walkemaths. Od Glossary Make your own glossary of key terms: Coefficient Dependent Inconsistent I Parallel What are simultaneous equations? Simultaneous equations are sets of equations with two or more unknowns or variables, ‘Simultaneous’ means ‘at the same time’. You need to be able to solve two or three equations that are true ‘at the same time’. In order for the equations to be solved, the number of equations must be at least equal to the number of variables: 2 variables => 2 equations; 3 variables ~» 3 equations, etc. ‘+ The sets of equations may have no solutions, ene solution or many solutions. PHOTOCRPYNG OF TMS PAGE ERESIRETEDNOERLAM. BNE STROATONEBLZE515 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS | O< Solving 2 x 2 simultaneous equations * 2x 2simultaneous equations have two variables and there must be at least two ‘equations. | ‘* An equation with two variables represents a line. ‘By solving these equations we are attempting to find their point of intersection. + There are three ways of solving simultaneous equations: by plotting, by substitution or | by elimination. 1 Plotting Example: Plot the graphs of y= x +1 and 2y + 2x= 10. — 2y=10-2« nys8-x Step 1: Create tables for values of x and y. yeaxt1 0) o+1 |i | oD i 1+1 2 (4, 2) 2] 2+1/3]e@9 3[3+1] 4/64 / 4] 4+1] 5 | 5) Step 2: Plot the points. Peete : of Step 4: Read the intercept off the graph. The intercept is (2, 3). |sev:s7a70555¢25 _HyOTOCOeeNG OFTHIS PIE GRESTRETEDUNDER LAN, " 5walkemaths Plot the following pairs of lines and read the point of intersection. 1 ys 2xat axty=7 elolr aloelr|s 6 : oreo OF TAS PIES RESTRETEDUNDERLAN. GN STBDATNEONZE‘5115 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 y=3r-1 x=2y-8 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 tt The intercept is ( i » 7 a Iso oros70an0428 ‘PHOTOONPINGOF TAS CERES LAER LAN 5walkemaths 2 Calculation There are two methods for solving by calculation. Which one you use depends on the structure of the equations. Both methods will always work, but selecting the best method will make your calculations easier. You should number each equation, and say what you are doing at each step. a Substitution ‘+ Substitution is easiest where one of the equations is expressed as XE cesses OF YB esos + Asthe name suggests, you substitute the x= ...... oF into the other equation. Examples: 1. Solve the equations y= 3x—3 and 2x + y=7. y=3x-3 axty=7 Substitute © into @: 2x + (3x-3)=7 — 2x+3x-3=7 5x-3=7 5x=10 x22 Substitute for yin 32)-3 ye The intercept is (2, 3). 2 Solve the equations x= 2y- 1 and 3x-y = 12 3x-y=12 @ x=2y-1 @ Substitute @ intu U: 3y-1)-y= 12 \ Substitute for y in @: The intercept is (5, 3)- 8 : [PATCCEPYNG OFTHIS GE ISAESIRETEO UNCER La, ISR STBDATONWONZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Solve the following simultaneous equations using substitution 4 xayt1 2 yr2xt1 x+3y=21 x+2y-27 3 x= 3yt9 4 by-x=3 5 3g+2h+6=0 6 2xty-1=0 heV142g xeS-y 7 xtyel 8 Sy-x=y+l 2x4 3y=4 9 4a-8b= 12 10° 2x By +4 3a+b=1 3x-2y=-17 ‘sto790170909426 PHoTOCOPMNG OF TS PAE IS RESTREED UNDER LANwalkemaths b Elimination ‘+ Elimination is easiest when the two equations have the same structure. | eal For example: Be eal * You solve these by multiplying one or both equations by a constant in order to rake either the x terms or the y terms the same size * Then add or subtract the two equations to produce an equation with one variable only. * You should number each equation, and say what you are doing at each step. Examples: 1. Solve the equations 2x +y=4 and 3x+y=2. 