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General Physics 2 Prelims Reviewer

General Chemistry (University of the Philippines System)

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2
NOTES/REVIEWER

PRELIMINARY EXAMS REVIEWER – 3RD QUARTER

OUTLINE
I Electric Charge
A Behavior of Charged Objects
i Charging by Friction
ii Charging by Conduction
iii Charging by Induction
II Coulomb’s Law
A Sample Problems • Charges cannot be created nor destroyed, but they can be
B Practice Problems transferred from one object to another. Charges are
III Electric Field conserved.
A Electric Field Strength
B Electric Field Lines
C Electric Field Computations
IV Electric Flux
V Gauss’ Law
A Gauss’ Law Computations
VI Work Done by Electric Field
VII Electric Potential Energy • Neutral/uncharged
A Potential Energy of Two Charges o No of p+ = no of e-
B Potential Energy of a System of Charges o Σ𝑞𝑞 = 0
C Energy Conservation
i Practice Problems • Negatively charged
VIII Electric Potential o No of p+ < no of e-
IX Electric Potential Difference o Σ𝑞𝑞 < 0
A Electric Field and Potential Difference • Positively charged
X Equipotential Surfaces o No of p+ > no of e-
A Energy Conservation o Σ𝑞𝑞 > 0
i Practice Problems
XI Capacitance and Capacitors METHODS OF CHARGING
A Factors Affecting Capacitance
B Capacitors store energy CHARGING BY FRICTION (CHARGING BY RUBBING)
i Practice Problems • Charging by Friction
XII Capacitance and Dielectrics
i Practice Problems
o Occurs when two different materials rub against each
XIII Capacitors in Series and Parallel Circuits other, causing a transfer of electrons.
A Capacitors in Series • Conditions for charging by rubbing to occur
i Practice Problems o Materials must be different.
B Capacitors in Parallel o Materials must be insulators.
i Practice Problems o Rubbing must be done.
• Triboelectric Series
ELECTRIC CHARGE o A list of common materials that were experimented on
● Electric charge and found to behave in a predictable way.
o A property that causes subatomic particles such as o Those who appear first in the list tend to lose their
protons and electrons to attract and repel each electrons, making them positive.
other.
o Symbol: q or Q
o Scalar
o SI Unit: Coulomb (C)
o Usually expressed in nC (1 x 10-9) or 𝜇𝜇C (1 x 10-6)
● Elementary charge
o Smallest possible value of charge which is
represented by e.
o Equal to 1.602 x 10-19 C
o qn = 0
CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
o qp = +e
o qe = -e • Charging by Conduction
BEHAVIOR OF CHARGED OBJECTS o Occurs when a neutral object is placed in contact with
• Like charges repel; opposite charges attract. an already-charged object.
• Conditions for charging by conduction to occur
o Materials must be conductors.
o One must be neutral and the other must be already
charged.
o There should be direct contact between the two
conductors.

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NOTES: Gen Physics 2

• Negative charge  𝑘𝑘 = Coulomb’s constant equal to 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2

• Relationship Between Variables

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of
charge: -6.25 nC. They are held apart at a separation distance
of 61.7 cm. Determine the magnitude of the electrical force of
repulsion between them.
• Given
• Positive charge o 𝑞𝑞1 = −6.25 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑞𝑞2 = −6.25 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑟𝑟 = 61.7 cm = 0.617 m
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
• Required
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ?
• Equation
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 |
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 12 2
𝑟𝑟
• Solution
( 9 ×109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2 )|(−6.25 ×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(−6.25 ×10−9 𝐶𝐶)|
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 2
(0.617)
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 9.23 × 10−7 𝑁𝑁
• Answer
o The magnitude of the electrical force of repulsion
CHARGING BY INDUCTION between the charges is 9.23 × 10−7 𝑁𝑁 .
• Charging by Induction SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
o A method used to charge an object without actually Two balloons with charges of +3.37 µC and -8.21 µC attract
touching the object to any other charged object. each other with a force of 0.0626 Newton. Determine the
o Involves polarization and grounding. separation distance between the two balloons.
• Polarization • Given
o The separation of electrical charges to opposite poles o 𝑞𝑞1 = +3.37 × 10−6 𝐶𝐶
due to induction. o 𝑞𝑞2 = −8.21 × 10−6 𝐶𝐶
• Grounding o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 0.0626 𝑁𝑁
o Includes a grounding wire that connects the neutral
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
body to the ground, which is a reservoir of charge.
• Required
• Charging a Single Sphere
o 𝑟𝑟 =?
• Equation
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 |
o 𝑟𝑟 = � ����⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒
• Solution
• Charging a Two-Sphere System
(9 ×109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2 )|(+3.37 ×10−6 𝐶𝐶)( −8.21 ×10−6 𝐶𝐶)|
o 𝑟𝑟 = �
0.0626 𝑁𝑁
o 𝑟𝑟 = 1.99 𝑚𝑚
• Answer
o The separation distance between the two balloons is
1.99 m.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
COULOMB’S LAW
• Coulomb’s Law A charge q1 = +5 nC is placed at the origin of an xy-coordinate
o States that the magnitudes of the electrostatic force system and a charge q2 = −2 nC is placed on the positive x-
between two point electric charges are directly axis at x = 4 cm. If a third charge q3 = +6 nC is now placed on
proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each x = -6 cm, find the magnitude and direction of the electrical
charge and inversely proportional to the square of the force acting on this charge.
distance between the charges.
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 |
���⃑
o 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 12 2 wherein;
𝑟𝑟
 ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = electrostatic force (N)
 𝑞𝑞1 = charge of particle or object 1 (C)
 𝑞𝑞2 = charge of particle or object 2 (C)
 𝑟𝑟 = distance between the two charged • Given
particle/object (m) o 𝑞𝑞1 = +5 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶

