Table of Contents

Introduction to Vocabulary 1

Why is Vocabulary building important? 1

People and Relationship 6

Education 11

Health 17

Adventure 22

Gadgets 27

Places 32

Environment 37

Transportation 43

Culture 48

Business 53

Crime and Law 59

Employment 64

Leisure 68

Answer Key 72
 1

Introduction to Vocabulary

"Learners carry around dictionaries and not grammar books" Schmitt

(2010)

Vocabulary is an inevitable part of any language. Grammar is undoubtedly

important, but lexis is the core of the language. Vocabulary is one important
way to showcase your proficiency in the language, be it through speaking,
writing or reading.

Vocabulary comprises 25% marks in IELTS Writing and Speaking and plays a
vital role in Listening and Reading tests too. Repetition of words proves that
you are poor in vocabulary, and further leads to running short of words while
conversing with your examiner. As IELTS is an English Language Proficiency Test,
good homework on vocabulary will help in improving the overall score. You
cannot cram up certain words, and claim your job is done for vocabulary.
Many times, test takers tend to use words without keeping the context in
mind. This vocabulary e-book is just the right choice and will prove to be
your best friend.

The topics in this e-book are wisely chosen and mainly focus on what is
essential and apt from the exam point of view and also on the basis of
commonly asked questions. Let’s understand why vocabulary is important!
 2

Why is Vocabulary building

important?

You need good communication skills to work effectively with others in

person, through email or by other means. Knowing which words to use and
when is an important part of being a strong communicator. Building your
vocabulary is one easy way to improve your communication skills. Having a
large vocabulary can help you choose the right word or phrase needed for
the situation, allowing you to easily convey your ideas, concerns, decisions
and more.

Tips to advance your Vocabulary

game!

1. Diversify what you read

Diversifying your reading choices can help you build a stronger vocabulary
since you see new words from different writers who have varying writing
patterns. Adding new texts and options to your reading list can also help.

2. Create word associations

Word associations can help you remember certain words or phrases. For
example, the word “gargantuan” means very large. Try creating a sequence
with the word, such as tiny, small, medium, large, giant and gargantuan.
Forming associations can help you recall words you’re learning with more
ease. These associations can also ensure you remember the word long term.
 3

3.Make notes and remember to use the synonyms

Whenever you hear an unfamiliar word, try to look up its meaning and learn its
usage too. With the help of IELTSMaterial.com’s Vocabulary ebook, you will be
exposed to topic-specific vocabulary and will be given an amazing chance to
learn their usage with some cool activities.

Let’s Understand why Vocabulary is important for Listening, Speaking, Writing

and Reading!

How is vocabulary important for listening?

Our ears can do wonders. In the listening module, you will be asked to listen
to an audio lasting 30 minutes, and you need to understand the meaning of
certain words and the context in which it is used. Having appropriate
knowledge of words and their meaning along with its pronunciation will help
you crack the answer faster.

Some of your listening questions do not have the same words as the audio;
instead, these questions will have synonyms of the information in the audio. To
understand the question, you should be able to identify the synonym. This is
where vocabulary becomes essential in the listening module.
 4

Vocabulary for Speaking

You will be asked a couple of questions based on a particular topic, and the
whole test lasts around 15 to 20 minutes. So, to use this time fruitfully and to
get a good band score, use specific vocabulary related to the topic. This
provides a good impression for the examiner and increases your chances to
score a good band.

Vocabulary for Reading

In most of the cases, the words in the reading passage are different from the
words in the questions. That is, the synonyms of the word in the passage is
used in the question, which confuses test takers if they don’t know the words
or don’t pay attention. Therefore, it is necessary to know the meanings of
those words to answer the questions correctly. This e-book will introduce you to
the vocabulary used in each context and help you find the answers quickly.

Vocabulary for Writing

Writing module is considered to be the toughest of them all, mainly because

you are asked to write on an essay topic, graph or letter. You have only 60
minutes to think and write on a given topic, in which you should ensure that
there is good vocabulary too. He or she must know that you know a list of
standard vocabulary and phrases and therefore you deserve a good band
score.
 5

Learning to use idioms and phrasal verbs will fine-tune your

English.

Idioms are a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not

deducible from those of the individual words. For example-’ over the moon’,
‘paint the town red’. Idioms can be used to avoid repetition of words.
However, it is difficult to learn and use them in the right context. This e-
book consists of idioms and phrases for each topic which would help you
ace the IELTS exam like a pro. Collocation refers to words that are
commonly placed together. It is not only necessary to learn new words but
also to connect them with other words.
Example:

➔ To make the bed

➔ To catch a cold
➔ To come late

Phrasal verbs are verbs used along with prepositions or an adverb. When
these two words are combined, they have a different meaning
compared to what each word means on its own.

Example: "I can't put up with you anymore."

The use of the word "put" in context "to put on the table" means to place. But
when it is used with "up with", the meaning changes to "can't accept
someone or something anymore."

This e-book consists of words, idioms and phrasal verbs specific to each topic. In
addition to this, each topic consists of an essay with the words, idioms and
phrasal verbs given, providing you with an example of how an essay can
be
 6

written with the specific words.

Here are some of the topics that will be Covered:

➔ People and Relationship

➔ Education
➔ Health
➔ Leisure
➔ Adventure
➔ Gadgets and technology
➔ Places
➔ Global warming/ Environment
➔ Transportation
➔ Culture
➔ Society
➔ Business
➔ Crime and law
➔ Employment

Why wait? Come on, let's begin!

 7

People and Relationship

Glossary

Personal
relationships

1. Parent - a mother or father of a person

2. Sibling - a brother or sister
3. Spouse - a person's husband or wife
4. Grandparents - the father or mother of a person's father or mother

Professional relationships

1. Client - a customer or someone who receives services

2. Employer - a person or organization that employs people
3. Employee - someone who is paid to work for someone else
4. Colleague - one of a group of people who work together

Characteristics

1. easy-going - relaxed and not easily upset or worried

2. broad-minded - willing to accept other people's behaviour and beliefs
3. consistent - always behaving or happening in a similar, especially
positive, way
4. co-operate - to act or work together for a particular purpose, or to
be helpful by doing what someone asks you to do.
5. Tolerant - willing to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different
from
 8

your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them
6. Vulnerable - able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally
hurt, influenced, or attacked
7. Idealistic - believing that very good things can be achieved,
often when this seems unlikely to other people
8. Flexible - able to change or be changed easily according to the situation
9. Charming – pleasant and attractive
10. Determined - wanting to do something very much and not
allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
11. Lively - full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting
12. Clumsy – A person who often has accidents because they do not
behave in a careful, controlled way
13. Arrogant - unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are
more important than, or know more than, other people
14. Social Scientists- an expert in or student of human society
and social relationships, or any subject within this field, such as
economics or politics.
15. Cultural gap- is any systematic difference between two
cultures which hinders mutual understanding or relations.
16. Intergenerational- relating to, involving, or affecting several
generations.
 9

Exercises

● A. Fill in the blanks with the correct relation.

1. Ever since marriage, my cooks’ dinner.

2.My are celebrating their 60th anniversary.
3.My is extremely happy with the output of this project.
4. As a boss, I prefer sincere to lazy ones.
5.Meetings with my are fun instead of stressed.

● B. Use the right word in the blank.

6.She is . She keeps falling down.

7. If you would , we could finish it before the deadline.
8.I don’t judge people, I am very .
9.I can’t stop staring at him. He’s really .
10. I’m to win this show.
 10

Essay

There is certainly a difference in thoughts, ideas and actions

between children, their parents and grandparents. Why do

these differences exist? Does it cause problems in your

community, in your opinion?

Sample Answer

In a rapidly developing world, the differences in opinion, attitude and

lifestyle of children from those of parents and grandparents is obvious. This
can be due to several reasons ranging from the invention of new
technologies to the influence of western cultures. From my personal
standpoint, differences in viewpoints do leads to various problems such as
lack of intergenerational communication.

Emerging technologies such as smartphones, mobile applications, laptops

and video games create a cultural gap between two generations. While the
parents prefer personal one-on-one interaction, children use Facebook and
Twitter to communicate with friends. The gap is further increased by the
spread of western ideas in developing countries. This is evident in the
difference in the food habits of parents and their children. The former
prefers traditional homemade food, whereas the latter prefers burgers and
junk food. A recent survey conducted in India claimed that western cultural
influence spread through international brands such as Levi’s, McDonald's,
KFC and Facebook and had decreased the time children spent with parents
in 2019 by at least 35 per
 11

cent as compared to 1998. This has tremendously increased the

differences in thoughts, ideas and actions between the two generations.
Because the older generation is not always broad-minded, their stubborn
beliefs lead the youth to turn arrogant and clumsy.

