SQL Complete Notes
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gsitharthan283SQL Complete Notes
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gsitharthan283SQL Joins, Aggregation, NULL Handling, Grouping, and COALESCE
1. SQL JOINS - Syntax and Examples
INNER JOIN:
SELECT Students.Name, Departments.DeptName
FROM Students
INNER JOIN Departments ON Students.DeptID = Departments.DeptID;
LEFT JOIN:
SELECT Students.Name, Departments.DeptName
FROM Students
LEFT JOIN Departments ON Students.DeptID = Departments.DeptID;
RIGHT JOIN:
SELECT Students.Name, Departments.DeptName
FROM Students
RIGHT JOIN Departments ON Students.DeptID = Departments.DeptID;
FULL OUTER JOIN:
SELECT Students.Name, Departments.DeptName
FROM Students
FULL OUTER JOIN Departments ON Students.DeptID = Departments.DeptID;
Output Example:
| Name | DeptName |
|--------|--------------|
| Asha | Computer Sci |
| Ravi | Electronics |
| Meena | NULL |
| NULL | Mechanical |
2. Aggregate Functions - Definition, Syntax, and Output
SQL Joins, Aggregation, NULL Handling, Grouping, and COALESCE
Functions: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN()
Query:
SELECT COUNT(Age) AS Total_Age_Entries, COUNT(*) AS Total_Students,
SUM(Age) AS Total_Age, AVG(Age) AS Average_Age,
MAX(Age) AS Oldest, MIN(Age) AS Youngest
FROM Students;
Sample Output:
| Total_Age_Entries | Total_Students | Total_Age | Average_Age | Oldest | Youngest |
|-------------------|----------------|-----------|--------------|--------|----------|
|4 |5 | 82 | 20.5 | 22 | 19 |
3. Aggregation over Two Tables - JOIN + GROUP BY
Query:
SELECT D.DeptName, COUNT(S.StudentID) AS Num_Students
FROM Students S
JOIN Departments D ON S.DeptID = D.DeptID
GROUP BY D.DeptName;
Output:
| DeptName | Num_Students |
|---------------|--------------|
| Computer Sci | 3 |
| Electronics | 1 |
| Mechanical |1 |
4. GROUP BY and HAVING - Definition, Syntax, and Example
SQL Joins, Aggregation, NULL Handling, Grouping, and COALESCE
Definition: GROUP BY groups rows to apply aggregate functions. HAVING filters the result groups.
Syntax:
SELECT column, AGG_FUNC(column2)
FROM table
GROUP BY column
HAVING condition;
Example:
SELECT DeptID, AVG(Marks) AS AvgMarks
FROM Students
GROUP BY DeptID
HAVING AVG(Marks) > 80;
Output:
| DeptID | AvgMarks |
|--------|----------|
| 101 | 87.67 |
5. ORDER BY - Definition and Syntax
Definition: ORDER BY sorts result rows in ascending or descending order.
Syntax:
SELECT column1 FROM table ORDER BY column1 [ASC|DESC];
Example:
SELECT Name, Marks FROM Students ORDER BY Marks DESC;
6. COALESCE() - Definition, Syntax, and Example
SQL Joins, Aggregation, NULL Handling, Grouping, and COALESCE
Definition: Returns the first non-null value from a list.
Syntax:
COALESCE(expr1, expr2, ..., exprN)
Example:
SELECT Name, COALESCE(Phone, 'No Phone') AS Contact
FROM Students;
Output:
| Name | Contact |
|--------|--------------|
| Asha | 9876543210 |
| Ravi | No Phone |
| Meena | 8899001122 |