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NOTES: Gen Physics 2

o 𝑞𝑞2 = −2 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑞𝑞3 = +6 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
o 𝑟𝑟13 = 0 – (-6 cm) = 6 cm = 0.06 m
o 𝑟𝑟23 = 4 – (-6 cm) = 10 cm = 0.1 m
• Required
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞3 |
o 𝐹𝐹13 =
𝑟𝑟13 2
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞2 𝑞𝑞3 |
o 𝐹𝐹23 = • Solution 3
𝑟𝑟23 2
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝐹𝐹23 − 𝐹𝐹13 o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = �(8.63 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)2 + (−5.5 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)2
• Solution 1 o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 1.2 × 10−4 𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
(9 ×109
𝐶𝐶2
)|(5 ×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+6×10−9 𝐶𝐶)| • Solve for angle
o 𝐹𝐹13 = �−5.5×10−5 𝑁𝑁�
(0.06 𝑚𝑚)2
o θ = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 |8.63×10−5
o 𝐹𝐹13 = 7.5 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁|
• Solution 2 o θ = 32.51°
(9 ×109
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
)|(−2×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+6×10−9 𝐶𝐶)|
• Answer
𝐶𝐶2
o 𝐹𝐹23 = o The x-component is 8.63 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁 while the y-
(0.1 𝑚𝑚)2
o 𝐹𝐹23 = 1.08 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁 component is −5.5 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁 of the total force exerted
• Solution 3 on the third charge by the other two charges. The
magnitude and direction of the total force exerted on
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = |(1.08 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)(7.5 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)|
the third charge is 1.2 × 10−4 𝑁𝑁, 32.51°, S of E.
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 6.42 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁 PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
• Answer
o The magnitude and direction of the electrical force Determine the electrical force of attraction between two
balloons with separate charges of +3.5 x 10-8 C and -2.9 x10-8
acting on the third charge is 6.42 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁, Left.
C when separated by a distance of 0.65 m.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
• Given
A charge 𝑞𝑞1 = +5.00 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 is placed at the origin of an xy- o 𝑞𝑞1 = +3.5 × 10−8 𝐶𝐶
coordinate system, and a charge 𝑞𝑞2 = −2.00 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 is placed on o 𝑞𝑞2 = −2.9 × 10−8 𝐶𝐶
the positive x-axis at x = 4.00 cm. (a) If a third charge 𝑞𝑞3 = o 𝑟𝑟 = 0.65 m
+6.00 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 is now placed at the point x = 4.00 cm, y = 3.00 cm, o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
find the x- and y-components of the total force exerted on this • Required
charge by the other two. (b) Find the magnitude and direction
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ?
of this force.
• Equation
• Given 𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 |
o 𝑞𝑞1 = +5 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶 o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 12 2
𝑟𝑟
o 𝑟𝑟13 = �(4 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2 + (3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2 = 5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.05 𝑚𝑚 • Solution
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
o 𝑞𝑞2 = −2 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶 ���⃑
(9 ×109
𝐶𝐶2
)|(+3.5 ×10−8 𝐶𝐶)(−2.9×10−8 𝐶𝐶)|
o 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 =
o 𝑟𝑟13 = 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.03 𝑚𝑚 (0.65)2
o 𝑞𝑞3 = +6 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶 o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 2.16 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁
o θ = 37° • Answer
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2 o The electrical force of attraction between the two
• Required balloons is 2.16 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁.
o 𝐹𝐹13 = ? PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
o 𝐹𝐹23 = ? Determine the electrical force of attraction between two
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ? particles with separate charges of +3e and –e when separated
• Equation a distance of 0.0065 m.
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞3 |
o 𝐹𝐹13 = • Given
𝑟𝑟13 2
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞2 𝑞𝑞3 | o 𝑞𝑞1 = +3(1.602 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶) = +4.806 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶
o 𝐹𝐹23 = o 𝑞𝑞2 = −𝑒𝑒 = −1.602 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶
𝑟𝑟23 2
o 𝑟𝑟 = 0.0065 m
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = �(∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 )2 + (∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 )2
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
• Solution 1 • Required
( 9 ×109
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝐶2
)|(+5×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+6×10−9 𝐶𝐶)| o ���⃑𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ?
o 𝐹𝐹13 = • Equation
(0.05)2
o 𝐹𝐹13 = 1.08 × 10−4 𝑁𝑁 𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 |
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 12 2
𝑟𝑟
• Solution 2
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
• Solution
( 9 ×109 2 )|(−2×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+6×10−9 𝐶𝐶)| 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
o 𝐹𝐹13 = 𝐶𝐶 (9 ×109 )|(+4.806×10−19 𝐶𝐶)(−1.602×10−19 𝐶𝐶)|
(0.03)2 o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶2
(0.0065 𝑚𝑚)2
o 𝐹𝐹23 = 1.2 × 10−4 𝑁𝑁
o ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 1.64 × 10−23 𝑁𝑁
• Solution
• The electrical force of attraction between the two
particles is 1.64 × 10−23 𝑁𝑁.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3