These cultural differences result in a lack of communication between two

generations which leads to improper guidance for youth on one hand and
loss of cultural identity on the other. Social Scientists have proved that if
children and parents do not spend sufficient time eating food and
discussing ideas, events, history and culture, a community will forget its
culture within five generations.

In conclusion, the differences in ideas and attitude of children and parents

are natural. However, these may seriously affect the development of a
society and lead to a loss of identity. The differences should be bridged by
encouraging the parents and children to spend more time with each other,
and I believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has paved a way to strengthen
family bonds.

Student
Space
 12

Education
Glossar
y

School

1. Kindergarten/ Elementary - the first year of school, for children aged

five.
2. Middle school - a school for children between the ages of about nine
and 14.
3. High school - a school in the US for older children, usually
children from grades 9-12, or aged approximately 14-18.
4. Curriculum - the subjects studied in a school, college, etc.
and what each subject includes. Absent - not in the place
where you are expected to be, especially at school
5. Break - to interrupt or to stop something for a short period
6. Educate - to teach someone, especially using the formal system of school,
college, or university.
7. Dictionary - a book that contains a list of words in alphabetical
order and explains their meanings, or gives the word for them in
another language; an electronic product giving similar information
on a computer, smartphone, etc.
8. Course - a set of classes or a plan of study on a particular
subject, usually leading to an exam or qualification.
9. Handwriting - a person’s style of writing done with a pen or pencil.
 13

School subjects

1. Maths
2. Science
a. Physics
b. Chemistry
c. Biology
3. Literature
4. Language
5. History
6. Geography
7. Music
8. Art
9. Information technology
10. P. E (Physical Education)

Exercises

There are dialogues from students on side B and the subjects

on Side A. Match these dialogues with the subjects.

Side Side
A B
1. Maths A. I enjoyed reading the book assigned to us last week.
The author had written it brilliantly.
 14

2. Biology B. I was told that we would be learning one

instrument along with vocals this year.

3. Chemistry C. I find it extremely difficult to avoid careless mistakes

while I do my sums.

4. Literature D. The beaker broke when I turned around to pick up

the test tube.

5. P. E E. I tend to forget the dates during the exam. Why

couldn’t they have fought all the wars in a single period?

6. Music F. I tried not to puke when they told me to dissect a

frog.
7. History G. I managed to act sick when he called me to
exercise today.

Read this conversation and identify the words related to

education. Also find the meaning of these words according to

context.
I cannot believe that our child has started kindergarten. In no time, she will be
learning art, alphabets, music and another language. It’s all in her curriculum. I
can’t wait to hear all about it. I hope her teacher appreciates her
handwriting. She’s always been tone-deaf – I hope she changes and begins to
love music as much as I do.
 15

8.……………….
9. ………………..
10. ………………
11. …………………
12 …………………
13. ………………..
14. …………………
15. …………………

Student
Space
 16

University

1. Degree - a course of study at a college or university, or the

qualification given to a student after he or she has completed his or
her studies.
2. University - a place where people study for an undergraduate (=
first) or postgraduate (= higher level) degree.
3. Certificate - the qualification that you receive when you are successful
in an exam.
4. Course - a set of classes or a plan of study on a particular
subject, usually leading to an exam or qualification.
5. Diploma - a document given by a college or university to show that
you have passed a particular exam or finished your studies.
6. Graduate - a person who has a first degree from a university or college.
7. Enroll - to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of
members of a course, college, or group. Attend - to go officially and
usually regularly to a place, in this case a university. Lecture - a
formal talk on a serious subject given to a group of people, especially
students. Faculty - the people who teach in a department in a
college.
8. Presentation - a talk giving information about something.
9. Dissertation - a long piece of writing on a particular subject,
especially one that is done in order to receive a degree at a college
or university.
10. Tutorials - a period of study with a tutor involving one student or a
small group.
11. Thesis - a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially
one that is done for a higher college or university degree.
 17

12. Hypothesis - an idea or explanation for something that is

based on known facts but has not yet been proved.
13. Research - a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to
discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.

Exercises

Summary Completion: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

words from the table below.

Words

➔ lecture
➔ tutorials
➔ faculty
➔ enroll
➔ course
➔ degree
➔ university

I have decided to 16 in the Creative Writing 17 held at

Crawford 18 . I will be earning a post-graduate 19 if I

complete this course. One of the reasons why I want to enroll to this course
in this university is because it has good 20 and they also conduct one
to one 21 in addition to the 22 every week.
 18

Essay

‘Education is not a luxury, but a basic human right & as such,

should be free for everyone irrespective of personal wealth. Do

you agree or disagree?’

Sample Answer

As they say,” Education is the passport to the future”, it is a vivid indicator of

development and therefore is indispensable. I agree with the view that
education, in particular, the primary level of education should be free for
everyone but with the intention of receiving better knowledge. This essay
focuses on why education should be free and what we can expect from the
government.

I agree that anything which is made free, declines in its value and education
can lose its quality. But it is also true that people know how valuable
education is, and it is the only ladder to help reach the goals they dream of.
In short, if everyone gets free education, they at least have a chance to
reach the basic level of education irrespective of the quality. It could be their
road to success and indirectly help the nation prosper.

However, nothing comes for free. It is a stable source of earning for

thousands or millions of people to support their lives. In India, government
schools provide free education and teachers are paid a huge amount
as salary. I had a six-month training in a government school, where
children in 8th standard are still learning English alphabets. So, the quality
of education depends on the
 19

money one spends. So, the government should take initiatives to provide
quality education at affordable rates.

To conclude, I would say that the intention of getting educated is to gain

knowledge and earn a fixed promise for a better life and not do it for the sake
of it. More facilities should be provided to individuals since childhood, aiming at
a better future.

Student
Space
 20

Health
Glossar
y

1. Fitness- the condition of being physically fit and healthy.

2. Healthiness-the condition of being physically fit and healthy.
3. Heartiness-The characteristic of being hearty; fillingness;
wholesomeness.
4. Robustness- the quality or condition of being strong and in good
condition.
5. Sap-the fluid which circulates in the vascular system of a plant,
consisting chiefly of water with dissolved sugars and mineral salts.
6. Soundness-the state of being in good condition
7. Verdure-lush green vegetation.
8. Wellness-the state of being in good health, especially as an
actively pursued goal. Fettle- condition.
9. Shape-the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something.
10. Cleanliness-the state or quality of being clean or being kept clean.
11. Hygiene-conditions or practices conducive to maintaining
health and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness.
12. Hardiness-the ability to endure difficult conditions.
13. Lustiness- the quality of being healthy, energetic, and full of
strength and power
14. Ruggedness: the property of being big and strong.
15. Stamina-the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort.
16. Strength-the quality or state of being physically strong.
17. Vigor-physical strength and good health.
 21

18. Vigorousness-very forceful or energetic

19. Vitality-the state of being strong and active; energy.
20. Bloom-a flower, especially one cultivated for its beauty.
21. Flush- become red and hot, typically as the result of illness or
strong emotion.
22. Activeness-the trait of being active; moving or
acting rapidly and energetically.
23. Agility-ability to move quickly and easily.
24. Liveliness-the quality of being outgoing, energetic, and enthusiastic.
25. Spryness-ease and grace in physical activity.
26. Weal-a red, swollen mark left on flesh by a blow or pressure.
27. Well-being-the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy
28. Condition-the state of something concerning its appearance, quality,
or working order. Form-the visible shape or configuration of something.
29. Kilter-out of harmony or balance.
30. Toughness-the state of being strong enough to withstand
adverse conditions or rough handling
31. Wholeness-an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality
with nothing wanting
32. Wholesomeness-the quality of being beneficial and generally good
for you.
33. Welfare-the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
 22

Exercises

A. Match the sentence in the left-hand column with a

sentence in the right-hand column. Use the words and phrases

in bold to help you.

1. Mrs. Andy suffers from cold- a) Sudden clouding of the

sore, due to which she is unable to eye’s lens and is the leading
eat or chew. cause of blindness.

2. Sam has red rashy cheeks b) Mammogram helps detect

that spreads across the bridge this second most common
of the nose, doctors say it is type of cancer found in
Lupus. woman.

3. Mrs. Jane is not able to see c)Red painful fluid-filled blister

properly it seems she is that appears near the mouth and
suffering from Cataract. lips.

4. Angel felt little painful lumps d)Scary red patches that looks
on her breasts and later detected like butterfly wings on the
that she had breast cancer. nose.