7a +y=4 @ Bxty=2 @ x=2 xn2 Subtract D and @: Substitute for xin @: AM+y=4 yee The intercept is (-2, 8) 2 Solve the equations 8x + 3y = -S and 5x+y=3. @ @ @ Multiply ® by -3: Add O and @: Substitute for xin @: The intercept is (2, -7) 3 Solve the equations 5x —2y = 10 and 7x—3y = 13. 5x-2y=10 7x-3y=13 Multiply D by-3: -15x+ by = 30 Multiply @ by 2: ax — by = 26 Add @ and @: x= 4 need Substitute for xin 5(4) -2y = 10 -2y = 10-20 oyss The intercepts (4, 5) 10 . FHOTECOPMNG OF TAS PLCEISRESIRCTEDUNOERLAW, at STBDATRWOEZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Solve the following simultaneous equations. 1 ax-y=6 2 St 3y= 23 -3xty=-2 2x + 3y=16 3 2x-Sy=10 4 3x4 2y=15 2x+By=6 “12x+ 10y = 75 5 2xt 3y=6 6 byt 3x=3 4x+ 5y=4 Sx 2y= 14 7 6x4 5y-16=0 8 “3x = -36 4 2y 4x4 3y=10 Bx-+ 10y = 32 9 10° “12=3546t 65+ 13t= 25 FroTecoPMNG oF Ts a RESIRETED OER LAN, "walkemaths. Mixing it up Use either substitution or elimination to solve these. 1 xad-% 2 3x +39 2x4 3y= 53 -ox—3y 26 3 4x-3y= 15 4 2x+ by=0 2x4 9y=21 4x-3y-12-0 5 x-2ye 6 By + x= 36 8x + by=17 7 “x4 2y=3 8 3x= 64 2y x= 5-3y Ix-3y=-6 9 bx 4 by= 12 10 Sxty=2 2 PAOTOCOPYNG OF TSS PLGESRESTRETEDUNOCRLAM. ENE STBOATOREDEDE5.18 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS O< Solving 3 x 3 simultaneous equations * 3x3 simultaneous equations have three variables and there must be at leastthree ‘equations. ‘+ An equation with two variables represents a line ‘+ An equation with three variables represents a plane. ‘* In.a.3x3 system of simultaneous equations, the planes usually meet (intersect) at one point. ‘+ By solving these equations we are attempting to calculate their point of intersection ‘+ They can be solved only by substitution or elimination. 1 Substitution I one of the equations is written as x = solve using substitution. 1 OF Y= ares OF 2 = ssa it is probably easier to Example: Solve the equations -2y-32 @ 3x +y-32=4 @ 3x + 4y +7; @ Substitute © into @: 3¢5 - 2y-3z) + y-3z=4 “15 -6y-9z+ y-32=4 Sy-12z=19 Substitute @ into @: -3(5 - 2y - 32) + dy + 7z2=-7 15 + by+9z4 dy+7z=-7 1oy+16z=-22 © Solve @ and ©: @x2 -10y = 247 = 38 © © 10y+16z=-22 © O+© -82= 16 za2e NS Substitute z - -2 into @: Sy =12¢2) = 19 y= -5 yat— Substitute z= -2 andy = 1 into @: x= -5-2(1)-3(-2) al So the point of intersection of these three planes is(-1, 1, -2) or where x = {S@N:9790170380196.” SHETOCOPYNG OF TS PLE RESTTED UNCER LAN, 8walkemaths. Use substitution to solve these equations to find the point of intersection. 1 x=1-3y +22 2 ya4-2xe2z 2x-y-32=13 A+ 2y + 62-8 3x4 2y-2=2 -Ix-3y-92= 12 3 xeytz 4 xe-y-z= 16 “x yn z= 14 -2x42y +32" -18 bx 4 y= 2-11 3x + 3y-32= 24 % PHOreeOPYNG OF MS PAGEFERESTRIETEDINDERLAN. SRE GTENATONRSLZE315 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Elimination ‘Once again, elimination is easiest when the two equations have the same structure. For example: x] + [5 2x|+ by 3x]+ [5 Example: Solve the equations x4 3y-22=5 QD 2x+ y+ 3z=8 @® 3x+ 5y+6z=7 ® Eliminate the same variable from two different pairings of the equations: From @ and @: Ox2 2x + 6y-4z=10 @ @ 2x4 dy+32=8 @ @-@ 2y-7z=2 ® From @ and @: Ox3 3x + 9y-62=15 ® @ 3x4 y+ 6z=7 ® @-@ 4y-12z=8 From © and @: ®@ ®@ @+2 Or® Substitute z= 2 into ©: 2y-7(2)=2 216 y=8 Substitute z=2andy=8into@: x + 3(8)-2(2)=5. x#24—4—5 x=15 So the point of intersection of these three planes is at (-15, 8, 2), orwhere x=-15, y= 8,252 ‘se sTanneasees8” pvOreCDeNG CF TMS Pu RESIRTED NER LA, iswalkemaths. Use elimination to solve these equations to find the point of intersection. 