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A charge of -3.00 nC is placed at the origin of an xy-coordinate

system, and a charge of 2.00 nC is placed on the y-axis at y =
4.00 cm. (a) If a third charge, of 5.00 nC, is now placed at the
point x = 3.00 cm, y = 4.00 cm, find the x- and y-components of
the total force exerted on this charge by the other two charges.
(b) Find the magnitude and direction of this force.
• Source charge
o A larger charge (compared to the test charge) which
is the “source” of the electric field (a.k.a Point charge)
o Symbol: Q
• Test charge
o A smaller charge used to measure the electric field
• Given strength
o 𝑞𝑞1 = −3 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶 o Symbol: q0
o 𝑟𝑟13 = �(3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2 + (4 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2 = 5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.05 𝑚𝑚
o 𝑞𝑞2 = +2 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑟𝑟23 = 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.03 𝑚𝑚
o 𝑞𝑞3 = +5 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o θ = 37°
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 2
• Required
o 𝐹𝐹13 = ?
o 𝐹𝐹23 = ?
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ? IF ONLY THE POINT CHARGE GIVEN
• Equation
�����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
o 𝐹𝐹13 =
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞3 | • 𝐸𝐸�⃗ =
𝑟𝑟13 2 𝑞𝑞0
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞1 𝑞𝑞2 |
𝑘𝑘|𝑞𝑞2 𝑞𝑞3 |
o 𝐹𝐹23 =
𝑟𝑟23 2
• 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 𝑟𝑟2
𝑞𝑞0
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄𝑞𝑞0 |
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = �(∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 )2 + (∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 )2 • 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 𝑟𝑟2
𝑞𝑞0
• Solution 1 •
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄|
𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 2
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 𝑟𝑟
( 9 ×109 )|( +3×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+5×10−9 𝐶𝐶)|
o 𝐹𝐹13 = 𝐶𝐶2
= +5.4 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
(0.05)2
• A convenient aid of visually representing the vector nature
• Solution 2 of an electric field is through the use of electric field lines
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
( 9 ×109 )|(2×10−9 𝐶𝐶)(+5×10−9 𝐶𝐶)| of force.
𝐶𝐶2
o 𝐹𝐹23 =
(0.03)2 • Electric Field lines for isolated positive source charge
o 𝐹𝐹23 = 1 × 10−4 𝑁𝑁

• Electric Field lines for isolated negative source charge

• Solution 3
o ∑ ���⃑
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = �(6.75 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)2 + (−4.31 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁)2
���⃑
o ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 8.01 × 10−5 𝑁𝑁
• Solve for angle
�−4.31×10−5 𝑁𝑁�
o θ = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 |6.75×10−5 𝑁𝑁| • Electric Field lines of two charges interacting
o θ = 32.56°
ELECTRIC FIELD
• Electric Field
o A region around a charged particle or object within
which an electric force would be exerted on other
charged particles of objects. • Electric Field lines of two oppositely charged parallel
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH plates
• Magnitude of electric field strength
o Defined as the electric force exerted by a source
charge to a test charge divided by the magnitude of
the test charge.
o Vector quantity
o SI Unit: Newton per coulomb (N/C)
o Symbol: 𝐸𝐸�⃗ ELECTRIC FIELD COMPUTATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

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NOTES: Gen Physics 2

Gloria pulls her wool sweater over her head, which charges her o 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 = ?
body as the sweater rubs against her cotton shirt. What is the • Equation
electric field at a location where a 1.60 × 10−19 C -piece of lint o 𝐸𝐸�⃗𝑎𝑎 =
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄|
experiences a force of a 3.20 × 10−9 N as it floats near Gloria? 2
(𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 )

