VIII Class - SRP CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

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GOAL - 1
MATTER
The universe is nothing but matter and radiation. The rays of the sun and the light emitted by the
stars are a part of radiation. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, the stars, plants,
animals and even a small drop of water or a particle of sand - everything is matter.
Ø Matter : Things which have mass and occupy space are called matter. Matter has both mass
and volume. Matter is made up of particles.

Matter

Physical Chemical
Classification Classification

Ø Physical Classification of Matter : Matter can be classified physically based on state of matter.

Physical
Classification

Solid : Liquid : Gas : Plasma State : Bose-Einstein

Definite shape No specific No fixed shape Highly Condensate:
& volume shape but & volume conductive State of matter at
definite volume state 0 K or 273.15°C

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Ø Chemical Classification of Matter : Matter can be classified as

Chemical Classification

Pure substance Mixture

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Ø Element : Substances that are made up of same type of atoms in a fixed composition form of the
elements. There are 118 elements present on the Earth, out of which 94 occur naturally on the earth
and 24 elements are synthetic or artificial.
Elements are simple substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Ex : Hydrogen, Carbon

Ø Compound: A compound is a substance composed of two or more different elements, chemically

combined with one another in a fixed proportion by weight.
Example : H2O, CaCO3
Water contains Oxygen and Hydrogen in the ratio of 8:1 by weight.
The constituents in a compound can be separated only by chemical reactions.

Ø Mixture : A mixture is a substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds of

different types which are not chemically combined together.
Example : NaCl in water, Sand in water, Chalk in water, Air etc.

Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Ø Homogeneous mixtures : A mixture, in which the components are uniformly distributed throughout the
mixture is called homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixtures cannot be seen through naked eyes.
Example : Air, Sugar in water

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Ø Heterogeneous mixtures : A mixture, in which the components are not uniformly distributed throughout
the mixture is called heterogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixtures can be seen through naked eyes.
Example : Salt and pepper, water and coconut oil

IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF MATTER

Ø Atoms : An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element which takes part in the chemical
reaction. An element is made up of the same kind of atoms.
Elements are monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic, polyatomic etc., 40
Example : monoatomic elements - He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn and metals
Di - atomic elements - H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, etc., Ar
Tetra - atomic elements - P4,As4, Sb4, Octa - atomic element - S8. 18
Ø Molecule : The smallest particle of an element or compound which has independent existence and
can retain all the properties is called a molecule.
Ex: H2, O2, N2, H2O, CO2 etc.

CLASS TASK
1. Elements are [ ]
a) Mono atomic b) Di atomic c) Tri atomic d) All
2. Elements are made up of the same type of [ ]
a) atoms b) molecules c) both (a) and (b) d) compounds
3. The substance has no fixed shape but have fixed volume. Which physical state is represented by the
statement [ ]
a) Solids b) Liquids c) Gases d) None of these
4. Among the following, which is a compound [ ]
a) Iron b) Oxygen c) Water d) Hydrogen
5. Intermolecular force of attraction is more effective in [ ]
a) Solids b) Gases c) Liquids d) All

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HOME TASK

By using above information answer the following questions :

1. Analyse compound is different from atom.

A.

2. The number of bonds are present in ammonia molecule.

A.

3. Represent the different types of atoms present in ammonia molecule.

A.

4. Represent the molecular formula of ammonia.

A.

5. Analyse compounds are stable.

A.

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GOAL - 2

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

ATOM

Sub atomic particles

Electron Proton Neutron

The three fundamental particles present in an atom are electron, proton and neutron.
Property Electron Proton Neutron

1) Charge –Ve +Ve No charge

2) Notation e– p n
3) Mass 9.11 × 10–28 g 1.672 × 10–24 g 1.675 × 10–24g
(or) (or) (or)
0.000548 amu 1.007277 amu 1.008665 amu
4) Charge –1.602 × 10–19 coulombs 1.602 × 10–19 coulombs –––
(or) (or)
– 4.8 × 10–10 esu 4.8 × 10–10 esu –––
5) Relative Charge –1 +1 –––

In a neutral atom, number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges (or the
number of protons is equal to the number of electrons).