1 x-2y-204 2 x-4y+ 22012 xt y+ 32—-2 xt y+ 32215 -3x + 2y + 32-8 3x4 3y-52=21 3 3x4 2y+z=0 4 xtytz=30 Sx+ by+72=8 2x-y432=19 “2x4 By 44; 3x-2y42=7 % . WOTOCOPYNG OF THS AGES RESTRCTEDINDER AM. SEN STEOATSWDIZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Mixing it up Use either elimination, substitution or 2 mixture to solve these equations. 1 x= 2y+2z=-10 2 xtytz=t x-4y-5z=6 “2x4 dy + Bz= 10 xt dyt2z=3 9x4 Sy+2z=-16 3 “xn by $4z=3 4 Sx 3y 447-0 y+52~=16 x-3y-32= 25 2x-3y + 22=9 Axty-z=18 Ise oreosroneatas_“mcTooommNa oF a5 OE RESRETED OER LAM uvwalkemaths. 5 ox by $3z=-14 6 Tx+ dy +222 2x+ Sy-22=3 2x By 432-4 xtdy=2 3x4 Sy +6z= 12 7 2x-3y + 052= 10 8 2y+3z=4 x Sy-4z=4 Sx-3y + 22-0 -3x-2y + 62-8 sax t dy $296 18 7 PHOTOCOPYING OF TAS LGEISRESTRCTEDUNOERLAN. NE STBDATOWOEZE315 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Using your graphics calculator 1 Solving 2 x 2 simultaneous equations —> Menu é nul taneous Exists In Memory Unknowns? 2 —> Equa —> F1: Simultaneous of Unknowns? —> F1: 2 Unknowns a rD ——_}- anX+bn¥=Cn — emma : ml ax+y=4 @ x+y-2 @ (ECO (amp [OLR fe —> F1: Solve So the point of intersection of the lines is (-2, 8). Try this one: y=3x-3 xt y=7 You should get a solution (2, 3). Ise sran:7oasnu26“PNeTOCQ>NG OF HS GE RESTRICTED LAOER LAM %walkemaths. Use your calculator to solve the following simultaneous equations. 1 25x+ 1y=0 2 x= 94 dy xt by = 32 -2x+ 3y=10 3 xty=d 4 Sx +5y= 15 -Bx-3+4y 5 2= 12x + 35y 6 by + 3x=-3 Ox 2y=5 7 8 3x=4+2y 9 bx= Sy 10 = By +x Sxty+5=0 xt 5y=2 a oTeCOPHNS OF THS PGES RESTRCTEDLNDER LAM. SNE STEOATONBDLZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Solving 3 x 3 simultaneous equations —> Menu Simul, nepu Bata ene 2° In Memory Unknowns? 3 —> Equa —> F1: Simultaneous Num of Unknowns? —» F2: 3 Unknowns ar This shows you the format in | \which your equation must be, | — Example x 3y-22=5 o ex+4y+32-8 8 =@ 3x+Sy+6z=7 ® —> F1: Solve So the point of intersection of the lines is (-15, 8, 2). Try this one: x= -5-2y-3z @. 3x+y-3z=4 @ 3x4+4y+72-7 @ —~ [This a little ti ‘you will need to rearrange lbefore entering it into = —— — ‘your calculator. You should get a solution (-1, 1, -2). ‘sey-978070380126 “FHOTECOPYNG OTS PGE RESTATE UNDER LAW 2walkemaths. Use a graphics calculator to solve these 1 xty-ie4 2 2x4 3y-2= 28 2x- dy + 32-8 xtytdz= 13 2x-y422=9 3x-2y+ 207 3 2x 2y+22=2 4 3x 2yt 2-20 yr3 4x—10z= -10 xtaytz=10 “x-2yt Bem 5 xt 3y- 6 2x4 By-22=8 -2x-by +2" -3 xadz= 3x4 Sy= 4422 ~y- 62+ Dea 4 7 x-3yt3z=-4 8 xedytl 2x + By-2=15 2a 3x 4x—-3y-2=19 x4 By-2=4 | 9 Ox byt 2z—-2 10 xt 2y-32=15 4x—2y-22= 14 2x= 6422 3x4 22=2y xtz=3 | " x#2y-2=23 12 20x 10y - 30z = 30 3x + 8y-2= 179 100x—- 150y + 50z = -650 Sx + By + 32" 69 120x- 180z = -660 2 : PvoTOCOPYNG OFT LOE ISRESIRCTED UNDER Lew, SNC OTBDATOMRBNZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS O< Equations without a unique solution + So far we have dealt with 2 x 2 equations, which are lines meeting at 2 point, and 3% 3 equations, which are planes meeting at a point ‘© Meeting at 2 point with a unique solution is not the only possibility. * Attimes you will find that you get ‘Ma ERROR’ on your calculator. This will be for one ‘of two reasons: the equations are either inconsistent or dependent. Inconsistent equations: These have no solutions. The lines or planes never meet. Dependent equations: These have infinite solutions. The lines or planes are the same as each other, but the equations may have been written in different ways. 2D equations where there is not a unique solution 1 Inconsistent equations These have no solutions. The lines never meet at a point, so they are parallel Example: Solve the equations. 