5. Mrs. Parker is suffering e) A virus spread by an

from Melanoma, a type of infected animal biting another
skin cancer. person or animal.
 23

6.John has rabies, he was bitten f) Invades nearby tissues and

by his pet. spreads to other parts of the
body.

B. Replace the words or phrases in bold in these sentences with

a word or phrase from the box so that the sentence sounds

more natural. There are three words or phrases that you do not

need.

Active, a diet consultant, conventional medicine, debilitating diagnoses,

vitamins, minerals, operation, protein, surgeon, therapeutic, traditional
medicines, holistic medicine.

7.If you suffer from a bad back, a massage will be able to cure or relieve
the disorder.
8. A key to good health is to choose the right type of food to eat, that is
high in fiber and low in fat.
9. Most people rely on modern pills and tablets when they are ill, to
cure them.
10.Some old-fashioned cures for illnesses, such as herbal tablets and
remedies, are becoming increasingly popular these days.

11. Many people are turning to treatments which involve the whole
person, including their mental health, rather than just dealing with the
symptoms of
 24

the illness.

12. Doctors sometimes refer their patients to a medical specialist

attached to a hospital.

13. It takes many years of training to become a doctor specializing

in surgery.
14. Meat, eggs and nuts are rich sources of a compound which is an
essential part of living cells, and which is essential to keep the human
body working properly.

15. On his holiday, he had to take essential substances which are not
synthesized by the body but are found in food and are needed for growth
and health, because the food he ate lacked the B and C groups.

16. Calcium and zinc are two of the most important substances found in food.

Student Space:
 25

Essay

Stress is now a major problem in many countries around

the world. What are some of the factors in modern society

that cause this stress, and how can we reduce it?

Sample Answer

One of the most prominent issues that society deals with today is stress.
Stress is a problem that can have a detrimental effect on many people's
lives. There are many factors in modern society responsible for this.
However, there are ways to make a gradual yet potential impact.

To begin with, everybody dreams of a better living. The constant thrives to

attain goals can be depressing at times. The fight for survival, however,
begins with a healthy competition with their counterparts. This constant
routine can become a never-ending battle. Furthermore, some people have
a notion that happiness is of those who have all the luxuries of life. Stress
begins with teenage. At that age, they are not only pressured to accept the
physical and emotional changes but also made to struggle fiercely to
become an ideal person according to the norms set by society. In other
words, everyone experiences stress and dissatisfaction with themselves and
their lives, be it on the personal or professional front.

Nevertheless, solving such problems is difficult but not impossible. Better time
management will help in reducing stress. Time management includes
setting
 26

priorities and what needs to be done most importantly. For example,

students can prepare their study schedule before they have an important
test. Moreover, strengthening the bond with their families and friends can
often help one realize that they all sail in the same boat and that their
problems at times are not much considering what other people go through.

In conclusion, I would like to say that stress does come in some or the other
way. But it is important to learn to deal with it. From loving oneself to
believing the inner strength that we all are born with, there are several ways
to overcome stress. Having a clear goal with positive intentions and
determination can help in boosting oneself to bring order in life and relieve
stress.

Student
Space
 27

Adventure
Glossar
y

1. Experience: Practical contact with and observation of facts or events.

2. Trip: A journey or voyage.
3. Exploit: A program or technique.
4. Feat: An act or accomplishment of great courage, skill,
or imagination; an achievement.
5. Scene: The place where an incident in real life or fiction
occurs or occurred.
6. Contingency: a future event or circumstance which is possible
but cannot be predicted with certainty.
7. Endangerment: The action of putting someone or something at risk
or in danger.
8. Enterprise: A willingness to undertake new or risky projects; energy
and initiative.
9. Jeopardize: To expose to loss or injury; imperil.
10. Chance: An unpredictable event or accidental happening
11. Undertaking: The act of one who undertakes, or
engages in, any project or business. Occurrence: an
incident or event.
12. Venture: An undertaking that is dangerous, daring, or of
uncertain outcome.
13. Emprise: (Archaic) The qualities which prompt one to
undertake
 28

difficult and dangerous exploits; chivalric prowess.

14. Hazard: Chance or an accident.
15. Peril:(Insurance) An event which causes a loss, or
the risk of a specific such event.
16. Happening: an event or occurrence.
17. Incident: an instance of something happening; an event or
occurrence.
18. Venturesome: willing to take risks or embark on
difficult or unusual courses of action.
19. Dido: A mischievous or foolish action
20. Escapade: Archaic) An escape from restraint or confinement.
21. Brash: Impetuous or rash
22. Daring: Courageous, or showing bravery.
23. Incautious: Careless, reckless, not exercising proper caution.
24. Quest: The definition of a quest is a search to find something or
to achieve a goal.
25. Risky: involving risk; hazardous; dangerous
26. Speculative: The definition of speculative is based on
thoughts not evidence.
27. Temerarious: Reckless; rash
28. Frolic: A playful trick; prank
29. Inertia: A tendency to remain in a fixed condition without
change; disinclination to move or act Passiveness: The condition of
being passive; passivity.
30. Latency: The state or quality of being latent.
 29

31. Saga: A long detailed report:

32. Vagary: Vagary is an odd, unexpected action.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given in the box below:

find a gem To take a red eye Break the journey

a stopover Put me on standby The first leg of the

journey

Off the beaten path To get away Get itchy feet

Off the beaten track To take the road less

traveled

1.I had an arduous journey to the South of Vietnam last year. I

thought I would somewhere but I finally
did it all in one go.
2. Try to find a local guide when you visit a foreign country to
successfully during your trip.
3.I had in China on the way to Thailand, had a bit of a rest,
and did the sights there before travelling on.
4. Last week I got a flight on a low-cost airline to Paris. I then tried to get a
flight to the UK but they were all full, so they .
 30

5. My best friend is an intrepid traveler who has a real sense of adventure.

He always loves to set out on a journey .
6.Adventurous travelers like when visiting a new country.
7. got me to the UK but it just gave me very

little indication of what lay

ahead.
8. Travellers these days make the effort to get off the tourist trail and look
for
destinations to experience the raw beauty of the
country.
9.I had and now I’m
exhausted.
from the hustle and bustle
10. Last week, I had a great chance
of the city to visit an ancient village in the
countryside.
so I decided to
11. I’ve always had a thirst for adventure and often
set out on a journey from the North to the South of Australia next month.

2. Replace the underlined words from the article and replace it

words given the box below:

Adventure tourism is to a great degree confounding. The meaning of this term

changes from individual to individual, association to association.
Notwithstanding, the closest definition to what the majority would agree is a
12. outside activity including the common habitat where the result seen by the
members is obscure. It is hard to follow its origin yet first 13. encounter
explorers were dealers. Erickson found North America. Columbus found
America and Vasco Da Gama discovered India. Yet, that was when
modernization had not
 31

been a part of our day to day lives. The adventure travel as we probably
are aware it today started three and kept decades down when individuals
began investigating the Nepalian Himalayan mountain ranges.

The 14. travelers found the greater part of this coincidentally. They 15.
aimed Bhutan, Afghanistan, Algeria, Bali, Nile and as of late the Alps. On
the planet, individuals have been going around however in India
experience has grown calm as of late. Be that as it may, the ascent
has been relentless and India is accepted to be one among the main
ten destinations of the world.

Student
Space
 32

Essay

Nowadays many young people are drawn towards dangerous

sports. What makes them so attractive? What measures should

be taken to regulate such sports and minimize the risks?

Sample Answer

It is an undeniable fact that people, especially youth, are going crazy after
adventurous and thrilling sports. Youngsters are mostly attracted and try
these sports without being aware of the dangers involved. This essay focuses
on a few measures that the sports agencies or the government can
undertake.

To begin with, we all know that youngsters are adventurous and courageous.
They enjoy trying all kinds of sports that help them gain attention and
experience without realizing that they are endangering themselves in the
process. Social media is one major platform where they get to see such
stunts. It is where they see their friends or celebrities posting videos to gain
more likes and followers. But what they fail to understand is that all the
stunts are performed under strict supervision.

To prevent the risks associated with these sports, a set of safety guidelines
should be distributed to all the participants beforehand. The organizing
team should be well trained and certified to teach participants all the
required skills to handle any difficult situation. The concerned team should
accurately check the health condition of the people and the equipment
to avoid mishaps. A
 33

rescue team must be available in case of any mishaps.

In conclusion, it is always fascinating for youngsters to participate in thrilling

sports. However, it is important to know the risks involved and be
physically and mentally fit for the sport.