• Given o 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 = �
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄|
o q0 = 1.60 x 10-19 C 𝐸𝐸�⃗𝑏𝑏

o ����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 3.20 x 10-9 N • Solution (a)
9×109 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶 2 |−3.35×10−9 𝐶𝐶|
• Required o 𝐸𝐸�⃗𝑎𝑎 = 2(0.2 𝑚𝑚)
= 753.75 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ • Solution (b)
• Equation 9×109 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2/𝐶𝐶 2 |−3.35×10−9𝐶𝐶|
�����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 o 𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏 = � = 1.64 𝑚𝑚
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 11.2 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
𝑞𝑞0
• Answer
• Solution
3.20 x 10−9 N
o The magnitude and direction of the electric field due
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = −19
= 2 𝑥𝑥 1010 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 to this particle is 753.75 N/C, downward towards the
1.60 x 10 C
• Answer charge. The particle must be 1.64 m away from a
o The electric field at a location where a 1.60 x 10-19 C point to exert an electric field of 11.2 N/C.
piece of lint experiences a force of a 3.20 x 10-9 N as SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3
it floats near Gloria is 2 𝑥𝑥 1010 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 • A charge of 20 × μC is 20 cm from another charge of 60 ×
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1 μC. (a) Find the force between them. (b) Determine the E
Find the force on an electron if it is placed at a point where the midway between them. (c) How much force will be
electric field intensity is 240 N/C directed to the right. experienced by an electron placed midway between them.
• Given
o q0 = 1.60 x 10-19 C
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 240 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
• Required
o ����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = ?
• Equation • Given
o ����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐸𝐸�⃗ 𝑞𝑞0 o Q1 = +20 x 10-6 C
• Solution o Q2 = +60 x 10-6 C
𝑁𝑁
o ����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = (240 )(1.60 x 10−19 𝐶𝐶) o rE = 0.1 m
𝐶𝐶
o rF = 0.2 m
o ����⃗
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 3.84 x 10−17 𝑁𝑁
o q0 = 1.602 x 10-19 C
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2 o k = 9 x 109 Nm2 / C2
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field 0.45 • Required
m from a +7.85 x 10-9 C point charge. o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ?
• Given o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 =?
o Q = +7.85 x 10-9 C
o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ? (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)
o r = 0.45 m
• Equation
o k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2 𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄1 𝑄𝑄2 |
• Required o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 2
(𝑟𝑟𝐹𝐹)
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = ? o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ =
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄|
; ∑ 𝐸𝐸 = |𝐸𝐸1 − 𝐸𝐸2 |
(𝑟𝑟𝐸𝐸 )2
• Equation
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄| o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ∑ 𝐸𝐸𝑞𝑞0
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 2
𝑟𝑟 • Solution (a)
• Solution 9×109 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶 2 |(20×10−6𝐶𝐶)(60×10−6 𝐶𝐶)|
109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 2
9× (0.2𝑚𝑚)
𝐶𝐶2 �+7.85×10−9 𝐶𝐶�
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = (0.45𝑚𝑚)2 o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 270 𝑁𝑁
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = 348.89 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 • Solution (b.1)
9 2 2 −6 𝐶𝐶)|
• Answer o 𝐸𝐸����⃗1 = 9×10 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 /𝐶𝐶 |(20×10
2
(0.1𝑚𝑚)
o The magnitude and direction of the electric field 0.45
o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸1 = 18 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
m from the point charge is 348.89 N/C, away from the
point charge because the point charge is positive. • Solution (b.2)
9 2 2 −6 𝐶𝐶)|
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2 o 𝐸𝐸����⃗2 = 9×10 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 /𝐶𝐶 |(60×10
2
(0.1𝑚𝑚)
A particle has charge -3.35 nC. (a) Find the magnitude and o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸2 = 54 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
direction of the electric field due to this particle at a point 0.200 • Solution (b.3)
m directly above it. (b) At what distance from this particle does o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 = |18 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 − 54 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶|
its electric field have a magnitude of 11.2 N/C? o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 = 36 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶, 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
• Given • Solution (c)
o 𝑄𝑄 = −3.35 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = (36 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(1.602 x 10 − 19 C)
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗𝑏𝑏 = 11.2 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
o ���⃗
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 5.76 × 10−12 𝑁𝑁, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡
o 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚
• Answer
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶 2
o The force between the charges is 270 N. The electric
• Required field midway between them is 36 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶, 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙. The
o 𝐸𝐸�⃗𝑎𝑎 =?

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force that will be experienced by an electron placed o Property of an electric field that may be thought of as
midway between them is 5.76 × 10−12 𝑁𝑁, 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡. the number of electric lines of force (or electric field
lines) that intersect a given area.
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4 o Symbol: 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸
At the three consecutive corners of a square, 10 cm on each o Scalar Quantity
side, are point charges 4 × 10-6 C, 8 × 10-6, and 12 × 10-6 C o SI Unit: Newton-meter squared per coulomb (Nm2/C)
respectively. Find the net electric field at the fourth corner of o Equal to the product of an area vector (projection of
the square. the area) and the perpendicular component of electric
field integrated over a surface.
• Electric flux and enclosed charge