2x +4y=0 x=4=2y ®@ Substitute @ into @: 2x + 4y =0 24 - 2y) + 4y-0 8-ay+4y=0 8=0- If you plot these two equations you will notice that they are parallel lines. Therefore there is no point of intersection. This is why you don’t get an answer. Rearrangement of the equations into the form y= mx + cmakes this clear: @O 2x+Ay=0: aya = Yyrxed = Notice that if the equations have the same structure, the coefficients of x and y are in proportion but the constants are not: QD %&x+4y=0: 2x+4y=0 Q xa4-2y txt 2y=4 Cease Re one uc \strcsreoraseoess.‘sHoTOCoPVNG OF TS PNG RESITED LHR A 2walkemaths. 2 Dependent equations These have infinite solutions. The lines are the same as each other, but the equations have been written in different ways Example: Solve the equations 4x-2y=2 oO ya 2x-1 @ Substitute @ into @: 4x-2y=2 4x—2(2x— 1) =2 4x44 2=2 Ox+2=2 = 2=2 > F 7 IF you plot these two equations you will notice that T V they are the same line (equivalent). Therefore there TI f is no single point of intersection. This is why you Clan Poct a anewe? ital Rearrangement of the equations into the form I y= mx + cmakes this clear: @ y=2x-1 — = OD 4x-2y=2 = -By= Ax +2 = y= 2x-1-—— Notice that if the equations have the same structure, the coefficients of x and y and the constant are in proportion: @ ya2x-1: ty=2x-1 OQ 4x-2y=2 2y=4x-2 aap Pou east nese Tpke koe cau at kee kas CuCaS Example: Identify whether the equations in this set have a real solution, are inconsistent or are dependent: x = 9 = 2y and 3x + 6y = 14. x=9-2y oO 3x+ by=14 ®@ Substitute for xin @: 39 = 2y) + by = 14 27 ~by + by = 14 27 =14 Untrue statement =» equations are inconsistent and have no solutions. ‘a 7 PHOTOCOPYING OF WS AGE SRESTRCTED OER LN, SE GTEDETODWDEZE5.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Identify whether these sets of equations have a real solution, are inconsistent or are dependent. 1 x=b-y 2 3x+3y= 15 2x + 2y=12 6x = 18-4y 3 3x-y=3 4 x4 5y=10 4x-2y=2 2x + 10y = 30 5 Bx +2y~ 18 6 2x~3y=-2 y= 94x “xt 9y=6 7 x-3y-12=0 8 ya 2x43 ] y= Yax-7 4x4 2y=8 \sou-sraorassotze "HoTOCoPNG OF TH IGE ES RESTRETED OER LA,walkemaths. 26 1 13 15 2y+ ox= 16 10 xt By y=-3x+12 xty=6 160x + 120y = 6 12 y= 3x42 30y = -40x~50 6x-2y+4=0 3x4 3y= 15 14 y-Sx=8 Dyn 2x46 2x-Ty-10=0 Find the value of k required to make this pair of equations inconsistent: 16 Find the value of krequired to make this pair of equations inconsistent: ay=x+20 3x= ky-1.5 ‘PurecoeYNG OFS PIGESRESIRCTEDOERLUM, SNe THOHTORODE= ‘3,15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 3D equations where there is not a unique solution 1 Inconsistent equations These have no solutions. The planes never meet at a point. Example: Sole the equations ©80 Eliminate x from © and @: @ Qx2. O+@ Eliminate x from @ and @: 2 @: o-® Solve © and ©: oxe) O+@: A false statement shows: * the three planes never meet at a point * the equations are inconsistent, so there areno solutions. There are three possible ways for this to occur: 1 Allthree planes are parallel to each other. 2 Two planes are parallel to each other, and the third is not. 3 None of the planes are parallel, but the lines where each pair of planes intersect are parallel to each = You need to be able to identify each of these situations, given a set of equatfons. |sex:97S:70580025 _ SHOTOCOPN OF MHS PAGES RESTATED EOE LAW Hiwalkemaths 1 All three planes are parallel to each other. Example: xty-z=10 @ 2x + 2y-22=3 @ 3x + 3y-32=8 ® Eliminate x from @ and @: Ox-2 -2x— dy + 2z @ 2x + 2y-22 @+@ 0 False statement = © and @ are inconsistent, and ~. parallel. Eliminate x