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Ø ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) : It is defined as the number of protons (positive charges) present inside
the nucleus or the number of electrons (negative charges) present out side the nucleus in a neutral
atom. Atomic number is represented by the symbol ‘Z’.

Ø MASS NUMBER (A) : It is defined as the sum of the number of protons and the number of
neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is represented by ‘A’.
• Protons and neutrons together are called Nucleons.
An element can be represented as ZXA,where X is an element, A is the mass number and Z is the
atomic number.
A = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
⇒ A=Z + n ⇒ n=A–Z
Chemical symbol
for the element Carbon as
example
Mass number =
A=Z+N
A 12 C
X 6
Atomic number =
number of protons Z
Ø ATOMIC NUMBERS AND ATOMIC MASS : The atomic numbers of the first 20 elements are
given below.

Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass

(Rounded values)
Hydrogen H 1 1
Helium He 2 4
Lithium Li 3 7
Beryllium Be 4 9
Boron B 5 11
Carbon C 6 12
Nitrogen N 7 14
Oxygen O 8 16
Fluorine F 9 19
Neon Ne 10 20
Sodium Na 11 23
Magnesium Mg 12 24
Aluminium Al 13 27
Silicon Si 14 28
Phosphorus P 15 31
Sulphur S 16 32
Chlorine Cl 17 35.5
Argon Ar 18 40
Potassium K 19 39
Calcium Ca 20 40

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Ø Isotopes : The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers are called isotopes.
Ex : a) 11 H , 12 H and 13 H 35
b) 17 37
Cl and 17 Cl c) 235 238
92 U and 92 U

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with same number of protons and electrons but
different number of neutrons.

Ø Isobars : The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number but different atomic
numbers are called isobars.
Ex : a) 14
6 C
and 14
7 N
40
b) 18 40
Ar, 19 K and 40
20 Ca

Ø Isotones : Isotones are the atoms of different elements which have the same number of neutrons.
Ex : a) 30
14 Si, 31
15 P and 32
16 S b) 14
6 C and 16
8 O c) 23
11 Na and 24
12 Mg

SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS
Ø Definition : Short hand notation of an element is called symbol.
For example, Oxygen is represented by the letter ‘O’.

Ø Symbols of elements with single letter : For some elements,

the first letter of their English names represents their symbols. Oxygen (8O16)
For example, Oxygen is represented by the letter ‘O’.
Two letter symbols are used to represent most of the elements. The list of such elements is given
below. The first letter is always written in capitals and the second letter is always small.
Example: Symbol of Cobalt is Co but not CO. CO represents a molecule of Carbon monoxide.

CLASS TASK
14
1. 6 C and 16
8 O
are examples for [ ]
a) Isotopes b) Isobars
c) Isotones d) Iso electronic species
2. Isotopes are [ ]
a) atoms of same element b) atoms of different elements
c) molecules of same element d) radicals of the same element
3. The fundamental particles present in a neutral atom which are equal in number are [ ]
a) Positron and electrons b) Proton and electron
c) Neutrino and electron d) Proton and neutron
4. The symbol of Helium is [ ]
a) He b) Hu c) Hl d) Hi
5. 35.5 is the atomic mass of [ ]
a) Cl b) Ar c) Ca d) Co

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HOME TASK
1. Observe the table and identify the given spaces in the table.
S.No. Name Symbol Atomic No. Mass No. No. of Neutrons No. of Electrons

19
1. Fluorine 9 F ---- ---- ---- ----

40
2. ---- 18 Ar ---- ---- ---- ----

3. ---- ---- 20 ---- ---- ----

4. ---- ---- ---- 27 14 ----

5. Sodium ---- ---- ---- 12 11

39
6. ---- 19 K ---- ---- ---- ----

7. ---- ---- ---- 32 ---- 16

8. ---- ---- 12 ---- 12 ----

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GOAL - 3

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

w Shells and Subshells :

Shell : The electrons in an atom revolve round the nucleus in definite paths called orbits or shells.
These orbits are numbered 1,2,3,4, .... and are represented as K, L, M, N,.... respectively and are
denoted by ‘n’. Each orbit consists of subshell.

