Number Group

- Number Format allows you to format your cells, such as

percentage, currency, date or time.

- Accounting Number Format allows you to format cell values as Dollars, Euros or other
currency.

- Percent Style allows you to format cell values as a percent.

- Comma Style allows you to format cell values with a thousand separator.

- Increase Decimal shows more decimal places for a more precise value.

- Decrease Decimal shows fewer decimal places.

FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

Formulas are equations that perform calculations on values in your worksheet.

Formulas are entered in the worksheet cell and must begin with an equal sign "=". The
formula then includes the addresses of the cells whose values will be manipulated with
appropriate operands placed in between. After the formula is typed into the cell, the
calculation executes immediately and the formula itself is visible in the formula bar. See the
example below to view the formula for calculating the sub total for a number of textbooks.
The formula multiplies the quantity and price of each textbook and adds the subtotal for each
book.

A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions, references, operators, and
constants.

 Functions - A pre-written formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation,

and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a
worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations.
 Reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft Excel
where to look for the values or data you want to use in a formula. With references, you
can use data contained in different parts of a worksheet in one formula or use the value
from one cell in several formulas. You can also refer to cells on other sheets in the
same workbook, and to other workbooks. References to cells in other workbooks are
called links.
 Operators - A sign or symbol that specifies the type of calculation to perform within an
expression. There are mathematical, comparison, logical, and reference operators.
 Constants - A value that is not calculated, and therefore does not change.

Example:

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Parts of a formula
1. Functions: The PI() function returns the value of pi: 3.142...
2. References (or names): A2 returns the value in cell A2.
3. Constants: Numbers or text values entered directly into a formula, such as 2.
4. Operators: The ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a power, and the *
(asterisk) operator multiplies.

About Functions in Formulas

Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations by using specific values, called
arguments, in a particular order, or structure. Functions can be used to perform simple or
complex calculations. For example, the ROUND function rounds off a number in cell A10.

Structure of a function

1. Structure. The structure of a function begins with an equal sign (=), followed by the
function name, an opening parenthesis, the arguments for the function separated by
commas, and a closing parenthesis.
2. Function name. For a list of available functions, click a cell and press SHIFT+F3.
3. Arguments. Arguments can be numbers, text, logical values such as TRUE or FALSE,
arrays, error values such as #N/A, or cell references. The argument you designate must
produce a valid value for that argument. Arguments can also be constants, formulas, or
other functions.
4. Argument tooltip. A tooltip with the syntax and arguments appears as you type the
function. For example, type =ROUND( and the tooltip appears. Tooltips only appear for
built-in functions.

Types of operators

Arithmetic operators To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition,

subtraction, or multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the
following arithmetic operators.

Arithmetic Meaning
operator (Example)
+ (plus sign) Addition (3+3)
– (minus sign) Subtraction (3–1)
Negation (–1)
* (asterisk) Multiplication (3*3)
/ (forward slash) Division (3/3)
% (percent sign) Percent (20%)
^ (caret) Exponentiation
(3^2)

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Comparison operators You can compare two values with the following operators. When
two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a logical value either TRUE or
FALSE.

Comparison operator Meaning (Example)

= (equal sign) Equal to (A1=B1)
> (greater than sign) Greater than (A1>B1)
< (less than sign) Less than (A1<B1)
>= (greater than or equal to Greater than or equal to
sign) (A1>=B1)
<= (less than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to (A1<=B1)
<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to (A1<>B1)

Text concatenation operator Use the ampersand (&) to join, or concatenate, one or more
text strings to produce a single piece of text.

Text Meaning (Example)

operator
& Connects, or concatenates, two values to produce one continuous text value
(ampersand) ("North"&"wind")

Reference operators Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators.

Reference Meaning (Example)

operator
: (colon) Range operator, which produces one reference to all the cells between two
references, including the two references (B5:B15)
, (comma) Union operator, which combines multiple references into one reference
(SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15))
(space) Intersection operator, which produces on reference to cells common to the
two references (B7:D7 C6:C8)

The order in which Excel performs operations in formulas

Formulas calculate values in a specific order. A formula in Excel always begins with an equal
sign (=). The equal sign tells Excel that the succeeding characters constitute a formula.
Following the equal sign are the elements to be calculated (the operands), which are
separated by calculation operators. Excel calculates the formula from left to right, according
to a specific order for each operator in the formula.

