COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MID-SEMESTER TEST- II
PROGRAM: B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – IV SEMESTER (Sec – I and II)
Subject Code/Subject Name 23ME412FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY
Course Instructors: Dr. G. Suresh Kannan (Sec–I) & Dr. A. S. Krishnan (Sec - II)
Date:25.04.2025 Academic Year: 2024-2025
Time: 10.45AM– 12:45PM Max. Marks: 60
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer all the questions
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (BT):
L1: Remembering L2: Understanding L3: Applying
L4: Analyzing L5: Evaluating L6: Creating

COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, the students will be able to
CO1: Explain fluid properties, apply principles of manometry and analyze stability of floating bodies.
CO2: Develop conservation equations of fluid flow and perform dimensional analysis
CO3: Analyze laminar boundary layer over a flat plate and distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows.
CO4: Estimate head loss through pipes and explain velocity measurement using venturimeter, orifice meter and Pitot
tubes.
CO5: Analyze turbines using velocity diagrams.
PART- A (15 Marks) Marks CO BTL

Q. 1 Write in short about developing length with respect to flow in a circular tube. 2 CO3 L2
Q. 2 Give a short note on any two characteristics of turbulent flows. 2 CO3 L2
Q. 3 List the types of boundary layer thicknesses. 1 CO3 L1

Q.4 List about pipe losses with illustrations. 2 CO4 L1

Select with justification, a flow measurement device among the following,
Q. 5 when constraints of space and cost are insignificant: 1+1 CO4 L2
(i) Orifice meter (ii) Venturi meter.
The head difference measured by a Pitot tube is 5 cm of water. Compute the
Q.6 2 CO4 L3
velocity of water if the coefficient of the Pitot tube is 0.98.
Q.7 Define Euler’s turbomachinery equation. 2 CO5 L1
Compare reciprocating and centrifugal pump with respect to flow rate and
Q.8 1+1 CO5 L2
pressure development potential.
A head of 30 m of water at a large flow rate is available. Select the type of
Q.9 2 CO5 L2
turbine suited for power generation for this scenario.
PART- B (45 Marks) Marks CO BTL
Consider fully developed flow between two stationary parallel plates as
Q. 11a 6+4 CO3 L4
shown in figure 1. Obtain expressions for velocity distribution and flow rate.
A hydraulic system using SAE 10W oil operates at a gage pressure of 12
MPa and 55 C. A control valve comprising a 20 mm long piston of diameter
25 mm is fitted to a cylinder with a mean radial clearance of 0.005 mm.
Q. 11b 5 CO3 L3
Compute the volume flow rate of leakage if the gage pressure on the low-
pressure side of the piston is 5 bar. The viscosity of the oil shall be taken as
0.018 Ns/m2.
(OR)
Derive the Darcy-Weisbach equation by applying Bernoulli’s equation
Q. 12a 10 CO3 L4
between two station points in a pipe flow.
 The velocity distribution in a boundary layer is given by:
𝑣 𝑦 1/6
=( )
Q. 12b 𝑉∞ 𝛿 5 CO3 L3
Compute the displacement thickness at a section where the boundary layer
thickness is 20mm.

A 200 m long water pipeline has two sections. Section 1 is 150 m long and
has a diameter of 0.15 m. It is suddenly expanded into section 2 that is 50 m
long with a 0.2 m. The flow rate is 50 m3/s. (i) Estimate the friction factors
Q. 13 7+4+4 CO4 L3
for the two sections using Moody’s chart (ii) Compute the head losses in the
two sections and (iii) Compute the head the loss due to sudden expansion.
Assume uniform flow of water and a relative roughness of 0.002.
(OR)
Water flows at a rate of 0.15 m3/s through a 120 mm diameter orifice
installed in a 240 mm diameter pipeline. Pressure gages fitted in the upstream
Q. 14a 7 CO4 L3
and downstream of the orifice read 180 kPa and 80 kPa respectively.
Compute the coefficient of discharge of the orifice.
A venturi meter with a discharge coefficient is to be installed in a pipeline of
0.25 m diameter, where the pressure head of a flowing liquid is 7 m with a
Q. 14b 8 CO4 L3
flow rate of 7.2 m3/min. Find the least diameter of the throat section for the
pressure head not become negative.