Subshell : Subshell is a path taken by electrons as they move around with in the shell’s confines.

First orbit (n = 1, K – Shell) has only one subshell and is named as 1s subshell. It can accommodate
two electrons only.

Second orbit (n = 2, L – Shell) has two types of subshell which are named 2s and 2p.

Third orbit (n = 3, M – Shell) has three types of subshell which are named 3s, 3p and 3d.

Fourth orbit (n = 4, N – Shell) has four types of subshell which are named 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f.

The capacity of s,p,d and f subshells to hold electrons, present in any shell, is 2,6,10 and 14
respectively.
Ø Orbital : The three dimensional space around the nucleus in an atom where the probability of
finding an electron is maximum is called an orbital.

5 4 3 2 1 K LM N O

Note : The number of subshells in the nth shell is given by n.

* The number of orbitals in the nth shell is given by n2.
* The number of electrons in the nth shell is given by 2n2.

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w Some Important Points :

Ø Valence shell : The last shell or orbit of an atom is known as its valence shell or ultimate shell and
is represented by the letter ‘n’.

Ø Penultimate shell : The shell just before the ultimate shell is known as penultimate shell and is
represented by ‘n – 1’.

Ø Antepenultimate shell : The shell before the penultimate shell is known as antepenultimate shell
and is represented by ‘n – 2’.

Ø Valence electron(s) : The electron(s) present in the outer most orbit of an atom is (are) called
valence electron(s).

Ø Core electrons : The electrons other than the valence electrons in an atom are called core electrons.
(n) ultimate shell
(n – 1) penultimate shell
(n – 2) antepenultimate shell

Ø Electronic Configuration of Elements

The systematic arrangement of electrons in various atomic orbitals in the increasing order of their
energies is known as electronic configuration.
The increasing order of various atomic orbitals is as follows :
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d< 5p …..
To write the electronic configuration easily, we use the Moeller’s diagram which is shown below.

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Atomic Element Electronic Shell Valence electrons

Number configuration Configuration
1 H 1s1 1 1
2 He 1s2 2 2
3 Li 1s2 2s1 2, 1 1
4 Be 1s2 2s2 2, 2 2
5 B 1s2 2s2 2p1 2, 3 3
6 C 1s2 2s2 2p2 2, 4 4
7 N 1s2 2s2 2p3 2, 5 5
8 O 1s2 2s2 2p4 2, 6 6
9 F 1s2 2s2 2p5 2, 7 7
10 Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6 2, 8 8
11 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 2, 8, 1 1
12 Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2, 8, 2 2
13 Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 2, 8, 3 3
14 Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 2, 8, 4 4
15 P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 2, 8, 5 5
16 S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 2, 8, 6 6

17 Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 2, 8, 7 7

18 Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 2, 8, 8 8

19 K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 2, 8 8, 1 1
20 Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 2, 8, 8, 2 2

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS REPRESENTED BY SHELLS :

3p 5p 7p 9p
1p 6n 7n 9n
4n

Hydrogen Lithium Boron Nitrogen Fluorine

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CLASS TASK
1. The capacity of K shell is [ ]
a) 2 b) 8 c) 18 d) 32
2. After filling 3d orbital electron enters into [ ]
a) 4p b) 3s c) 4d d) 5s
3. Identify the shell designation from the following [ ]
a) K b) M c) N d) All
4. Penultimate shell is represented by [ ]
a) n b) n – 1 c) n – 2 d) n – 3
5. 1s22s22p6 is the electronic configuration of [ ]
a) Carbon b) Neon c) Argon d) Calcium

HOME TASK

5 4 3 2 1 K LM N O

1. Compare the electron capacity of M, N shells.

A.