Student
Space
 34

Gadgets

Glossary

1. Appliance: A device or machine for performing a specific task.

2. Device: The definition of a device is a tool or technique used to do a task.
3. Invention: A new device, method, or process developed from study and
experimentation. Thingamajig: Something that one does not know the
name of.
4. Gimmick: Anything that tricks or mystifies; deceptive or secret device.
5. Doodad: Any small object or device whose name is not known or is
temporarily forgotten. Contraption: Figuratively, derogatory or ironic) Any
object.
6. Contrivance: The definition of contrivance is the thing that causes
something to happen. Widget: The definition of a widget is a general
term for a small gadget or device. Gizmo: Any gadget or contrivance.
7. Doohickey: A thing (used in a vague way to refer to something whose
name one cannot recall)
8. Novelty: In novelty theory, newness, density of complexification, and
dynamic change as opposed to static habituation.
9. Concern: A matter that relates to or affects one.
10. Jigger: An article or a device, the name of which eludes one.
11. Thing: A thought, notion, or utterance.
 35

12. Point to note: Do not try and learn this list of vocabulary. Identify
the vocabulary you find useful for answering practice questions about
technology. Record these in your vocabulary notebook and practice
using them regularly.

Exercises

1. Match the information:

1.A person who knows a lot a) Computer buff

about technology

especially computers or other

electronic equipment.

2. The development and use of a b) to boot up

new idea or method

3. Very modern c) to upgrade

4. The latest stage of d) to surf the internet

development of a product, using
the most recent ideas and
method and and including the
latest features.

5. Something you could not e) e-books

manage without; absolutely
necessary.
 36

6. Not in use anymore, having f) game changer

been replaced by something
better.

7. The effect of something. g) impact

8. Someone who knows a lot about h) obsolete

computers and might be considered
an expert.

9. To start a computer i)Indispensable

10. To obtain a more powerful or j) state-of-the art

feature-rich computer, electronic
device or piece of software.

11. To look at a series of websites k) cutting-edge

one after the other.

12. A book published in digital i) innovation

form and read on a computer or
other dedicated electronic
device.

13. A new idea or factor that m) a techie

significantly changes an existing
situation or way of doing
something.
 37

2) Use the vocabulary in the exercise above to fill in the blanks:

14. I spent hours searching for the best offers

on clothing.

15.Although I have a good understanding of the software I use at

work, I certainly wouldn’t call myself .

16. The professor’s new theory was and if proved correct,

brought the possibility of time travel one step closer.

17. O
ur new mobile phone is still in development but it is at of
technology.

18. I’m not surprised Shreya is working

for a top computer agency as she was always a real at school.

19. The best thing about is that you can

download them instantly and start reading them immediately.
 38

Essay

Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has
changed because of technology. In what ways has technology
affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become
a positive or negative development?

Sample Answer

It is an undeniable fact that with the advent of technology, things have

changed for better or worse. One of the major fields affected is the way
people interact and communicate. This essay puts light on the advantages
and disadvantages of high-tech life.

Undoubtedly, technology has changed the way we lead our lives, and these
changes are prominent over the last decade. Technology has impacted our
lives, positively and negatively. One area that has dramatically changed is
the way we communicate and maintain our relationship nowadays. And in
my opinion, technology has positively affected our communication and the
way we make relationships and maintain it. Despite some negative effects,
most of us enjoy the positive aspects of technology. In the past, the ways of
interaction were very limited.

I completely believe that technology has a great tangible effect on our

communication. Nowadays, it's very easy to interact with your relatives -
and even with the government and organisations- either by emails,
mobiles, chatting, etc. and I think that this has improved the relationships
and enhanced
 39

it. Especially during this pandemic, everyone is connected with their loved
ones even from behind locked doors. From communicating to raising voice
over certain sensitive matters, social media has paved the way for people
to interact and connect instantly. So, technology has helped people come
out of their safe bubbles and open their minds. Children nowadays have
learned to open up with their parents. Thanks to the technology and kind of
information they are exposed to.

However, with advanced technology, people have found more ways to exploit
this freedom of speech or action in the form of hate messages or comments,
hacking, portraying false identity and much more. People, whether young or
old, is addicted to the internet. People now can deceive others using identity
theft and fraud identity. The personal touch of communication like
handwritten letters, face-to-face communications were more effective in
some cases, like meeting your friend is still more important than just writing
him an email.

To conclude, despite all that, I still see some failings in the development of
the means of interaction. For instance, the very high cost each person
spends every day on communication. But that doesn't have a great effect on
the positive role that technology has made in the field of interaction between
people and I think these defects are very easy to be solved.
 40

Places
Glossar
y

1. Hometown - the town or city that a person is from, especially the

one in which they were born and lived while they were young.
2. Cosmopolitan - containing or having experience of people and
things from many different parts of the world.
3. Suburbs - an area on the edge of a large town or city where
people who work in the town or city often live.
4. Rural - in, of, or like the countryside
5. Urban - of or in a city or town
6. Country side - land not in towns, cities, or industrial areas, that is
either used for farming or left in its natural condition.
7. Village - a group of houses and other buildings that is smaller than a
town, usually in the countryside.
8. Town - a place where people live and work, containing many
houses, shops, places of work, places of entertainment, etc., and
usually larger than a village but smaller than a city.
9. Outskirts - the areas that form the edge of a town or city.
10. Cottage - a small house, usually in the countryside.
 41

Describing places

11. Vibrant - energetic, exciting, and full of enthusiasm

12. Lively - full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting
13. quaint - attractive because of being unusual and especially old-
fashioned
14. sprawling - covered with buildings across a large area, often
ones that have been added gradually over a period of time
15. ancient - of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long
time
16. contemporary - existing or happening now
17. Traffic congestion - a situation in which a place is too
blocked or crowded, causing difficulties. Mostly traffic congestion
in terms of places.
18. Breath-taking – Extremely surprising, beautiful etc.

Exercises

1. Fill in the correct answers in the spaces given below

I don’t live in the city; my 1. (a place you are born into) is about
two hours from the outskirts of the city. I live in a small 2. (a place bigger
than the village, smaller than the city) there. It isn’t as 3.
(energetic and exciting) as the city, instead it’s the opposite of the
atmosphere in
the city, it’s calm and 4. (has unusual spots). It has a lot of
5.
(very old) buildings that are retained for their beauty. The Ash
museum, for example, is 6. (extremely beautiful) when the
building is lit up at night. You would be awestruck by the beauty of my town.
It
 42

doesn’t have any 7. (too many cars on the road) either as it

has
only a small population.

2. Match the following words/phrases to their respective meanings

8.Been through the war a. buildings or areas are in very

bad condition

9.Middle of nowhere b. a place that is very remote, far

from any city or town.

10.Run down c. a place that does not have a

roof
11. Open-air d. a place or thing that shows
signs of a lot of use or is
significantly damaged.

12. High-rise e. a tall modern building with

many floors
 43

Essay

Today more people are travelling than ever before. Why is this the
case? What are the benefits of travelling for the traveller?

Sample Answer

Gone are the days when people used to spend all their lives in the same city,
and the tour was for rich people only. Now, with technological
advancements, cheaper flight rates, and ever-increasing awareness towards
other states and countries, the world has indeed become a smaller place.
Having been a travel enthusiast, I can say that the tourism industry is
changing fast and this is attracting a lot more travellers each year. This
essay delves into the reasons behind increasing travellers and benefits of
travelling.

Firstly, people want a break from their daily schedule, and they have easy
access to the information they want. It is a fact that busier workdays and hectic
lifestyles can quickly drain one out. People have started to work more and earn
more as compared to earlier days. Also, with the amount of information that the
internet has got, everyone is better informed about the world outside their office
or home. These things have led to the increase in the number of people who
opt travelling as a way to get away.

Secondly, Tourism is a source of huge income to many countries and is

taken very seriously. Countries like Australia and France have travel &
tourism as an important part of their economy. Tourism contributes to
around 30% of the
 44

national GDP for Dubai. Thus, people have started picking up careers in the
field of tourism, as travel bloggers, trip organisers, etc. These factors have led
to the increase in tourism.

I believe travelling helps us meet different people and learn about their
traditions, outside or even within a country. India itself is a collection of
customs, flavours and languages. Visiting places one has never been to
and meeting people with different beliefs broadens our perspectives.
Introduction to different cultures motivates one to respect the mutual
differences. It helps us understand people in a new light, which can be very
helpful to alleviate tensions during political or cultural conflicts.

In a nutshell, I would say that travelling is equivalent to education. It can

bring people closer to each other despite their differences, which is very
important in today’s global world.