• Given
o Q1 = +4 x 10-6 C
o Q2 = +8 x 10-6 C
o Q3 = +12 x 10-6 C
o k = 9 x 109 Nm2 / C2 • Equation:
o r1 = 0.1 m o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
o r2 = 0.1414 m  𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶)
o r3 = 0.1 m  𝐸𝐸 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)
• Required  𝐴𝐴 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑚𝑚 2 )
o E1=?  𝜙𝜙 =
o E2=? 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (°)
o E3=? GAUSS’ LAW
o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 =? • Gauss’ Law
• Equation o Named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
o E1 =
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄1 | o German mathematician and physicist who made
2
(𝑟𝑟1 )
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄2 |
significant contributions to many fields in mathematics
o E2 = and science.
(𝑟𝑟2 )2
𝑘𝑘|𝑄𝑄3 | o Alternative to Coulomb’s Law
o E3 = o Provides a different way to express the relationship
(𝑟𝑟3 )2
between electric charge and electric field.
o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 = �(𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 )2 + (𝐸𝐸𝑦𝑦 )2
• Equation
• Solution 1 o The total electric flux through a closed surface, equals
9 2 2
����⃗1 = 9×10 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 /𝐶𝐶 |(4×10
−6 𝐶𝐶)|
a constant times the total charge enclose by the
o 𝐸𝐸 2
(0.1𝑚𝑚) surface
o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸1 = 3.6 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 𝑄𝑄
o = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝜖𝜖0
• Solution 2
9 2 2 −6 𝐶𝐶)| o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶)
o 𝐸𝐸����⃗2 = 9×10 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 /𝐶𝐶 |(8×10
2 o 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝐶𝐶)
(0.1414𝑚𝑚)
o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸2 = 3.6 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 o 𝜖𝜖0 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (8.85 × 10−12𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 )
• Solution 3 GAUSS’ LAW COMPUTATIONS
9×109 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶 2 |(12×10−6 𝐶𝐶)| An imaginary cubical surface of side 3 cm is in a region of
o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸3 = 2 uniform electric field equal to 300 N/C. Find the electric flux
(0.1𝑚𝑚)
o ����⃗
𝐸𝐸3 = 10.8 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 through each surface of the cube when it is oriented with two of
its faces perpendicular to the electric field.
• Given
o s = 0.03 m
o E = 300 N/C
o 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴 = 90°
o 𝜙𝜙𝐵𝐵 = 180°
• Solution for Net E-Field o 𝜙𝜙𝐶𝐶 = 90°
o ∑ 𝐸𝐸�⃗ = �(−13.35 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)2 + (−6.15 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)2 o 𝜙𝜙𝐷𝐷 = 90°
o ∑ 𝐸𝐸 = 14.70 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 90°
• Solution for the Angle o 𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹 = 0°
−6.15×106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶 • Required
o 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = 24.73° o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
−13.35×106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶
• Answer o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
o The net electric field at the fourth corner of the square o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
is 14.70 × 106 𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶, 24.73°, South of West. o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
ELECTRIC FLUX o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
• Electric Flux o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ?
o A measure of the “flow” of electric field through a o ∑ 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = ?
surface. • Equation
o 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑠𝑠 2

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o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴 o The work done is only dependent on the change in

o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐵𝐵 position, not the path since the electrostatic force is
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐶𝐶 conservative.
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐷𝐷  As long as endpoints are the same, work
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 done by the E-field is the same.
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝜙𝜙𝐹𝐹 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
o ∑ 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 Sample Problem No. 1 A point charge 𝑞𝑞1 = +2.40 μC is held
• Solution 1 stationary at the origin. A second point charge 𝑞𝑞2 = −4.30 μC
o 𝐴𝐴 = (0.03 𝑚𝑚)2 moves from the point 𝑥𝑥 = 0.150 m to the point 𝑥𝑥 = 0.250 m.
o 𝐴𝐴 = 0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 How much work is done by the electric force on 𝑞𝑞2?
• Solution 2 • Given
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2)𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90°= 0 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGES
• Solution 3
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐180° = −0.27 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶
• Solution 4
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90°= 0
• Solution 5
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90°= 0
• Solution 6
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90°= 0 • A system of point charges
• Solution 7 o When a system of more than two-point charges are
o 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = (300𝑁𝑁/𝐶𝐶)(0.0009 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0° = −0.27 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶 analyzed, there are two ways to calculate the electric
• Solution 8 potential energy.
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚 2 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚 2
o ∑ 𝜙𝜙𝐸𝐸 = 0 + −0.27 + 0 + 0 + 0 + −0.27 =0 1. Calculate the electric potential energy of one
𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶
charge due to the other charges.
• Answer 𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
o The electric flux through each surface of the cube are  𝑈𝑈0 = ∑𝑛𝑛 0 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞0 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 *work done needed
𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛
as follows: on A, 0; on B, −0.27 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2/𝐶𝐶; on C, 0; on D, to place q0 in the system
0; on E, 0; and on F, 0.27 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 /𝐶𝐶. The total flux 2. Calculate the total electric potential energy of all
through the cube is zero which infers that when the charges due to each other.
electric field is outside the closed surface, the net  𝑈𝑈 = 𝑈𝑈01 + 𝑈𝑈02 + 𝑈𝑈03 + 𝑈𝑈12 + 𝑈𝑈13 + 𝑈𝑈23 *the
electric flux is zero. The electric field is outside the total work done to assemble this system
closed surface when the source charge is outside of it SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
also.
On the figure below, calculate (a) the electric potential energy
WORK DONE BY ELECTRIC FIELD of 𝑞𝑞1, and (b) the total potential energy of the system.
• The electrostatic force is a conservative force since the
change in potential energy only depends on the initial and
final points.
• Ue = qEd wherein;
o q = property of the object of interest
o E = strength of the force field
o d = distance relative to a reference point.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Electric potential energy ENERGY CONSERVATION
o Change in potential energy depends on the direction • Energy conservation
of motion relative to the force. o Conservation of mechanical energy is also applicable.
1 𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
• Electric field is upward. o 𝑈𝑈0 + 𝐾𝐾0 = 𝑈𝑈 + 𝐾𝐾 wherein 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 and 𝑈𝑈 = 1 2
2 𝑟𝑟
o If positive charge o “at infinity” “very far away” r approaches infinity.
 lim 𝑈𝑈 = 0
𝑟𝑟→∞
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3
A point charge, carrying a net charge of 𝑞𝑞1 = −2.80 μC, is held
in a stationary position. A second point charge, with a net
charge of 𝑞𝑞2 = −7.80 μC and having a mass of 1.50 g, is
projected towards 𝑞𝑞1. When the two spheres are 0.800 m
o If negative charge
apart, 𝑞𝑞2 is moving toward 𝑞𝑞1 with speed 22.0 m/s. Ignore
other forces. (a) What is the speed of 𝑞𝑞2 if they are 0.400 m
apart? (b) How close does 𝑞𝑞2 get to 𝑞𝑞1?