2. The element X electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7. Then the name of the element X is

A.

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3. Analyse the values of capacities of K, L, M, N shells.
A.

4. Compare the energy of L.M shells.

A.

5. Analyse the electronic configuration of the following

27 20 13
i) 13 X ii) 10 Y iii) 6 Z
A.

6. The number of electrons in nth shell is

A.

7. The number of sub shells are present in 3rd orbit.

A.

8. Analyse the number of valence electrons from the following

i) K ii) O iii) P iv) C
A.

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GOAL - 4

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Ø Classification of elements : We need to classify the elements to
i) Study the properties of elements
ii) Correlate the properties of elements
iii) Study the properties of compounds formed

Classification of Elements

Groups Periods

Ø Group : The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups.
Ø Groups : There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table called groups. They are represented as
IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII (three subgroups).
IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA (zero group).
According to the IUPAC nomenclature, the groups are numbered as
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 respectively from left to right.
Ex : IA, IIA, VIIIA group elements.
IA VIIIA
H He
IIA
Li Be Ne

Na Mg Ar

K Ca Kr

Rb Sr Xe

Cs Ba Rn

Fr Ra

Ø PERIOD : The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods. There are seven periods.
Named with arabic numericals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Example : Li Be B C N O F Ne

Second period elements

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Ø PERIODS
Periods : There are 7 horizontal rows in the periodic table. These are called periods.

First Period : It contains only two elements Hydrogen and Helium. So, it is called the
‘shortest period’.

Second Period : It contains 8 elements Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne.

Third Period : It contains 8 elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar.
The second and the third periods are called ‘Short periods’.

Fourth Period : It contains 18 elements from K to Kr (Z = 19 to 36).

Fifth Period : It contains 18 elements from Rb to Xe (Z = 37 to 54).

The fourth and fifth periods are called ‘Long periods’.

Sixth Period : It contains 32 elements from Cs to Rn and is called the ‘Longest period’
(Z = 55 to 86).

Seventh period : It contains 32 elements from Fr to Og and is called the ‘Longest period’
(Z = 87 to 118).

Ø Modern Periodic Table

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
s block (n) ....................... d block (n - 1) ................ ................ p block (n) ............
1
2
3
4
5
6 La
7 Ac
......................... f block (n-2) ......................
6 La
7 Ac

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS INTO BLOCKS : Based on differentiated electron an

element all the elements are classified into s, p, d and f blocks.

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Periodic Table contains 118 elements. They are classified as below :

Types of Elements

Metals Metalloids Non-Metals

Eg : Gold Eg : Germanium Eg : Fluorine

Silver Arsenic Oxygen
METALS :
Ø Elements which have the tendency to lose electrons are called Electropositive elements.
Ø All highly electro positive elements are metals.
• Sodium (Na) : Z = 11
• Sodium ion (Na+) : Z = 10 (Stable electronic configuration of Ne)
NON-METALS :
Ø An element which has the tendency to attract shared pair of electrons towards itself in a molecule
is called an electronegative element.
Ø All highly electronegative elements are non - metals.
Example :
• Fluorine (F) : Z = 9
• Fluoride ion (F–) : Z = 10 (Stable electronic configuration of Ne)
METALLOIDS :
The elements which exhibit the properties of both metals and non-metals are called metalloids.
Examples : Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Selenium.