Student
Space
 45

Environment
Glossar
y

1. Habitat: the natural environment where an animal or plant lives.

2. Biodiversity: the number and types of plants and animals in a specific
area or in the world.
3. Ecosystem: all the people, animals and plants living in an area and
the way they affect each other and the environment.
4. Endangered species: a type of plant or animal that might stop existing.
5. Vegetation: plants in general.
6. Global warming: a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature
caused by gases surrounding the earth. Pollute: to make air, water or
soil dirty.
7. Deforestation: cutting down of trees in a particular area.
8. Climate change: changes in the world’s weather, in particular
an increase in temperature, caused by human activity.
9. Pollution: Damage caused to water, air, land etc. by harmful
substances or waste.
10. Sustainable: causing little or no damage to the
environment and therefore able to be continued over a long period of
time.
11. Renewable energy: energy that is produced using natural
resources such as the wind, sun, etc. Conservation: the
protection of animals, plants, natural areas and natural
substances. Veganism: the practice of not eating or using animal
products (e.g. meat, fish,
 46

eggs, etc.) Toxic/Toxin: Poisonous / A poisonous substance.

12. Sustainable: Causing little or no damage to the environment
and therefore able to continue for a long time.
13. Environmentalism: the study of or an interest in the
environment and the belief that it must be protected from
harmful human activity.
14. Fossil fuels: A natural fuel such as coal, gas, or oil
formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
15. Waste: A material or substance which is eliminated or discarded
as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process.
16. Emission: The production and discharge of something.
17. Erosion: To gradually reduce or destroy.
18. Drought: A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall,
leading to a shortage of water.

Exercises

A. Use the idioms from the box to fill in the blanks:

reduce,
reuse,
recycle

go green
 47

to have(has) a green thumb

to go(going) solar

1.
- all help to cut down on the
The three R’s -

amount of waste we produce.

2. What many
people don’t know is that by , they’re also
saving money.
3. My mother and grows
most of the fruit and veggies she consumes.
4. Grocery stores should by
using paper bags instead of plastic.

B) Match the first part of each sentence in the left-hand

column with its second part in the right-hand column.

5. Some modern agricultural A) … in many countries poaching

methods have been heavily is considered more
criticized…

6. If you wear a fur coat in public, … (B)…on a successful panda

breeding programme.
 48

7. It is illegal to kill pandas, tigers… (C)the government’s

conservation programme has
been very successful.

8. I don’t like zoos because I think… (D)…with battery farming in

particular receiving a lot of
condemnation.

9.The Chinese government has (E)…you risk coming under

spent a lot of money… attack from animal rights
activists.

10.In an attempt to preserve forests (F)…or any other

around the country… endangered species.

11.Hunters have killed so (G) …keeping animals in captivity

many animals that… is cruel.
 49

Essay

Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the

world is facing today. What are the causes of global
warming, and what measures can governments and
individuals take to tackle the issue?

Sample Answer

A terrifying threat to our planet at the moment is global warming. The

government in support with individuals have taken certain measures to
tackle this life-threatening problem. This essay will examine the reasons
why global warming is occurring and discuss some possible solutions.

The predominant factors resulting in global warming are the emissions of CO2
and deforestation. CO2, which damages the ozone layer, comes from several
sources, but the most problematic are those coming from the burning of fossil
fuels from power plants. Tonnes of CO2 is released into the atmosphere every
year. Another cause of these emissions is burning gasoline for transportation,
which continues to grow because of our demand for cars and also our
increasing worldwide consumption, resulting in an escalating need to transport
goods. Also, forests store large amounts of carbon, so deforestation is causing
larger amounts of CO2 to remain in the atmosphere.

Nevertheless, there are potential ways to reduce the effects. Firstly,

governments need to find ways in which they can reduce our dependence on
fossil fuels and promote alternatives. Individuals can play a part by making
lifestyle changes.
 50

People should try to buy cars with the best fuel economy, and only use their
car when really necessary. They can also think of using bicycles, which will
promote health and conserve fuel economy. They can also switch to energy
companies that use renewable energy rather than fossil fuels. Finally, small
things like buying energy-efficient light bulbs, turning off the electricity in
the house, planting trees in the garden etc. can minimize global warming.

To conclude, although global warming is a serious issue, there are

steps that governments and individuals can take to reduce its effects.
We as a whole, can work in bringing about the change.

Student
Space
 51

Transportation
Glossar
y

1. Shipment: the action of shipping goods.

2. Transport: take or carry (people or goods) from one place to
another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship.
3. Haulage: the commercial transport of goods.
4. Transit: the carrying of people or things from one place to another.
5. Carrying: support and move (someone or
something) from one place to another. Tram: an
electric vehicle similar to a bus but goes along metal
tracks on the road Coach: a bus used to take
groups of people on long journeys
6. Yacht: a boat used for travelling around for pleasure or racing
7. Overpass: a bridge that carries one road over another road.
8. Service road: A small road next to a busier, faster road, that you
use to drive to homes and shops. Traffic jam: a large number of
vehicles on a road moving very slowly or not at all. Emissions: the
amount of gas, heat, light that is sent out.
9. Noise pollution: noise, such as that from traffic, that is
considered unhealthy for people. Environmentally-friendly:
not harmful to the environment.
10. Abroad: In a foreign country.
 52

11. Business trip: a journey taken for business purposes.

12. Commute: to travel regularly between work and home.
13. Space travel: travel through outer space.
14. Autonomous vehicle: a car capable of driving itself.
15. high-speed rail: a high-speed passenger train.
16. Vehicle: A machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for
taking people or goods from one place to another, especially on
roads.
17. Infrastructure – the basic systems and services, such as
transportation and power supplies, that a country or
organization uses in order to work effectively.
18. A journey: the act of travelling from one place to another,
especially in a vehicle.
19. Lane: a division of a road marked off with painted lines and
intended to separate single lines of traffic; a narrow rural road.
20. Bypass / ring road / beltway: a road which circles a town or city
and enables you to go faster from one point to another.
21. Junction: where two roads meet.
22. Roundabout: a road junction at which traffic moves in one
direction around a central island to reach one of the roads converging
on it.
23. Congestion: the state of being congested.
24. Diversion: a different route used because a road is closed.
25. Bottleneck: a place where a road becomes narrow or a place
where there is often a lot of traffic, causing the traffic to slow down or
stop.
 53

Exercises

1. Match the idioms with their meanings:

1. Bumper to bumper a) to get a free ride in

someone else’s vehicle

2.Backseat driver b) to leave early to avoid traveling when the

roads are crowded

3.Hit the road c) a passenger in a car who gives

unwanted advice to the driver

4. Hitch a lift/ride d) to begin a trip

5. beat the traffic e) with very little space between two cars

in a line of cars

2. Use the phrases in the bow below to fill in the blanks:

Park-and-ride

the outskirts

overcrowded

to commute

to get off

to run a car

a speeding fine
 54

to go

on foot

6. The restaurant was only a mile from our house and we decided
so that we could all enjoy a bottle of wine and no-one had to
worry about driving home.

7.I was really cross with myself for getting but it was my own
fault for driving too fast.

8. The scheme was so successful that a second one was set

up on the other side of the city.

9. It’s great living on . It’s easy to get into the city but we are also
close to the countryside.

10. The tube is so in the rush hour that it’s

impossible to get a seat.
11. It’s not really worth if you live in
the city as it’s easier and cheaper to get around on public transport.

12. Shona pushed the bell as

she wanted the bus at the next stop.

13. When Talin got her new job,

she moved closer to the city so that she wouldn’t have to too
far each day.
 55

Essay

The impact that the growing demand for more flights has had on
the environment is a major concern for many countries. Some
people believe that one way to limit the number of people
traveling by air is to increase the tax on flights. To what extent
do you think this could solve the problem?
Sample Answer

In recent times global warming has been attributed to frequent air travel.
Some nations are concerned with the best method to solve this problem.
Although certain folks presume that tax increment is the most effective way
to tackle environmental damages, I believe offering aids to developing
countries and visa restrictions will prove more effective.

Firstly, flights are mostly used by people who plan to migrate in search of
greener pastures. Many people from developing and underdeveloped
countries travel abroad, which promises a safer and bright future. If the
government took initiatives and the developed countries do their bit of
contribution,I believe migration to earn a better living can be avoided.

Secondly, restricting Visa access is another key method to mitigate the

increasing demand for flights. The prominent example is during the covid
pandemic. Many countries did not provide visas to people from outside the
country. This step was taken to maintain safety , yet it helped in avoiding
unnecessary trips. Restricting unnecessary trips is an excellent way to
curtail frequent plane usage. Hence, it offers a more efficient approach
than the high
 56

level of taxes on airline firms.

