ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND ●
●
Artistic Manifesto
Philosophical Manifesto
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES ● Corporate Manifesto
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | Reviewer ● Political Manifesto
Made by: Ezekiel Ramos ● Educational Manifesto
● Personal Manifesto
LESSON 1: ARGUMENT, POSITION, ● Election Manifesto
ANALYSIS, EVIDENCE, AND IDEA ● Religious Manifesto
Argument - This is usually a main idea, MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
often called a “claim” or “thesis MANIFESTO
statement,” backed up with evidence
that supports the idea. GOAL: A goal can be a manifesto
when we share it with other people.
WAYS ON HOW TO PRESENT AN It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s
ARGUMENT about what one intends to have
happened.
INDUCTIVE REASONING - It is done
by starting from specific to general. LIST AND RULES: A set of rules
Drawing from the examples and for behaving within a specific
representations in the conclusion or context or a list of items to be
the generalization would serve as the achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
paper’s argument or reason.
WORLD: This type of manifesto
DEDUCTIVE REASONING - It is the aims to create a new world. It’s not
opposite of inductive reasoning whereby about simple rules, instead, it
general statements or premises are presents a vision for the future.
given first followed by a specific case or
application that states the paper’s
argument or reason. LESSON 2: LOGICAL FALLACY
Logical Fallacy - A fallacy is an error of
Position - It presents the writer's stand reasoning. These are flawed statements
or viewpoint on a particular issue. that often sound true.
Analysis - The process of studying or TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES
examining something in an organized
way to learn more about it, or a Ad Hominem - is a fallacy of relevance
particular study of something. where someone rejects or criticizes
another person’s view based on
Idea - Knowledge or understanding personal characteristics, background,
about something. physical appearance, or other features
irrelevant to the argument at issue.
Manifesto - It is typically a published
document that describes the policies, StrawMan Fallacy - occurs when
goals, and opinions of a person or someone takes another person’s
group. “clear or conspicuous” argument or point, distorts it or
exaggerates it in an extreme way, and
TYPES OF MANIFESTO then attacks the extreme distortion, as if
that is really the claim the first person is
making.
Comparative Writing - Requires you to
False Dilemma/Dichotomy - a logical defend your claims of commonality and
fallacy that presents only two options or difference.
sides when there are many options or
sides. Evaluate Writing - If a position seems
to contradict what we know, or if we can
Hasty Generalization - It is basically find case which contradict the position,
making a claim based on evidence that that’s a mark against the position
it is just too small.
Expository Writing - Consists of
Bandwagon Fallacy - The bandwagon summarizing or setting out the ideas of
fallacy is also sometimes called the a given philosopher in your own words,
appeal to common belief or appeal to in order to help the reader to understand
the masses because it’s all about getting material that is otherwise obscure or
people to do or think something hard to follow.
because “everyone else is doing it” or
“everything else thinks this.” LESSON 4: OBJECTIVES AND
STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS KINDS
LESSON 3: POSITION PAPER OF REPORTS
Position paper - presents an Report - A specific form of writing briefly
arguable opinion about an issue. identifying and examining issues,
events, or findings that have happened.
ANALYZING AN ISSUE &
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT Formal Report - carefully structured
which are focused on objectivity and
Factual Knowledge - Information organization, contained much detail, and
that is verifiable and agreed upon by are written in a style that tends to
almost everyone. eliminate such elements as personal
pronouns.
Statistical Inferences - Interpretation
and examples of an accumulation of Informal Report - usually short
facts. messages with natural, casual use of
language.
Informed Opinion - Opinion developed
through research and/or expertise of the Informational Report - annual reports,
claim. monthly financial reports, and reports
personnel absenteeism carries objective
Personal Testimony - Personal information from one area of an
experience related by a knowledgeable organization to another.
party. Generally simpler and direct
KINDS OF POSITION PAPER Analytical Report - Longer and more
formal, require in-depth research and
Constructive Writing - Less directly investigation, include conclusions and
concerned with pre-existing positions or recommendations
arguments.
Proposal Report - variation of
problem-solving reports.
Vertical Report - this classification Memo - memo is common for short
refers to the direction a report travels. (fewer than ten pages) informal reports
Lateral Report - assist in coordination distributed within an organization.
in the organization.
Manuscript - common for reports
Internal Report - travel within the that run from a few pages to several
organization hundred pages and require a formal
approach.
External Report - such as annual
reports of companies, are prepared for LESSON 5: SURVEY AND
distribution outside the organization. QUESTIONNAIRE
Periodic Report - issued on regularly Survey - It is the combination of
scheduled dates. questions, processes and
methodologies that analyze data about
Functional Report - this classification others.
includes accounting reports, marketing .
reports, financial reports, and a Questionnaire - t is the set of questions
variety of other reports that take their given to participants of your research
designation from the ultimate use of project. It may be part of a wider survey.
the report.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS
Survey Report- It is written after getting
data from a survey and is done to collect Open-Ended Questions - these types
people’s responses or answers about a of questions do not have predetermined
particular issue or topic. options or answers.