CLASS TASK
1. Identify the example for non metal from the following [ ]
a) Aluminium b) Copper c) Gold d) Oxygen

27

2. Al the position of this element in periodic table [ ]

13

a) Group number - IIIA, Period number - 4 b) Group number - IIIA, Period number - 2
c) Group number - IIIA, Period number - 3 d) Group number - IIA, Period number - 3
3. Total number of periods and groups in modern periodic table [ ]
a) 18, 7 b) 7, 8 c) 7, 18 d) 14, 8

6 La
4. 7 Ac

this block elements belongs to [ ]

a) f block b) d block c) s block d) p block
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5. Identify the metal from the following. [ ]
a) Aluminium b) Silver c) Gold d) All the above

HOME TASK
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
s block (n) ....................... d block (n - 1) ................ ................ p block (n) ............
1
2
3
4
5
6 La
7 Ac
......................... f block (n-2) ......................
6 La
7 Ac

1. Imagine the need of classifying elements.

A.

2. Total number of blocks in modern periodic table.

A.

3. Total number of periods in modern periodic table.

A.

4. Classify the different types of elements present in the modern periodic table.
A.

5. The shortest period in the periodic table is

A.

6. The total number of Groups in p - block is

A.

7. Name liquid non-metal.

A.

8. The number of elements present in longest period is

A.

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GOAL - 5

VALENCY AND TYPES OF IONS

Definition :- Valency is the combining capacity of an element.
Example :
COMPOUND
Element
with hydrogen with chlorine with oxygen Valency

Na NaH NaCl Na2O 1

Mg MgH2 MgCl2 MgO 2
Al AlH3 AlCl3 Al2O3 3

Ø Valency of Metals :
“Number of valence electrons present in a metal atom is its valency”.
Generally metals have 1 or 2 or 3 valence electrons. So their valencies are 1 or 2 or 3 respectively.
Example :

Element : Na Mg Al

Atomic number : 11 12 13

Electronic configuration : 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3

Valency : 1 2 3

Ø Valency of Non-Metals :
Ø Valency of non-metals = (8 - number of valence electrons)
Ø Generally non-metals possess 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 valence electrons.
Thus their valencies are 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7 i.e., 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
Example :
Element C N O F
Atomic number 6 7 8 9

Electronic configuration 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7

Valency 8-4=4 8-5=3 8-6=2 8-7=1

Example CH4 NH3 H2O HF

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TYPES OF IONS

Definition :- Charged species which are formed by losing (or) gaining electrons are known as
“Ions”.
Ø Ions may contain a single atom or a group of atoms.
Ø TYPES OF IONS :
Ions are two types based on the nature of the charge carried by them.

a) Electropositive ion (or) Cation:

An ion having a positive charge on it is known as an electropositive ion or a cation.
Example : K+, Ag+, Pb+2 etc.

b) Electronegative ion (or) Anion:

The ion having a negative charge on it is known as an electronegative ion or an anion.
Example : Cl– , O–2 , SO4–2 etc.

Ø CLASSIFICATION OF IONS: Ions can be classified as follows:

a) Simple ion : It is an ion which contains one or more atoms of the same element.
Example : Ag+ (silver ion), S–2 (Sulphide ion), O–2 (Oxide ion), O2–2 (Peroxide ion).

b) Compound ion: It is an ion which consists of two or more atoms of different elements to
form a single unit.
Example : 1) SO4–2 (Sulphate ion)
It behaves as a single unit and is composed of one atom of sulphur and four atoms of oxygen.
2) Nitrate ion (NO3–),
3) Phosphate ion (PO4–3) etc.
An ionic compound is a combination of two or more simple or compound ions.
Example : 1) CaCO3 → Ca +2 + CO3−2
simple ion compound ion

2) Ca3 ( PO4 )2 → 3Ca +2 + 2 PO4−3

simple ion compound ion

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Ø ELECTRO VALENCY : Electro valency is defined as the number of electrons lost or gained by
an atom to form an ionic bond.

Ø COVALENCY : Is defined as the number of electrons shared by atoms to form a covalent bond.
σ BOND : "A covalent bond formed by the end to end overlapping of half filled orbitals of two
atoms along the internuclear axis is called σ bond".