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Operator precedence

If you combine several operators in a single formula, Excel performs the operations in the
order shown in the following table. If a formula contains operators with the same
precedence — for example, if a formula contains both a multiplication and division operator —
Excel evaluates the operators from left to right.

Operator Description
: (colon) Reference operators

(single space)

, (comma)
– Negation (as in –1)
% Percent
^ Exponentiation
* and / Multiplication and division
+ and – Addition and subtraction
& Connects two strings of text
(concatenation)
= < > <= >= Comparison
<>

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Basic Functions

Functions can be a more efficient way of performing mathematical operations than formulas.
For example, if you wanted to add the values of cells D1 through D10, you would type the
formula "=D1+D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+D8+D9+D10". A shorter way would be to use the
SUM function and simply type "=SUM(D1:D10)". Several other functions and examples are
given in the table below:

Functio
Example Description
n
SUM =SUM(A1:100) finds the sum of cells A1 through A100
AVERAG =AVERAGE(B1:B1
finds the average of cells B1 through B10
E 0)
MAX =MAX(C1:C100) returns the highest number from cells C1 through C100
MIN =MIN(D1:D100) returns the lowest number from cells D1 through D100
SQRT =SQRT(D10) finds the square root of the value in cell D10
TODAY =TODAY() returns the current date (leave the parentheses empty)
counts the number of cells that contain numbers from
COUNT =COUNT(A1:C10)
cells A1 through C10

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Logical functions
 AND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE
Syntax
AND(logical1,logical2, ...)

Logical1, logical2, ... are 1 to 30 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE.

 FALSE Returns the logical value FALSE

Syntax
FALSE( )

 IF Specifies a logical test to perform.

Syntax
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)

1. Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.

2. Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE. For example, if this
argument is the text string "Within budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to
TRUE, then the IF function displays the text "Within budget". If logical_test is TRUE and
value_if_true is blank, this argument returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the
logical value TRUE for this argument. Value_if_true can be another formula.
3. Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE. For example, if this
argument is the text string "Over budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to
FALSE, then the IF function displays the text "Over budget". If logical_test is FALSE and
value_if_false is omitted, (that is, after value_if_true, there is no comma), then the logical
value FALSE is returned. If logical_test is FALSE and value_if_false is blank (that is, after
value_if_true, there is a comma followed by the closing parenthesis), then the value 0
(zero) is returned. Value_if_false can be another formula.

 NOT Reverses the logic of its argument

Syntax
NOT(logical)

Logical is a value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.

 OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE

Syntax
OR(logical1,logical2,...)

Logical1,logical2,... are 1 to 30 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE.

 TRUE Returns the logical value TRUE

Syntax
TRUE( )

EXAMPLES:

1. =OR(NOT(TRUE), 7^2*5>30, FALSE)

=OR(FALSE, 7^2*5>30, FALSE)
=OR(FALSE,49*5>30, FALSE)
=OR(FALSE,245>30, FALSE)
=OR(FALSE,TRUE, FALSE)
TRUE

2. =AND(NOT(FALSE), OR(FALSE, 3^2*2-10>20))

=AND(TRUE, OR(FALSE, 3^2*2-10>20))
=AND(TRUE, OR(FALSE, 9*2-10>20))
=AND(TRUE, OR(FALSE, 18-10>20))
=AND(TRUE, OR(FALSE, 8>20))
=AND(TRUE, OR(FALSE, FALSE))
=AND(TRUE, FALSE)
FALSE

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 3. =IF(AND(A1<100, A1>50), “WITHIN THE RANGE”, “OUT OF RANGE”)

a. What is the logical test of the above statement? OR(A1<100, A1>50)

b. What is the value_if_true of the above statement? “WITHIN THE RANGE”
c. What is the value_if_false of the above statement? “OUT OF RANGE”
d. Predict the output if A1=25. OUT OF RANGE
e. Predict the output if A1=58. WITHIN THE RANGE

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