In conclusion, I would add that the impact of environmental damages caused

by flights calls for concern. Even though some people believe that the best
way to deal with it is by enforcing the tax, I strongly condemn this idea and
feel that foreign aids to developing nations and visa restrictions will be a
better option to explore.

Student
Space
 57

Culture

Glossary

1. Culture: The way of life for a group of people; i.e. food, culture,
music, religion - etc.

The spreading of culture (music, food, language -etc.) from one region of
the world to another.

2. Values: Your morals, what you believe is right or wrong.

3. Perceptions: How you view or see the world, your point of view.
4. Conformity: Accepting the rules and customs around you so that
you can fit in and adapt to the local culture.
5. Ethnocentrism: Comparing your own culture to different ones
around you. The belief that one's own culture is the best.
6. Mythology: a set of old religious beliefs from ancient times.
7. Stereotype: A generalized belief about a certain race or group of
people;
i.e. All Asians are smart, Blond people are not smart, Afr. Amer. are
all great basketball players - etc.
8. Prejudice: A negative thought or opinion about a person or group of
people someone makes, without knowing them. Often based on
stereotypes.
9. Discrimination: The carrying out of an unfair action or treatment,
based on someone's prejudice of a person or group of people.
10. Segregation: The separation of a group of people based on; race,
 58

religion, skin color - etc. Racism: Any action or comment based on

either prejudice, discrimination, or both. Collectivist society: a type
of society in which all people belong to a group and work together.
11. Diversity: A mixed group of people, skin color, race, religion -
etc., in one place. i.e. - WVHS is a diverse school.
12. Ethnicity: identity through cultural ties to a particular
origin (homeland or hearth). Race: identity with a group of
people who share a biological trait; i.e. skin color, hair color
Society: a group of people with a common culture and sense
of unity.
13. Interdependence: People depending on each other for help, work,
trade - etc.
14. Globalization: The increased flow of goods, services, money,
and ideas across national borders.
15. Individualist society: a type of society in which everyone is
special and cares about him or his closest family only.
16. Culture shock: a shock you suffer from after you move to
a country with very different culture
17. Immigrate / emigrate: come to a country to work or live /
go out of your country somewhere else to work or live To
preserve: to keep (culture)
18. Cultural heritage: something left by people
of your culture who lived before you, could be traditions, customs,
art, architecture etc.
19. Migrant worker: people who travel in search of work.
20. Etiquette: a set of rules on how to behave properly
 59

(how to keep good manners) Uncertainty: avoidance

when you can't accept that something is unsure

Exercises

1.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary given in the box
below:

preserves opera Inheritance Heritage values

media fine art Folklore Conservation Cultural

norms linguistic handicrafts Legend Ceremony

1. Folklore is a very effective for

transmitting our cultural heritage.

2. skills are essential for a tour guide in the modern economy.

3. La Scala is the name of a famous venue in

Italy, which I’d like to visit. 4. Florence in Italy is a key
destination for lovers of .
5. Our greatest as a nation is our independence and fighting
spirit.

6. African is rich in stories of gods and monsters.

7. Robin Hood is a British , although

most historians agree the character is based on a real person.

8. Our countryside is part

of our national and we should preserve
it carefully.
 60

9. Cultural have been handed down for hundreds of years,

but now they are starting to disappear.

10. of old treasures is the main role of our city museum.

11. In some
countries, marriage between cousins is a .

12. The government

enters office with a long at the
presidential palace.
Student
Space
 61

Essay

It is inevitable that as technology advances, traditional cultures

will be lost. It seems that we cannot have these two things
together. To what extent do you agree or disagree (or) Many old
buildings protected by law are part of a nation’s history. Some
people think they should be knocked down and replaced by new
ones. How important is it to maintain old buildings?

Sample Answer

We live in an increasingly digital world, which indeed has advantages as well

as certain disadvantages associated with it. This is evident in our culture
and traditions. I partly disagree with the statement that technology and
culture cannot thrive together. Although some customs and values are lost,
technology has helped make some other traditions stronger.

Firstly, technology has highlighted the power of traditional values and has
made them more prevalent. To illustrate, a website in India called
Shaadi.com facilitates conventional Indian arranged marriages of eligible
couples. There are, in fact websites for each religion that caters to their
needs. Another example is Indian tourism websites, which acquaint foreigners
with India’s rich culture and diversity to lure them to visit the country.
Through these examples, it is safe to say that traditional cultures are now
thriving and have impactful presence because of technology.
Thus, traditions and technology can succeed in tandem. Consequently, due
to the urge to adopt technology, some of the traditional values are being
lost. One example of it is the deteriorating family values
amongst youth. They prefer to spend more time online than physically
with
 62

their families. For instance, in a survey by Hindustan Times, 50% of Indian

youth living in urban areas spend more than 6 hours a day online, which means
little family and study time. Undoubtedly, family values have been weakened
by technology.

To conclude, technological advancements come with a cost. It benefits

society by making certain traditions and customs more powerful and
prevalent. On the other hand, it takes away some of our old societal
values. It is upon us to use this tool for our betterment and by limiting its
usage.

Student
Space
 63

Business
Glossar
y

1. Running costs: the money that you spend regularly to operate a

machine or to manage a business or service.

2. Budget: a financial plan for a defined period, often one year.

3. Revenue: income, especially of an organization and of a substantial

nature.

4. Profit: A financial gain, especially the difference between the amount

earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing
something.

5. Outcome: the way a thing turns out; a consequence.

6. Sales: the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of

selling something.

7. Market: a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale

of provisions, livestock, and other commodities.

8. Marketing: activities a company undertakes to promote the buying

or selling of a product or service. Promotion: activity that supports or
encourages a cause, venture, or aim.

9. Manufacturer: a person who buys goods or services from a shop or

business.
 64

10. Bankrupt:(of a person or organization) declared

in law as unable to pay their debts.

11. Product: an article or substance that is

manufactured or refined for sale.

12. Service: the action of helping or doing work for someone.

13. Productivity: the state or quality of being productive.

14. Tax: a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the

government on workers' income and business profits, or added to
the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.

15. Social responsibilities: Working for the community, such as

volunteering, giving blood donations, and working at a food bank or
animal shelter.

16. Economy: set of interrelated production and consumption

activities that aid in determining how scarce resources are allocated.

17. Advertising: the activity or profession of producing

advertisements for commercial products or services. Customers: a
person who buys goods or services from a shop or business
 65

Exercises

1. Match the sentences with their right business meaning.

1.to balance the books a) to join another person to start or

expand a business

2.to be self-employed b) when a business is forced to close

because it is unsuccessful.

3.to cold call c) to earn money

4.cut throat competition d) to do research into what

potential customers would or
wouldn’t buy

5.to do market research e) to make a sales call to someone

without asking them for permission
first

6.to draw up a business plan f) to work for yourself/to not work

for an employer

7. to drum up business g) to not spend more money

than you are earning
 66

8. to earn a living h) to write a plan for a new business

9.to go bust i)to try to get customers

10. to go into business with j) when one company lowers its

prices, forcing other companies to
do the same, sometimes to a point
where business becomes
unprofitable.

2. Replace the highlighted word by selecting the correct word from

the box.

credit demand for employees expenditure exports lending loss net

private recession retail shop floor state-owned industries take on
unskilled labourers white-collar

11. We have a limited supply of computer base units.

12. Last year, our company made a huge profit.

13. Our gross profits are up by almost 150 per cent on last year.

14. Banks across the country are reporting a sharp drop in borrowing.

15. The company will debit your bank account with 420 pounds each month.
 67

16. The wholesale market has experienced a downturn since the

recession began.

17. The government is encouraging short-term investors to put their

money into the public sector.

18. Private enterprises are under a lot of financial pressure.

19. Skilled workers are demanding a 15 per cent pay rise.

20. If this continues, we will have to lay off members of staff.

Student
Space
 68

Essay

Large businesses have big budgets for marketing and

promotion, and as a result, people gravitate towards buying
their products. What problems does this cause? What could be
done to encourage people to buy local products?

Sample Answer

Large businesses and international brands spend an enormous amount of

money on marketing and advertising. Consequently, people tend to watch
those advertisements all the time and fall for it while small local businesses
fail to reach the customers. This can lead to certain serious problems, such
as the closure of local businesses and the monopoly in business. Other than
that, people could be easily trapped by large businesses. A few steps can be
adopted to address this issue and motivate people to buy local products.