• σ bond is also called head on overlap (or) axial overlap.

H
sp-sp ssp - p
σ σ
Cl Be Cl H C H
(or) σ σ
End on end over lapping in Beryllium Chloride) H

π - BOND : "A covalent bond formed by the side wise overlapping” of atomic orbitals.

2pZ 2pZ

2PY 2pY
σ
2px 2px
π

π
Nitrogen Nitrogen
atom atom

CLASS TASK
1. The example for simple ion is [ ]
a) K+ b) Ca+ c) Cl –
d) All
2. Metals can form [ ]
a) cations b) electropositive ions
c) both a & b d) electronegative ions
3. The valency of sodium is [ ]
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
4. SO42– is a [ ]
a) simple ion b) compound ion
c) cation d) electropositive ion
5. The combining capacity of calcium in CaCO3 is [ ]
a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1

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6. The bond represent by the given picture [ ]

a) Sigma bond b) Pi - bond

c) Ionic bond d) Co- ordinate covalent bond

HOME TASK

1. The combining capacity of Mg+2 ion is

A.

2. Analyse meaning of ions

A.

3. Electronegative elements can form.

A.

4. The combining capacity of Cl– ion is

A.

5. The combining capacity of PO4– 3 ion is

A.

6. Negative charged ions are represented by

A.

7. Analyse the formation of cations and anions

A.

8. Electro positive elements can form

A.

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GOAL - 6

CHEMICAL FORMULA
Definition : "The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition".

Ø Importance : “A Chemical formula gives the exact number of atoms of the same or different
elements present in a chemical substance.”
To write chemical formulae, the symbols of elements and the combining capacities of elements are
required.
Note: Here, the combining capacity of an element indicates the number of bonds formed by that
element
Example: Hydrogen Chlorine
Its valency is 1. Its valency is 1.
Its combining capacity is 1. Its combining capacity is 1.
Number of bonds formed by it is 1. Number of bonds formed by it is 1.
H—Cl
The combining capacity of hydrogen and chlorine is one. So only one bond is formed between H and
Cl.
Rules for writing chemical formulae :
Ø The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced.
Ø In writing formulae of a compound, the metal comes first followed by the non-metal.
Formulae of simple compounds :
Ø The simplest compounds are made up of two different elements and are called binary compounds.
Ø Criss - Cross method to write the formulae for compounds :
1) First we write the constituent elements in the compound.
2) Then write their valencies.

3) After that we must cross over the valencies of the combining atoms.

Example:
1) Formula of Hydrogen chloride :
Symbol H Cl
Hydrogen Chloride(HCl)
Valency 1 1

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2) Formula of Hydrogen sulphide :

Symbol H S
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Valency 1 2

3) Formula of Carbon- tetra chloride:

Symbol C Cl
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Valency 4 1

4) Formula of Magnesium chloride:

Symbol Mg Cl
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
Valency 2 1

CLASS TASK

1. In AlCl3 the charge on the aluminium ion is [ ]

a) +2 b) +3 c) +1 d) +4
2. In Ca3(PO4)2 the charge on the Ca ion is [ ]
a) + 1 b) + 2 c) – 1 d) – 2
3. A chemical formula of calcium carbonate [ ]
a) CaCO2 b) CaCO3 c) Ca3CO d) Ca3CO3
4. The formula of Ferric ion is [ ]
a) Fe2+ b) Fe+ c) Fe+3 d) Fe+4
5. In Na2SO4 the charge on the SO4 ion is [ ]
a) +2 b) –2 c) –1 d) –3
6. SO4– 2 is example for [ ]
a) Simple ion b) Compound ion
c) Anion d) Both b & c
7. The example for simple ions is/ are [ ]
a) K+ b) O2– 2 c) Ag+ d) All
8. The charge of Ammonium ion is [ ]
a) + 1 b) + 2 c) + 3 d) – 1

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HOME TASK

Formula of Magnesium chloride:

Symbol Mg Cl
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
Valency 2 1
Based on above information answer the following questions :
1. With the help of above compound write the formula of calcium oxide.
A.