PRACTICE PROBLEM NO. 1

A proton and an electron are arranged along the 𝑥𝑥-axis where
the proton is at the origin while the electron is at 𝑥𝑥 = −2.00 cm.
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF TWO CHARGES (a) Illustrate the setup. (b) Calculate the electric potential
• Potential energy of two charges energy of the system. If a charge 𝑞𝑞 = +3𝑒𝑒 is placed at 𝑥𝑥 = 4.00
o Can be derived using Coulomb’s law cm, (c) illustrate the new setup and (d) calculate the electric
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞0
o 𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 = *Include signs of q and q0
𝑟𝑟

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NOTES: Gen Physics 2

potential energy of 𝑞𝑞. (e) Calculate the total electric potential

energy of the system. [Note: 𝑒𝑒 = 1.60 × 10-19 C]

• Given
o 𝑞𝑞1 = +1.6 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑞𝑞2 = −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶
o 𝑟𝑟 = 2 × 10−2 𝑚𝑚
• Required
o ∑ 𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 = ?
• Equation
𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
o ∑ 𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 = 1 2
𝑟𝑟
• Solution
o ∑ 𝑈𝑈𝑒𝑒 =
(9×109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶)(+1.6×10−19 𝐶𝐶)(−1.6×10−19𝐶𝐶) PRACTICE PROBLEM
2×10−2 𝑚𝑚
• Answer (b) Two point charges, 𝑞𝑞1 = +4.00 μC and 𝑞𝑞2 = +3.00 μC, are
o The EPE of the system is −115 × 10−26 𝐽𝐽 initially at rest and are 0.400 m apart. 𝑞𝑞1 is fixed while 𝑞𝑞2 is
free to move. (a) Explain why 𝑞𝑞2 travels away from 𝑞𝑞1 when it
is released. Calculate the speed of 𝑞𝑞2 (b) when it is 0.800 m
away from 𝑞𝑞1, and (c) when it is very far away from 𝑞𝑞1 if the
mass of 𝑞𝑞2 is 0.0150 kg.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• Electric Potential
o Notice that when getting the total potential energy of
test charge q0, there is part of the expression that will
remain the same.

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ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

o The electric potential represents the electric potential

energy a positive unit charge would have it it were
placed at that point.
o The electric potential of a point in space is related to
• Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)
the source charge and the distance of that point from
o The work done in carrying a unit charge from point “a”
the source charge.
to point “b” in a per unit charge basis.
o Amount of work needed to move a unit positive
o Symbol: Vab
charge from a reference point to a specific point
o SI Unit: Volt (V)
against an electric field.
o Scalar Quantity
ELECTRIC FIELD AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• The relationship with the electric field and potential
difference can be determined using the work done by the
electric field.

o SI Unit: Volt (V)

o Scalar Quantity
• Equation
o 𝑈𝑈0 = 𝑞𝑞0 (𝑉𝑉) (version 1) wherein;
 V = electric potential at a point (Volts,V)
 U0 = electric potential energy of q0 at a point
(Joules, J)
 q0 = test charge (Coulomb’s, C)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
o 𝑉𝑉 = (version 2) wherein;
𝑟𝑟
 V = electric potential at a point (Volts,V)
 𝑘𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 /𝐶𝐶
 Q = source charge (Coulombs, C)
 r = distance of the point from q0 (meters, m)
• Electric potential at a point due to several point
charges (Q)

EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

In the figure below, determine the electric potential at (a) point
𝐴𝐴 and (b) point 𝐵𝐵 due to 𝑄𝑄1 and 𝑄𝑄2. (c) Calculate the work • Equipotential Surfaces
done if a particle with net charge Q = 5.00 μC is moved from o These are surfaces where the electric potential along
point 𝐴𝐴 to 𝐵𝐵. the surface is constant; always perpendicular to the
electric field lines.
o Charged Parallel Plates
 Field lines are horizontal, equipotential surfaces
are vertical

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 Field lines point to areas with lower potential

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.2
Consider the following equipotential surfaces. If a charged
particle is moved through these surfaces, determine the paths
(a) where work done is zero, (b) the potential difference is −2
V, (c) the potential difference is +1 V.

PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
Through what potential difference should an electron pass to
be accelerated from 3.00 × 106 m/s to 8.00 × 106 m/s? (b)
Through what potential difference must the electron pass if it is
to be slowed down from 8.00 × 106 m/s until it stops? [The
mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10-31 kg and it carries a net
ENERGY CONSERVATION charge of −1.60 × 10-19 C.]
• Energy of Conservation
o The law of conservation of mechanical energy is
applicable using electric potential.
o 𝑈𝑈0 + 𝐾𝐾0 = 𝑈𝑈 + 𝐾𝐾
𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 1 𝑘𝑘𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 1
o 𝑈𝑈 = 1 2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣02 = 1 2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
𝑟𝑟0 2 𝑟𝑟 2
1 1
o 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑞𝑞𝑉𝑉0 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣02 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
2 2
o Be careful with V and v.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
Two point charges 𝑞𝑞1 = +2.40 nC and 𝑞𝑞2 = −6.50 nC are 0.100
m apart shown on the right. Point 𝐴𝐴 is midway between them;
point 𝐵𝐵 is 0.080 m from 𝑞𝑞1 and 0.060 m from 𝑞𝑞2 as shown
below. Take the electric potential to be zero at infinity. Find (a)
the potential at point 𝐴𝐴; (b) the potential at point 𝐵𝐵, and (c) the
work done by the electric field on a charge of +2.50 nC that
travels from point 𝐵𝐵 to point 𝐴𝐴.

CAPACITANCE AND CAPACITORS

• Charge and Potential Difference
o Electric charges can be stored temporarily in metal
conductors.
o The capacity to store charges depends on the voltage
or the potential difference of the objects.
o Q=CV wherein Q is the charge stored, V is the
potential difference, and C is the proportionality
constant called the Capacitance of the object.
• Capacitance
o The ratio of the magnitude of the charge on either
conductor (plate) to the magnitude of the potential
difference between the conductors (plates)
o Symbol: C
o SI Unit: Farad
o Scalar
• Capacitor
o A device used in a variety of electric circuits.
o Used to temporarily store electric charges.

FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITANCE

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(1×10−12 𝐹𝐹)(0.0001 𝑚𝑚)

o 𝐴𝐴 =
8.85×10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚 2
• Answer
o 𝐴𝐴 = 1.13 × 10−5 𝑚𝑚2
CAPACITORS STORE ENERGY

• Wherein;
• Area of the capacitor plates o U = electric potential energy (in Joules)
• Distance between the two plates o Q = charge (in Coulomb)
• Dielectric between the two plates o V = voltage/potential difference (in Volts)
•
∈ 𝐴𝐴
𝐶𝐶 = 0 wherein; o C = capacitance (in Farad)
𝑑𝑑 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
o 𝐶𝐶 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
o ∈0 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (8.85 × 10−12 𝐶𝐶 2/𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 A charge of 0.89 nC is stored when a capacitor of capacitance
o 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚2 ) 5 pF is connected to a battery. How much energy is stored by
o 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) the capacitor?
• Given
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
o 𝑄𝑄 = 0.89 × 10−9 𝐶𝐶
A parallel-plate capacitor is made from two square metal plates o 𝐶𝐶 = 5 × 10−12 𝐹𝐹
spaced 1 mm apart. (a) If the plates are 5 cm on each side,
• Required
what is its capacitance? (b) If the capacitor is charged with a 9-
o U=?
volt battery, how much charge does it accumulate?
• Equation
• Given 𝑄𝑄2
o d = 0.001 m o 𝑈𝑈 =
𝐶𝐶
o s = 0.05 m • Solution
o V = 9V (0.89×10−9 𝐶𝐶)2
o 𝑈𝑈 =
o ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 5×10−12 𝐹𝐹
• Required • Answer
o C=? o 𝑈𝑈 = 1.58 × 10−7 𝐽𝐽
o Q=? SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
• Equation What capacitance is required to store 0.4 J of energy at a
o 𝐶𝐶 = 0
∈ 𝐴𝐴 potential difference of 5 V?
𝑑𝑑
• Given
o 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
o U = 0.4 J
• Other Equation Needed
o V = 5V
o 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑠𝑠 2
• Required
• Solution 1
o C=?
o 𝐴𝐴 = (0.05 𝑚𝑚)2
• Equation
• Answer 1 2𝑈𝑈
o 𝐴𝐴 = 2.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚2 o 𝐶𝐶 = 2
𝑉𝑉
• Solution 2 • Solutiom
(8.85×10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚 2 )(2.5×10−3 𝑚𝑚2 ) 2(0.4𝐽𝐽)
o 𝐶𝐶 = o 𝐶𝐶 = )2
0.001 m (5𝑉𝑉
• Answer 2 • Answer
o 𝐶𝐶 = 2.21 × 10−11 𝐹𝐹 o C = 0.032 F
• Solution 3 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS
o 𝑄𝑄 = (2.21 × 10−11 𝐹𝐹)(9𝑉𝑉)
• Answer 3
o 𝑄𝑄 = 1.99 × 10−10 𝐶𝐶
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
What must the area of the plates of an air-filled capacitor be in
order to have a capacitance of 1 pF if the plates are 0.1 mm
apart?
• Given
o 𝐶𝐶 = 1 × 10−12 𝐹𝐹 • Dielectrics
o d = 0.0001 m o Insulators between capacitors that decrease the
o ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 electric field inside the capacitor.
• Required • Dielectric constant (k)
o A=? o A quantity measuring the ability of a substance to
• Equation store electrical energy in an electric field.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
o 𝐴𝐴 =
∈0
• Solution