People mostly prefer to buy products that were consciously or unconsciously

publicised to their minds. Thus, many local businesses, even with their
quality products, cannot attract consumers. The dominance of international
brands and large businesses will destroy the market for locally made
products and make thousands of people unemployed. Moreover, large
markets do their very best to attract public attention to their products, and
advertising is one of their best tools. Sensitive, creative, and deceptive
advertisements and marketing policies often make people believe that they
need these products. This often leads to people believing in advertisements
and investing their money into products just because it is advertised on tv
and publicized by celebrities.
 69

There are some solutions to encourage people to buy local products. The
government should strictly monitor and ban any deceptive and fancy
advertisements from the mass media. People should compare a product's
quality before purchasing from shops, and the shop owners must shelf local
products and branded products. Furthermore, government authorities and
YouTubers should rate and review any product and disclose it to the public.
Finally, local product manufacturers should be financially supported by the
banks and the government as they help the economic progress of a country.

Dominant large businesses can have unimaginable effects that can

damage a city's or even a country's financial situation. A solution to this
problem is local markets and creating a system that can have an
effective outcome.

Student
Space
 70

Crime and Law

Glossar
y

1. Abduction: taking someone against their will

2. Arson: Setting fire to a property

3. Assault: a physical attack

4. Burglary: illegal entry to s building with an intent to

commit a crime

5. Child abuse: maltreatment of a child

6. Drug trafficking: importing illegal drugs

7. False imprisonment: imprisoning a person against their will

8. Fraud: Deception for personal or financial gain.

9. Hacking: unauthorized access to data in a computer system

10. Hijacking: illegally getting control of an aircraft or vehicle

11. Human trafficking: illegally transporting people,

usually for slave labor or commercial sexual exploitation

12. Legislation: A law or set of laws suggested by a

government and made official by a parliament.

13. Deter: to makesomeone less enthusiastic

about doing
 71

something by threatening bad results if they do it.

14. Offender: Someone who is guilty of a crime.

15. Punish: To cause someone who has done something

wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by hurting them,
forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc.

16. Prevention: When you stop something from happening or

stop someone from doing something. Commit: To do
something illegal or something that is considered wrong.

17. Criminal: A person who commits a crime.

18. Probation: A period of time when a criminal must

behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to
avoid being sent to prison.

19. Rehabilitate; To return someone or something to a

good or healthy condition, state or way of living.

20. Guilt: Having done something wrong or committed a crime.

21. Jury: A group of people chosen to decide in a court of

law if someone is guilty of a crime or not.

22. Drugs: a medicine or other substance which has a

physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced
into the body.

23. Addiction: the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular

 72

substance or activity.

24. Convict: To decide officially in a court of law that

someone is guilty of a crime.

25. Fine: Being made to pay money for breaking the law.

26. Imprisonment: Being put in prison.

27. Community Service: Work that people do to help other

people without payment, and which young criminals whose
crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are
sometimes ordered to do.

28. Justice: Fairness in the way people are dealt with

29. Victim: Someone who has suffered because of the

actions of someone else

30. Pick-pocketing: the action of stealing from a person's

pockets

31. Extortion: the practice of obtaining something, especially

money, through force or threats. Kidnapping: the action of
abducting someone and holding them captive.
 73

Exercises

1. Match the vocabulary phrases in the left with their

meanings on the right:

1.Death penalty i)physical punishment form

teacher or head teacher at
school

2. A prison sentence ii) driving whilst under the influence

of alcohol

3. A suspended sentence iii) taking from another

person’s pocket

4. Forfeiture iv) imprisoned in one’s own house

rather than in prison

5. Hospital order v) imprisonment

6. Corporal punishment vi)delaying of a sentence

7.House arrest vii) property is taken away

8.Pick pocketing viii)punishment of death

9.Drunk driving ix) to confine someone to

hospital under arrest
 74

2. Match the words and phrases in the box with their

correct definition 10 – 19.

Barrister break the law defendant judge jury

abiding offender solicitor victim witness

10. A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law.

..................................

11. A group of 12 citizens who are sworn to decide whether someone is guilty
or innocent on the basis of evidence given in a court of law.
..................................

12.A person who sees something happen or is present when

something happens. ...............................

13. A person who appears in a court of law accused of doing something illegal.
..................................

14. A person who is attacked or who is in an accident. ..................................

15. A qualified lawyer who gives advice to members of the public and acts
for them in legal matters. ..................................

16. A person who commits an offence against the law. ..................................

17. A lawyer who can present a case in court. ..................................

18.An expression used to describe someone who obeys the law.

..................................

19. To do something that is illegal. ..................................

 75

Essay

Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities

around the world. What are the reasons for this, and suggest
some solutions?

Sample Answer

There is an explosive rise in the number of crimes committed by

youngsters both in the cities and villages. The urge to make quick money
and substance addiction are the main causes of this problem. Providing
better education and creating awareness are bound to serve as a problem
solver. This essay digs deeper into these solutions.

Many youngsters fall prey to the notion that only money can provide them
with a quality lifestyle. To achieve it, they get involved in crimes
such as pick-pocketing, extortion, and even kidnapping. As per a recent
statistical survey conducted by the National Institute of India, crimes
such as pick-pocketing and extortion have increased compared to last
year’s data. According to the survey, young criminals are addicted to some
drugs. This proves the strong relationship between crime, substance
addiction and age.

The government should take responsibility for modulating these youngsters.

Making education available to these young lads at an affordable cost should
be of utmost priority. Also, schools and colleges should take initiatives to
increase awareness about health hazards and social problems created by
substance abuse. A recent survey shows that crime rate and drug rate in
Delhi and sudden fall after the teenagers were given class on the
disadvantages of drug use. Thus,
 76

it is possible to eliminate the causes of youth crime by incorporating

appropriate measures.

In conclusion, drug abuse and the desire to become rich overnight are the
factors that encourage young people to get into crime. Providing employment
opportunities and launching anti addiction programmes will solve this
problem to a great extent.

Student
Space
 77

Employment
Glossar
y

1. Part-time/Full-time: These terms refer to the

amount of time you spend at a job.

2. Occupation: is a specific job position you hold.

3. Career: It refers to the category of work someone does, and

suggests a long-term commitment.

4. Shift work: refers to work that is scheduled with a specific

beginning and ending time.

5. Salary work: may have an expected schedule, a shift where

the worker will normally be at work.

6. Unskilled work: is work that requires little or no training, such as fry

cook work at a fast-food restaurant, or work cleaning and maintaining
buildings.

7. Manual labour: refers to work that is very physical, requiring a

lot of strength and physical activity.

8. Employment: When someone is paid to work for a company

or organization.

9. Unemployment: Not working.

10. Commute: To make the same journey regularly between work and
home.
 78

11. Public Sector: Businesses and industries that are

owned or controlled by the government.

12. Private Sector: Businesses and industries that are

privately owned.

13. Retire: To stop working because of old age or ill health.

14. Work Flextime: Working a fixed number of hours but having

flexibility with start and finish times. Vacancy: A job position that
is not filled and so is available.

15. Overtime: working more than your contracted hours.

16. Shift: The time worked in a job that is not normal hours.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word given in the box:

promotion Workaholic incentives Benefits Unsociable incentive Steady

job security Resign increment unemployed Commission redundant
Downsizing Cut salary Adverse initiative motivation Time off sick building
syndrome Perk

1. The company you work for is well known for its

.
2.You are suddenly made
 79

3.Mary received a .

4. Harry was given an

5. Sheila works hours.

6. I have a job.

7.Sreenish had to work under

working conditions.

8. Manish suddenly found himself

.
9. Tony needs work because of

repetitive strain injury.

10. The office where you work has .

11. Neha receives regular

12. Shreya is a , she works day and night.

13. My company gives me plenty of

.

14.Your boss announces that there is going to be

some .

15. Your company has a generous

scheme.

16. Sharaf received a .

17. Jiya was forced to .

 80

18. You received a , because you

took a week’s leave.

19. My company gives me sickness

.

20. My boss tells me that you lack

.

Student
Space
 81

Essay

Some people think that recruiting companies should aim to take

on people who are innovative and able to work independently
while others consider they should recruit people who are able to
work in a team and follow instructions. Discuss both views, and
give your opinion.

Sample Answer

A set of people argue that a successful organization must have individuals

who have a creative mindset and can-do tasks with less dependency. At the
same time, there are groups which argue that candidates should be able to
work as a unit for the development of the company. In my opinion, to
accelerate the growth of a firm, resources should have both an innovative
and co-operative mind. This essay focuses on both viewpoints.

