), who is
also the judge of the souls of the dead, rewarding or punishing
hereafter the creatures he has created, according to their lives. But
when I learn more fully their system of religion, I will explain it to
you, dear mother.
Although I have not seen, to speak with her, the august lady who
reigns over Egypt, I have been visited by her son, the lord Prince
Remeses. I have already written of him. He is in his thirty-fourth
year, and the noblest appearing man my eyes ever beheld. Upon his
brow the gods have set the seal and impress of command. I will
narrate the manner of our first intercourse.
I was standing by the window of the stately apartment, which
overlooks one of the squares of the city, interested in watching the
toils of several hundred men, coarsely attired in blue aprons or loin-
cloths, and gray breeches reaching only to the knee, the upper part
of their bodies being naked, who were at work constructing a wall
which was to inclose a new lake before the temple of Apis, in the
midst of the square; for On is a city of alternate lakes (all of great
beauty and adorned with trees), temples, squares, and palaces,
interspersed with dromos of sphinxes connecting court after court,
through lofty pylones; while obelisks, statues, and fountains fill up
the interspaces.
My window not only commanded a view of these laborers with
their heavy burdens of bricks, borne on their shoulders to the top of
the wall they were building, but also, beyond the wall and distant
temples, a glimpse of the yellow expanse of the desert. How mighty,
and grand, and solemn it looked in its loneliness and ocean-like
vastness! A faint dark line that I at length perceived in motion, was,
doubtless, a caravan coming from the haven of the Red Sea, where
the galleys from Farther Ind land their precious freights of untold
wealth. This caravan seeks the port of On, six miles below on the
Nile, whence sail ships, laden with the treasures of the caravan, to
all parts of the known earth. Sesostris, Thothmes, Menes, all
planned a canal from the Nile to this sea; but the camels are the
only ships, to this day, that cross this desert waste. Again my eyes
rested upon the laborers, seeing that they were sorely pressed by
cruel taskmasters, who, with long rods, urged them to their
ceaseless toil. I perceived, then, that they were men with Syrian
features, arched eagle noses, long black beards, and narrow but fine
eyes, which seemed to have a strange expression of tears in them.
There were among them noble and manly men, handsome youths,
though pale with toil, and bent forms of aged men. I marvelled to
see so fine a race thus in bondage, as slaves under taskmasters, for
in the day of the Phœnician Pharaohs, there were no such bondmen
in the land of Egypt. From their remarkable likeness to some natives
of Mesopotamia I had seen in Tyre, I judged that they must be
captives of that ancient Orient people, taken in the wars of
Amunoph.
While I was regarding them, and especially an interesting youth,
whose dark eyes, as he staggered under a heavy burden of bricks,
were turned up to me as if seeking sympathy, Acherres entered and
said:
"My lord Sesostris, the mighty Prince Remeses is alighting from his
chariot upon the steps of your palace!"
Upon hearing this news I hastened to the portico, wondering if I
were to be honored with a personal visit from the lord of Egypt, ere
the queen mother should receive me in state.
Upon reaching the circular peristyle hall within the portico, the
ædile of my palace opened the gilded doors, and there stood before
me the Prince of Egypt. I have already described his noble presence
and personal appearance. Upon seeing me he advanced, waving his
attendants to withdraw, and with mingled dignity and sweetness,
that at once won my heart, said:
"I welcome you, noble Prince of Tyre, to Egypt! I have been
engaged in reviewing the army of the Nile, a day's march hence, and
heard but yesterday of your arrival. I hail you, not as a stranger, but
as cousin, dear Sesostris; for are we not allied by blood?"
"You, my lord prince," I said, "are descended from two lines of
kings—the Syrian and Theban—I from but one. But by that one we
are indeed of the same blood. But what is a prince of Tyre,
compared with the heir to the throne of Egypt?"
"We are to be friends and equals," he said, smiling, as he pressed
my hands. I accepted this pledge of friendship with grateful emotion,
my dear mother; and from that moment we became as brothers,—
he the elder, I the younger, and looking up to him with admiration
and pride, as henceforth my model of what a prince should be.
 He remained with me three hours. We discoursed of you, of Tyre,
of the beautiful city of Damascus,—my sword of Damascene steel
attracting his notice (for he is a famous soldier), and leading to the
mention of this city. We talked also of Egypt, and her glory, and her
power; of the queen, his mother, and the manners, religion, and
policy of the kingdom.
But, my dear mother, I will here close this letter, and in another
relate to you what passed at our interview, and the most interesting
portion of his conversation.
Your devoted son,
Sesostris.

LETTER III.
The City of the Sun.
My dear Mother:
The climate of this land of the Sun is so delightful to the senses
that one feels a constant buoyancy of the heart, and experiences in
the consciousness of mere existence, an undefinable and delicious
joy; and herein I discover the key to the cheerful gayety of the
Egyptians. The skies are blue with eternal sunshine. The
atmosphere, free from moisture, is so transparent and crystalline,
that distant objects lose one half their distance to the eye. The sun
rises ever with cloudless splendor, and sets in a sea of golden glory,
without a shadow of a cloud falling upon his fiery disk. The moon
sails by night across the starry ocean of the heavens, with a
brilliancy unknown in other lands; while the stars burn with an
increased intensity, and seem enlarged by means of the purity of the
upper air through which we behold them. It is no marvel that the
dwellers in this happy land are wise, and love art, and delight in
forms of beauty, and build palaces for gods! But I promised in my
last letter, dear mother, to describe what particularly passed in the
long and interesting interview which the Prince Remeses had with
me on his first visit to my palace. I have already described his
personal appearance; but, as ladies are always interested in
costume, I will relate to you how he was attired.
The Egyptians, you are aware, always shave the head and beard
closely, save when in mourning. They have nevertheless a plaited
lock of hair on the height of the forehead, which falls down over the
ear. Such is the fashion with which the youthful god Horus is
represented in paintings and statues, though the beautiful locks of
this deity are not so closely removed but that a crest of golden
tresses covers the top of his head like the plume of a helmet.
Something in this manner Prince Remeses wore the lock of jet-black
hair which remained. But upon his head he had a rich cap or kaftan
of green silk, the front of which was shaped like the beak of an
eagle, while behind, it fell to the shoulders in a sort of cape,
fashioned like drooping wings—the whole most becoming and
striking. In the eyes of the eagle, blazed diamonds, and his plumage
was studded with precious stones, beryls, sardine gems, and the
onyx-stone. This head-costume, in varied forms, is worn by all the
nobles and men of high rank. With some the ibis or the vulture, with
others the lion or the hawk, form the insignia. I have seen him since
in his chariot, in a close-fitting helmet-cap of burnished gold,
resembling that of the Egyptian god of war, which, with his martial
form and commanding glance, lent to him the aspect of the god
himself!
His vesture was of fine linen, worn in numerous folds about his
form; and a surcoat embroidered with gold in royal devices, left
open in front, displayed a girdle of links of steel and gold, exquisitely
and cunningly woven, to which hung his jewelled sword. About his
neck was fastened, by a pearl of price, a collar of the red-hued gold
of Ophir, massive and large; and upon his manly chest glittered a
breastplate, sparkling with the enamelled cartouch of the god
Athothis, the deity who presided at his birth, and who is the same as
our Taut, the inventor of letters.
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