Class 8 Light Chapter .Docx
Class 8 Light Chapter .Docx
Luminous objects that create their own light, such as the sun, bulb, and
tube light.
Non-luminous objects that do not emit light on their own but reflect light
from other sources, like the moon (which reflects sunlight), trees, tables,
and paintings.
● The ray of light which falls on the mirror surface is called an incident
ray.
● The point at which the incident ray strikes the mirror is called the
point of incidence.
● The ray of light which is sent back by the mirror is called the reflected
ray.
● The ‘normal’ is a line drawn at right angles to the mirror surface at the
point of incidence.
● The angle between the incident ray and normal is called the angle of
incidence.
● The angle between the reflected ray and normal is called the angle of
reflection
Laws of Reflection
There are two laws of reflection:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (at the point of
incidence), all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.
DIAGRAM
Image Formation in a Plane Mirror
● The image obtained is virtual.
● The image is laterally inverted.
● Lateral inversion is when the left and right sides of an image are
flipped when you look at it in a mirror.
● The image is erect.
● The size of the image is the same as the size of the object.
● The distance between the image obtained from the mirror is the same
as the distance between the object from the mirror.
Multiple images
• When two or more mirrors are placed at some angle to one another,
multiple images of an object are formed.
• The number of images formed depends on the angle between the two
mirrors.
• If the given two mirrors are at a right angle to each other, 3 images will be
obtained. If the given mirrors are at 60° angle, we shall get 5 images.
KALEIDOSCOPE -The idea of number of images formed by mirrors placed
at an angle to one another is used in a kaleidoscope to make numerous
beautiful patterns.
Reflected light can be reflected again
When the two mirrors are kept opposite and parallel to each other, we will
get an infinite number of images formed.
• Example- the hairdresser shop has two mirrors placed opposite to each
other. If a man is sitting between them, His image is formed in both the
mirrors. This will result in the formation of multiple images.
PERISCOPE- A periscope is a device that uses a long tube and mirrors,
and lets you see things that are hidden or out of sight, like over a wall.
DIAGRAM OF EYE
The eye is one of our most vital sense organs.
the main parts of the human eye are:
● Cornea
● Iris
● Pupil
● Ciliary muscles
● Eye lens (which is a flexible convex lens)
● Retina
● Optic nerve
Working of the eye
● Cornea is made of a transparent substance
The light coming from an object enters into the eye through cornea.
Function of the cornea is to protect the eye.
● Iris is the colored part of the eye. The iris has a hole at its centre
which is called pupil. Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye
by adjusting the size of pupil.
● Pupil appears like a dark spot in the centre of iris because no light is
reflected from it.
● The eye-lens is a convex lens made of a transparent and flexible
material.
● The eye-lens is held in position by ciliary muscles. The function of
ciliary muscle is to hold the lens & changes its size according to the
need.
● The retina is a screen on which the image is formed in the eye.
● The optic nerve carries the image formed on retina to the brain in
the form of electrical signals.
● Rods and Cones
a. Rods are the rod-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye
which are sensitive to dim light.
b. Cones are the cone-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye
which are sensitive to bright light. Cones also cause the
sensation of color of objects in our eyes.
Blindspot
At the junction of optic nerve and retina in the eye, there are no light
sensitive cells {no rods or cones due to which no vision is possible at spot.
This is called blind spot.
Persistence of Vision
The image of an object seen by our eyes persists {or remains}on the retina
for about 1/16th of a second even after the object has disappeared from
our view.
The ability of an eye to continue to see the image of an object for a very
shot duration even after the object has disappeared from view, is called
persistence of vision.
Function of eylid
● Prevents any object from entering the eye.
● It also shut out light when not required.
The most comfortable distance at which one can read with normal eye
is about 25 cm.
Eye defects:
Myopia (short-sightedness) : In this defect the person is able to see the
nearby objects but not able to see the far-off objects.
Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness) : In this defect the person is able to see
the far-off objects but not able to see the nearby objects.
Cataract: Cataract develops when the eye lens of a person becomes
cloudy (or even opaque) due to the formation of membrane over it.
Cataract decreases the vision of the eye gradually.