Discuss the construction and operation of a Pelton turbine with an appropriate

Q. 15a 3+3 CO5 L2
diagram.
A penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross
head of 500 m. One third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock.
The rate of flow of water through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock
Q. 15b 5+4 CO5 L3
is 2 m3/s. The angle of deflection of the jet is 165ᵒ. Determine the power
given by water to the runner and also hydraulic efficiency of the pelton
wheel. Take speed ratio as 0.45 and Cv as 1.
(OR)
Elaborate the construction and operation of a centrifugal pump using a neat
Q. 16a 3+3 CO5 L2
sketch.
A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner
diameter and running at 1000 rpm works against a total head of 40 m. The
velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The
Q. 16b vanes are set back at an angle of 40ᵒ at outlet. If the outer diameter of the 3+3+3 CO5 L3
impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm, determine (a) vane angle at
inlet, (b) work done by impeller on water per second and (c) manometric
efficiency.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Table 1
 23ME412 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery MST2 (2024-25) Answer key
Part A
1. Write in short about developing length with respect to flow in a circular tube. (2)
The developing length of flow of fluid in a tube is the region in which there is a growth of boundary
layer changes in the velocity gradient.
2. Give a short note on any two characteristics of turbulent flows. (2)
Characteristics of turbulent flow – Unsteady, three-dimensional, rotational, fluctuating components
of field variables (velocity, density etc.)
3. List the types of boundary layer thicknesses. (1)
Displacement, Momentum and Energy thicknesses
4. List about pipe losses with illustrations. (2)
Major losses – pipe friction losses
Minor losses – pipe bends, changes in area, fittings
5. Select with justification, a flow measurement device among the following, when constraints of space
and cost are insignificant: (1+1)
(i) Orifice meter (ii) Venturi meter
Venturi meter can be chosen when the constraints of cost and space are insignificant, as it has a high
coefficient of discharge of about 0.95, in comparison to a coefficient of discharge of 0.6 for orifice
meter.
6. The head difference measured by a Pitot tube is 5 cm of water. Compute the velocity of water if the
coefficient of the Pitot tube is 0.98.
𝑉 = 𝐶√2𝑔ℎ = 0.95√2 × 9.81 × 0.05 = 0.95(0.9905) = 0.941 𝑚/𝑠
7. Define Euler’s turbomachinery equation.
𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = (𝑟2 𝑉𝑡2 − 𝑟1 𝑉𝑡1 )𝑚̇
8. Compare reciprocating and centrifugal pump with respect to flow rate and pressure development
potential.
Flow rate: Centrifugal pumps can produce high flow rates when compared to reciprocating pumps.
Pressure rise: Reciprocating pumps can generate extreme pressures (of about 700 bar) while
centrifugal compressors are restricted to low and moderate pressure rises.
9. A head of 30 m of water at a large flow rate is available. Select the type of turbine suited for power
generation for this scenario.
Kaplan turbine is chosen for this scenario, as it suits for low head and high flow rates.
Part B
11a. Consider fully developed flow between two stationary parallel plates as shown in figure 1. Obtain
expressions for velocity distribution and flow rate.
Boundary conditions: At y=0: u=0; and at y=a; u=0
11b. A hydraulic system using SAE 10W oil operates at a gage pressure of 12 MPa and 55 C. A control
valve comprising a 20 mm long piston of diameter 25 mm is fitted to a cylinder with a mean radial
clearance of 0.005 mm. Compute the volume flow rate of leakage if the gage pressure on the low-pressure
side of the piston is 5 bar. The viscosity of the oil shall be taken as 0.018 Ns/m2.
Flowrate per unit width
𝑄 𝑎3 ∆𝑝
=
𝑙 12𝜇𝐿
Assumption: Steady, laminar, incompressible fully developed flow.
𝑙 = 𝜋𝐷
Given Asked Q Soln
Oil SAE10W a, m 0.000005
ph, bar 120 D, m 0.025
pl, bar 5 l, m 0.07854
T, C 55 L, m 0.02
1.12901E-
L, mm 20 CC1
10
D, mm 25 CC2 0.00432
a, mm 0.005 Q, m3/s 2.613E-08

, Ns/m2 0.018 Q, mm3/s 26.13

12a Derive the Darcy-Weisbach equation by applying Bernoulli’s equation between two station points in
a pipe flow.
Equation 11.2 – The Darcy- Weisbach equation.
12b The velocity distribution in a boundary layer is given by:
𝑣 𝑦 1/6
=( )
𝑉∞ 𝛿
Compute the displacement thickness at a section where the boundary layer thickness is 20mm.
Soln.
The displacement thickness is given by
𝛿 𝛿
𝑣 𝑦 1/6
𝛿 ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [1 − ( ) ] 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑉∞ 0 𝛿
𝛿 𝛿
𝑦 1/6
𝛿 ∗ = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦
0 0 𝛿
𝛿
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝛿
0
 𝛿
𝛿
𝑦 1/6 1 1/6 𝑦 7/6 6 1 1/6 6
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ( ) [ ] = ( ) (𝛿)7/6 = 𝛿
0 𝛿 𝛿 7/6 0 7 𝛿 7

Therefore,
6 𝛿
𝛿∗ = 𝛿 − 𝛿 =
7 7
13 A 200 m long water pipeline has two sections. Section 1 is 150 m long and has a diameter of 0.15 m. It
is suddenly expanded into section 2 that is 50 m long with a 0.2 m. The flow rate is 50 m 3/s. (i) Estimate
the friction factors for the two sections using Moody’s chart (ii) Compute the head losses in the two
sections and (iii) Compute the head the loss due to sudden expansion. Assume uniform flow of water and
a relative roughness of 0.002.
Soln.
Note: The dimensions of flow rate is mistakenly given as instead of litres per second. Marks will be given
if correct expressions and procedures have been used.
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
Head lost due to friction: ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷

(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )2
Head lost due to sudden expansion: ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 2𝑔

Given Asked Soln

L1, m 150 f1 A1, m2 0.017671459

2
L2, m 50 f2 A2, m 0.031415927
D1, m 0.15 hf1 V1, m/s 2.83
D2, m 0.2 hf2 V2, m/s 1.59
3
Q, m /s 0.05 hlexp Re1 5.29E+05
/d 0.002 Re2 3.97E+05 For 50 cu.m/s

, Ns/m2 7.99E-04 Using f1 0.016 f1 0.014

Moody's
, kg/m3 996 chart f2 0.0163 f2 0.014
hf1, m 6.5285 hf1, m 5712474
hf2, m 0.5261 hf2, m 451866
hlexp, m 0.0781 hlexp, m 78100

14a Water flows at a rate of 0.15 m3/s through a 120 mm diameter orifice installed in a 240 mm diameter
pipeline. Pressure gages fitted in the upstream and downstream of the orifice read 180 kPa and 80 kPa
respectively. Compute the coefficient of discharge of the orifice.
Soln.
𝐶𝑑 𝑎0 𝑎1 √2𝑔ℎ 𝑝1 −𝑝1
Discharge: 𝑄= Head: ℎ= 𝜌𝑔
√𝑎12 −𝑎02
 Given Asked Soln

p1, kPa 180 Cd d1, m 0.24

p2, kPa 80 d0, m 0.12

2
d1, mm 240 a1, m 0.04524
2
d0, mm 120 a0, m 0.01131
3
Q, m /s 0.15 h, m 10.19
, kg/m 3
1000 CC1 0.00724
CC2 0.00657
Cd 0.9080

14b A venturi meter with a discharge coefficient is to be installed in a pipeline of 0.25 m diameter, where
the pressure head of a flowing liquid is 7 m with a flow rate of 7.2 m3/min. Find the least diameter of the
throat section for the pressure head not become negative.
Soln. The discharge through the venturi meter is given by

𝐶𝑑 𝑎0 𝑎1 √2𝑔ℎ
𝑄=
√𝑎12 − 𝑎02

𝐶𝑑 𝑎1 √2𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝑉1
𝑄= = (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
√𝑎12 /𝑎02 − 1 𝐶𝑉2

The unknown variable in the above equation is CV2, which can be calculated by using the expression
below. (The RHS is known.)
𝐶𝑉1
𝐶𝑉2 =
𝑄
Let 𝐶𝑉3 = 𝑎1 /𝑎0

Then 𝐶𝑉2 = √𝐶𝑉32 − 1 ⇒ 𝐶𝑉3 = √𝐶𝑉22 + 1

Given Asked d0, m Soln

d1, m 0.25 Q, m3/s 0.12

h, m 7 a1, m2 0.04909

Cd 0.95 CV1 0.5465

Q,
7.2 CV2 4.5542
m3/min
CV3 4.6627
a0, m2 0.01053
d0, m 0.1158 CV - convenience variables
15a Discuss the construction and operation of a Pelton turbine with an appropriate diagram.

15b A penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross head of 500 m. One
third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow of water through the nozzle
fitted at the end of the penstock is 2 m3/s. The angle of deflection of the jet is 165ᵒ. Determine the power
given by water to the runner and hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take speed ratio as 0.45 and Cv
as 1.
Soln.

Gross head: Hg = 500 m

𝐻𝑔
Hence head lost due to friction is ℎ𝑓 = = 166.7 𝑚
3

Net head: H = Hg-hf = 333.3 m

Jet velocity 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻 = 1√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 333.3 = 80.87 𝑚/𝑠

Velocity of wheel: u = speed ratio × jet velocity = 0.45 × 80.87 = 36.39 m/s

u = u1=u2=36.39 m/s

Vr1=V1-u1 = 80.87-36.39 = 44.47 m/s

Vw1=V1=80.87 m/s

From velocity triangle: Vr1 = Vr2 = 44.47 m/s

Vr2cos=u2+Vw2

Therefore Vw2 = 44.47 cos 15 – 36.39 = 42.95-36.39 = 6.565 m/s

Work done by the jet on the runner = Q(Vw1+Vw2)u =1000 × 2 (80.87+6.565) × 36.39 = 6363.5 kW

Efficiency

=2(80.87+6.565)36.39/(80.87)2 =97.3 %

Note: The angles 160 and 20 are to be replaced with 165 and 15 respectively.

16a Elaborate the construction and operation of a centrifugal pump using a neat sketch.
16b A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at 1000
rpm works against a total head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to
2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40ᵒ at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm
and width at outlet is 50 mm, determine (a) vane angle at inlet, (b) work done by impeller on water per
second and (c) manometric efficiency.