Laboratory Report - it is commonly Dichotomous Question - have two
called lab report and is written in a possible answers, often either yes/no,
formal and organized manner which is true/false, or agree/ disagree and are
written to present results or findings used when the researcher wants to
from experiments. clearly distinguish the respondent’s
opinion, preference, experience,
Field Report - It is sometimes called a knowledge, or behavior.
trip report and is written to describe and
analyze a systematic observation. Multi-Response Questionnaire - there
are certain questions that necessitate
the respondents to provide more than
Pre-printed Form - It is also known as one answer.
the “fill in the blank report” which is
relatively short (five or fewer pages) and Matrix Question - There are instances
deals with routine information, mainly where several questions you intend to
numerical and is used when requested ask have the same set of possible
by the person authorizing the report. answers.
Letter - t is a common report consisting Contingency Question - intended for
of five or fewer pages that are directed certain respondents only, depending on
to outsiders. the provided answers.
LESSON 6: METHODS
time to read and ponder on the
Methods - are the strategies, processes information asked.
or techniques utilized in the collection of
data or evidence for analysis in order to 4. Electronic Interview - this is a
uncover new information or create better process of recognizing and noting
understanding of a topic. people, objects, occurrences
rather than asking for information.
Survey Method - the technique of
gathering data (facts, statistics, OBSERVATION METHOD - The
numbers, records, documents, files, or observation method involves human or
records) by asking questions to people mechanical observation of what people
who are thought to have desired actually do or what events take place
information. during a buying or
consumption situation.
METHODS OF ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY METHODS OF ADMINISTERING
AN OBSERVATION
Personal Approach - this involves the
person himself/herself who conducts The objective of observation is to
the survey. help the researcher decide whether to
retain the product or not. In case of
1. Face-to-face Structured new concepts, observations may also
Interview - The interview is set help the businessperson to improve
personally, and the people on the products that are available.
involved face each other in order
to gather the necessary Disguised Observation - the
information. respondents are unaware that
2. Telephone Survey -The calls are they are being observed.
made to ask individuals on
particular questions. Undisguised Observation - the
respondents are aware that they are
Self-Ministered Approach - In this under observation.
type, the survey is administered by the
researcher himself/herself. Natural Observation - it involves
observing behavior as it takes place in
1. Paper- and - Pencil Survey - the environment.
this is a traditional method
wherein the respondents who are In-contrived Observation - the
usually not computer literate must respondents' behavior is observed in an
be present in the administration artificial environment like a test kitchen.
of the survey.
For Structured Observation - the
2. Online Survey - this is a useful researcher specifies in detail what is to
technique that will cater to a big be observed and how the
sample size coming from different measurements are to be recorded,
locations.
In Unstructured Observation - the
3. Mail Survey - mailed to observer monitors all aspects of the
individuals who are given enough phenomenon that seem relevant to the
problem at hand, just like observing TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING
children play with new toys. DATA THROUGH OBSERVATION:
Audit - the researcher collects data by
examining physical records or Written Description - the researcher
performing inventory analysis. makes written descriptions of the
people, situations or environment,
Content Analysis - this refers to the
objective, systematic, and quantitative Video Recording - allows the
description of the manifest content of researcher to also record notes.
a communication.
Trace Analysis - data collection is Photographs and Artifacts - useful
based on physical traces, or evidence, when there is a need to collect
of past behavior. observable information or phenomena
such as buildings, neighborhoods, dress
LESSON 7: SURVEY PROCESS and appearance.
Survey Research - collecting Documentation - all kinds of
information about a group of people documentation may be used to provide
by asking them questions and information—a local paper, information
analyzing the results. on a notice board, administrative
policies and procedures.
Experimental Research - a study that
strictly adheres to a scientific HOW TO CONDUCT OBSERVATIONS
research design. FOR RESEARCH
TYPES OF OBSERVATION Identify Objectives - determine what
you want to observe
Forensic Studies - studying splatter (a and why.
physics/math study), decomposition (an
entomology study), damage to objects Established Recording Method - to
(a physics/engineering study), can be make observations most effective, it’s
done in a controlled environment and important that you minimize or eliminate
be measured. any disruptive or unfamiliar devices into
the environment you wish to observe.
Microbiology - bacteria (and some
protists) grow quickly, change in Note-taking - is the most common
population is easily measured and method, though in some public spaces
therefore make for a good experimental you can take photographs, audio
study. recordings, and other methods.
Scientific Method - is a series of Develop Questions and Techniques -
organized steps to which an experiment What you hope to learn will help you
is done. know what specifically to look for.
Observation Process - it can also Analyze Behaviors - separate the
serve as a technique for verifying or difference between what you observed
nullifying information provided in face to (which are factual behaviors) and why
face encounters. what you observed.
LESSON 8: NON-PROSE TEXTS Line Graph - Used to display
comparison between 2 variables, line
Non-prose Texts - It consists of graphs involve an x-axis horizontally
disconnected words and numbers and a y-axis vertically on a grid.
instead of the sentences and
paragraphs.
KINDS OF NON-PROSE TEXTS
Bar Graph - Is a chart that graphically
presents the comparison between
categories of data.
Pie Graph - Sometimes called a circle
graph, pie charts represent the parts of
a whole.
Histogram - A type of bar chart that is
used to present statistical information by
way of bars to show frequency Tables - Present a great deal of
distribution of continuous data. numerical information in a very clear
and concise way, with very minimal
space to occupy.
Pictograph - these are the first graph
types that kids learn about.