Firstly, for competing with the business, the organization needs candidates who
can come up with great ideas and who can think out of the box. Moreover,
most of the companies are paying more for such resources. Employers
appreciate employees who develop tools to reduce the workload and attract
clients with their innovative work and strategies. For instance, many IT
companies provide a huge infrastructure to support the innovative work for
which they include an attractive pay package for the employees.

Secondly, for an organization to work smoothly, joint work and joint effort are
vital. In most cases, tasks are usually shared among the employees, and
only with proper coordination and lesser ego conflicts, a company can
finish the
 82

project within the deadline. Furthermore, the importance of group efforts is vital.
Most of the organizations provide sessions and conduct team activity for the
resources to interact with each other. For example, factories like Ranbaxy, have
monthly team activity and outings for encouraging team interaction.
Additionally, these activities have a positive response and often increase
productivity.

In conclusion, I would say, to precipitate the growth of a project, the

resources should have both, a creative thinking and coordinative mind,
topped up with team effort which is an important factor if we are part of a
huge organization.

Student
Space
 83

Leisure
Glossary

1. Ample:
plentiful

2. Uninterrupted: without a break in continuity.

3. Requisite: Made necessary by particular circumstances or situations.

4. Ignoble: not honorable in character or purpose.

5. Abundant: existing or available in large quantities.

6. Dangerous: able or likely to cause harm or injury.

7. Occasional: occurring, appearing, or done infrequently and irregularly.

8. Adequate: satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

9. Peaceful: free from disturbance; tranquil.

10. Scanty: small or insufficient in quantity or amount.

11. Activities: the condition in which things are happening or being

done.

12. Solace: comfort or consolation in a time of distress.

13. Outdoor activity: recreation engaged out of doors.

14. Indoor activities: Activities done for fun and enjoyment in the
comfort of our home.
 84

15. Relaxing: reducing tension or anxiety.

16. Leisure: time when one is not working or occupied; free time.

Exercises

These are certain words associated with the word leisure which can be asked
as a topic in your writing or speaking test. To further strengthen your vocab,
here are some exercises for you:

1. Look at the sentences below and fill in the gaps using the
appropriate word from A, B or C.

1. Everyone has their own leisure , and

mine is reading.

A) Attitudes B) pursuits C) works

2. Recreational activities help us to and just forget about life for a

minute,

A) Casual B) unwind C) end

3. Spending excessive time on a hobby may

have an effect on people.

A) Adverse B) holy C) endless

4. I would love to extreme sports in the

future, maybe ski-diving.
A) enjoy B) have a crack at C) support
 85

5. I think I will free-falling from enormous heights.

A) Get a kick start B) get kick off C) get a real kick out of

6. Young people like watching movies, the net, chatting with

friends, hanging out with friends, gymming and many more activities.

A) surfing B) Searching C) sitting on

2. Match the phrases with the type leisure activity:

7. Chess i) shoot some hoops

8. Shopping ii) move your pieces

9. Restaurant iii) window shopping

10. Friends iv) eat out

11. Basketball v) catch up

12. Party vi) catch some rays

13. Cinema vii) hit the road

14. Road trip viii)paint the town red

15. Coffee ix) catch a flick

16. Beach x)cup of joe

 86

Essay

Some people think that it is important to use leisure time for

activities that improve the mind, such as reading and doing word
puzzles. Other people feel that it is important to rest the mind
during leisure time.

Sample Answer

One group of people advocate that we have only a limited amount of time,
and we should try to utilize it effectively. For them leisure activities can be
reading and puzzle-solving. Such activities enhance our skills.

However, others have a notion that the modern lifestyle is full of stress and
strain and solving puzzles drains the remaining energy. In addition, they
believe that the brain needs rest to get ready for the next day at work.
Therefore, they like spending time relaxing and doing nothing.

Personally, I feel that we all do not have the same level of energy and that
interests differ with people. In other words, people are very busy with their
work and studies that they may find solace in doing nothing. However,
when it comes to people whose work does not demand physical and mental
pressure, they can go for indoor or outdoor activities. To conclude, I would
say it is ultimately one’s choice to utilize their free time the way they want
to.
 87

Answer Key

People and Relationship

1. Spouse

2. Grandparents

3.Employer

4. Employee

5.Colleagues

6. Clumsy

7.Co-operate

8. Broadminded

9.Charming

10. Determined

Education

1. C

2.F

3.D

4. A

5. G

6. B

7.E
 88

8. Kindergarten

9.Art

10. Alphabets

11. Music

12. Curriculum

13. Appreciate

14. Handwriting

15. Tone-deaf

16. Enrol

17. Course

18. University

19. Degree

20. Faculty

21. Tutorial

22. Lectures

Health

1. C
2.D
3.A
4. B
5. F
6. E
 89

7.therapeutic

8. a diet

9.conventional medicine

10. traditional medicines

11. holistic medicines

12. consultant

13. surgeon

14. protein

15. vitamins

16. minerals

Adventure

1. Break the journey (stop for a short time during journey)

2. Find a gem (When you find a place where only locals go and other
tourists don’t visit.)
3. a stopover (a brief overnight stay in a place when on a long journey
to somewhere else, usually by air)
4. Put me on standby (make me wait to see if a seat become available)
5. Off the beaten track or path (An unusual route or destination)

6. To take the road less traveled (To do things differently and to

think outside of the box.)
7. The first leg of the journey (the first segment of a journey; the first flight
 90

of a multi-flight trip.)

8. Off the beaten track (path) ( in a place where few people go;
unusual route/destination.)
9.To take a red eye (To take a late night airline flight.)
10. To get away (To escape, to go somewhere that is not your home.
You can also use the noun “a getaway.”)
11. Get itchy feet: (have a strong desire to travel)

12. Outdoor

13. Experience

14. Wanderers

15. Headed to

Gadgets

1. m

2. l

3.k

4. j

5.i

6.h

7. g

8. a

9.b
 91

10. c

11. d

12. e

13. f

14. Surfing the internet.

15. a computer buff

16. a game changer

17. the cutting edge

18. techie
19. e-books

Places

1. Hometown

2. Town

3.Vibrant/lively

4. Quaint

5.Ancient

6. Breath-taking

7.Traffic congestion

8. d
9.b

10. a
 92

11. c

12. e

Environment

1. reduce, reuse, recycle (phrase used to encourage people to waste less

and use things again to protect the environment)
2.going solar (to collect solar energy by using solar energy panels)

3.has a green thumb (to have the ability to grow plants well)

4. go green (to change one’s lifestyle to help protect the environment)

5. D

6. E

7.F

8. G

9.B

10. C

11. A

Transportation

1. E

2.A

3.D

4. A

5. B
 93

6. to go on foot

7.a speeding fine

8.park-and-ride

9.the outskirts.

10. Overcrowded

11. running a car

12. to get off

13. commute

Culture

1. media

2. Linguistic

3.opera

4. fine art

5.inheritance

6.folklore

7. legend

8.heritage

9.values

10. conservation

11. cultural norm

12. ceremony
 94

Business

1. g

2. f

3.e

4. j

5. d

6. h

7. i

8. c

9.b

10. a

11. Demand for

12. Loss

13. Net

14. Lending

15. credit

16. Retail

17. Private

18. State-owned industries

19. Unskilled labourers

20. Take on
 95

Crime and Law

1. viii

2.v

3.vi

4. vii

5. ix

6. i

7. iv

8. iii

9.ii

10. Judge

11. Jury

12. Witness

13. Defendant

14. Victim

15. solicitor

16. Offender

17. Barrister

18. law abiding

19. break the law

 96

Employment

1. Job security

2. Redundant

3.Promotion

4. Increment

5.Unsociable

6. Steady

7. Adverse

8. Unemployed

9.Time off

10. Sick building syndrome

11. Perks

12. Workaholic

13. Incentives

14. Downsizing

15. Incentive

16. Commission

17. Resign

18. Cutsalary

19. Benefits

20. Initiative motivation

 97

Leisure

1. B

2.B

3.A

4. B

5. C

6. A

7.ii [move your pieces (moving the chess pieces)]

8. iii [window shopping (the activity of looking at goods displayed in

shop windows, especially without intending to buy anything)]
9.iv [eat out (have a meal in a restaurant)]

10. v [catch up (meet friends)]

11. i [shoot some hoops (To play basketball, especially casually by

simply shooting and not engaging in a game)]
12. viii [paint the town red (go out and enjoy oneself flamboyantly)]

13. ix [catch a flick (to go to watch a movie)]

14. vii [hit the road (to leave a place or begin a journey)]

15. x [cup of joe (common man’s drink)]

16. vi [catch some rays (sit or lie in the sun)]

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