2. X, Y are two elements with 13 electrons, 8 electrons then the formula of the compound formed by
X and Y elements.
A.

3. The cation in the above compound is

A.

4. X, Y are two elements with +3, –2 charges on their surface then the formula of the compound
formed by X and Y.
A.

5. The anion in the above compound is

A.

6. The method is useful to represent chemical formulae is

A.

7. The valency of Mg and Cl in above compound

A.

8. X, Y are two elements have 2 electrons, 8 electrons then the formula of the compound formed by X
and Y elements.
A.

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CHEMISTRY VIII Class - SRP

GOAL - 7

OXIDATION NUMBER
“Oxidation number is an apparent charge on an atom in a compound (or) ion."
Oxidation number can have positive, negative (or) zero values depending upon the state of
combination in the compound (or) ion.

Example : HCl H − Cl → H + + Cl−

Oxidation number of H is + 1 and
Oxidation number of Cl is –1.
Similarly in CCl4oxidation number of each Cl is –1 and that of Carbon is + 4.
DETERMINATION OF OXIDATION NUMBER
i) Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of elements in a compound is equal to zero.
ii) Generally metals have positive oxidation number.
Example : Na+, Mg+2, Al+3, Si+4
iii) Non metals have negative oxidation numbers.
Example : Cl–, O– 2, N– 3
iv) The oxidation number of an atom in its elementary form is always zero.
Example : The oxidation number of H, O, N, P, S, Se, Cu, Ag in their elementary forms i.e.,
H2, O2, N2, P4, S8, Se8, Cu, Ag respectively, is zero.
Oxidation number depends on group number.

® Oxidation number of IA group elements = + 1

® Oxidation number of IIA group elements = + 2

® Oxidation number of IIIA group elements = + 3

® Oxidation number of IVA group elements = + 4

® Oxidation number of VA group elements = – 3

® Oxidation number of VIA group elements = – 2

® Oxidation number of VIIA group elements = – 1

® Oxidation number of VIIIA group elements = 0

• Generally oxidation number is positive, negative, zero or fractional.

• Valency is always whole number.

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VIII Class - SRP CHEMISTRY

CLASS TASK

1. The general oxidation number of K metal is [ ]

a) +2 b) + 1 c) + 3 d) + 4
2. The oxidation number of VIIIA group element is [ ]
a) +8 b) + 1 c) + 3 d) 0
3. Oxidation state of ‘S’ in S8 molecule is [ ]
a) 0 b) +2 c) +4 d) +6
4. Generally metals have _________ oxidation number. [ ]
a) positive b) negative c) Both a and b d) fractional
5. The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is [ ]
a) + 5 b) + 6 c) + 7 d) – 7

HOME TASK

1. The oxidation state of Al in AlCl3 is [ ]

a) – 3 b) + 2 c) – 2 d) + 3
2. The oxidation number of VIIA group elements are [ ]
a) + 7 b) – 7 c) – 3 d) – 1
3. The oxidation number of IA group element of its compounds are [ ]
a) + 1 b) 0 c) + 2 d) – 1
4. The oxidation number of atom in elementary form is always [ ]
a) Charge b) Zero c) Positive d) Negative
5. Generally non - metals shows ________ oxidation number. [ ]
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) All
6. The oxidation state of F in its compounds is [ ]
a) – 3 b) + 2 c) – 1 d) – 2
7. The oxidation number of Ne is [ ]
a) + 1 b) 0 c) + 2 d) – 1
8. The oxidation number of IIA group elements are [ ]
a) + 1 b) – 1 c) – 2 d) + 2

3
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