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• Answer 2
o 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇 = 4.75 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶
• Solution 3
(4.75×10−5𝐶𝐶)
o 𝐶𝐶2 =
15 𝑉𝑉
• Answer 3
o 𝐶𝐶2 = 3.17 × 10−6 𝐹𝐹
• Solution 4
3.17×10−6 𝐹𝐹
o 𝑘𝑘 =
1.5×10−6 𝐹𝐹
o k = 2.11
CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• Circuit
o A collection of objects usually containing a source of
electrical energy (such as a battery) connected to
elements that convert electrical energy to other forms.
o A circuit diagram (schematic diagram) can be used to
show the path of the real circuit.

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1

You have two parallel plates, each with area of 1 m2 , that are CAPACITORS IN SERIES
used to construct a parallel-plate capacitor. If the dielectric with • Capacitors in Series
constant of k = 300 is inserted between the plates and the o The capacitor is connected after another capacitor in
plates are separated by 0.0002 m, what is its capacitance? the same wire. Charges flow in just one wire.
• Given • For Series Connection
o A = 1 m2
o k = 300
o d = 0.0002 m
o ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
• Equation
𝑘𝑘∈ 𝐴𝐴
o 𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑑
• Solution
10−12 𝐶𝐶2
(300)(8.85× )(1 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
o 𝐶𝐶 =
0.0002 𝑚𝑚
• Answer
o 𝐶𝐶 = 1.33 × 10−5 𝐹𝐹
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.2
The capacitance of an empty capacitor is 1.5 μF. The capacitor
is connected to a 15-V battery and charged up. With the
capacitor connected to the battery, a slab of dielectric material
is inserted between the plates. This results to an additional
charge 2.5 × 10−5 C. What is the dielectric constant of the
dielectric? SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
• Given Three capacitors of capacities 8 μF, 16 μF, and 24 μF are
o 𝐶𝐶1 = 1.5 × 10−6 𝐹𝐹 connected in series. They are connected to a 6-V battery. (a)
o V = 15V What is the charge in each capacitor? (b) What is the voltage
o 𝑄𝑄2 = 2.5 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶 across each capacitor?
o ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2
• Required
o k =?
• Equation
𝐶𝐶
o 𝑘𝑘 = 2
𝐶𝐶1
• Other Equations Needed
o 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑉𝑉
o 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇 = 𝑄𝑄1 + 𝑄𝑄2
𝑄𝑄
o 𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑇
𝑉𝑉
• Solution 1
o 𝑄𝑄1 = (1.5 × 10−6 𝐹𝐹)(15𝑉𝑉)
• Answer 1
o 𝑄𝑄1 = 2.25 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶
• Solution 2
o 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇 = 2.25 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶 + 2.5 × 10−5 𝐶𝐶

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1

Three capacitors connected in parallel have values C1 = 5.3
pF, C2 = 6.0 pF and C3 = 5.5 pF. (a) Find the equivalent
capacitance of the combination. (b) If the combination of
capacitors is charged by a 9-V battery, find the charge built up
in the group. (c) Find the charge in C2 . (d) How much energy
does the parallel group of capacitors store?

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.2

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2 Three capacitors (C1 = 5.3 μF, C2 = 6.1 μF and C3 = 3.5 μF)
are grouped together in a parallel circuit and are charged using
(a) Find the equivalent capacitance of a group of three
a 24-V battery. Calculate the following: (a) equivalent
capacitors in series given their capacitances as C1 = 6.6 nF,
capacitance of the group; (b) total charge stored by the group;
C2 = 5.2 nF and C3 = 5.8 nF. (b) If the group of capacitors is
and (c) charge stored by each capacitor.
charged by a 12-V battery, calculate the voltage across C1 . (c)
Calculate the charge stored by the combination.

CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
• Capacitors in Parallel
o The corresponding terminals are connected to the
same electrically similar point. Charges flow and
separate at junctions.
• Parallel Connection

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NOTES: Gen Physics 2

REFERENCES

Notes from the discussion of Mrs. Alyssa Marie P.

Sobrevinas.
UE STEM Science Faculty Powerpoint

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