from @ and @: Ox-3 -3x- 3y + 3z=-30 © © xt Sa 3258 ©+O: ee?) ———— False statement =» D and @ are inconsistent, and ~. parallel. Because ® and @ are parallel, and O and @ are parallel: + ali three lines must be parallel to each other ‘© the system of equations is inconsistent so there are no solutions, Notice that: 1 The coefficients of x and y are in proportion, but the constants are not ix+ty-12=10 2x+2y-22=3 3x4 3y-32=8 2. The equations are multiples of each other, apart from the constants: xty-z=10 2x + 2y— 223 —— 3x + 3y-3z=.8 —_ Identification of this situation: Eyres 2 7 PHOTOCOPMS OF TES FAGE RESTRICTED OER Uw, ere STRPSTORROERE- 1515 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Two planes are parallel to each other, and the third is not. Example: x= 2y+3z=12 @ ; Bx-y+2z= @ -2x + dy 62 =-15 @ Eliminate x from @ and @: Ox3 “3x + 6y-92= ® ® 3x-y+22=9 . O1@ y= ® Because Sy -7z = -25 represents a line, @ and @ are not parallel. Eliminate x from © and @: Ox2: 2x —4y + 6z= 24 ® ®: -2x4 dy-62=-15 O10 o=9-_— [rabeaaterent] False statement => and @ are inconsistent, and -. parallel. Because D and @ are parallel, and © and @ are not parallel: * two lines must be parallel to each other, and the third is not: ‘* the system of equations is inconsistent — there are no solutions. Notice that: 1 Equations @ and © have the same structure and the coefficients of x and y are in proportion, but the constants are not =» lines are parallel: Ix-2y+3z-12 O_ -2x + 4y-62=-15 @ Equations ® and @ have coefficients of x and y that are not in proportion =» lines not parallel: Ix-2y+3z=12 @ | 3x-ty+2z=9 @™ 2 Two equations are multiples of each other, apart from the constant eee Rat Li {S@¥:97S01718D128 _“FHOTOCOPNG OF TAS PIGS RESTRICTED LOC LAA 2walkemaths 30 3. No planes are parallel, but they intersect along lines that are parallel to each other. Example: Notice that: 3x-y- 53 ®@ 2x + By-72-6 ®@ x-dy+22=7 ® Eliminate y from @ and @: Ox3: 9x-3y-152z = 57 @ ®: 2x + 3y-7z=6 @+®. 11x= 222 = 63 Eliminate y from @ and ©: Ox-4: “12x + dy + 202 o: x—dy + 22= 7 ©+0: “11x + 222=-83 Solve @ and @: © @ Or@ Because equations © and @ are for parallel but distinct lines: * the planes are not parallel * the system of equations is inconsistent — there are no solutions * the planes meet in lines that are parallel with each other 3x-1y-52=19 2x4 3y-72 Ix-4y + 2z Identification of this situation: nee nr cee kere cer tee Bic en seat PHOTECOPUNG OFTHIS GEIS RESTRICTED IOER LAW, aN B7oDETONEDERE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Show why these equations are inconsistent, determine the relationships between the equations, and show what the planes would look like. 1 x4 3y+6z=10 2x 4y—52z=16 Bx-ytz-5 2 xt 2yt3z—4 x4 Sy+7z 2x + dy + What would these planes look like? 3 4x 2y 46203 Dxty+32=16 bx43y +9299 What would these planes look like? 4 Bx + yt dz X-y-22=3 Ont By + 6228 What would these planes look like? "SB 9780170386496.~PHIROCOPHNG OF TS PLE I RESTCTED NER LAN What would these planes look like? 3walkemaths. 2 Dependent equations © These have infinite solutions. * Ifyou try to solve them, you will get @ true but meaningless statement. There are three possible ways for this to occur: 1 All three planes are the same. Jz Example: Solve the equations x-ytz=3 2x-2y+ 22-6 3x-3y 432-9 Eliminate x from @ and @: Dx2: @ @-®@ ® 960 This true statement means that planes @ and @ are the same. Eliminate x from @ and@: Ox3: @: ©-®: This true statement means that planes @ and @ are the same. Because ® and @ are the same plane, and @ and @ are the same plane: + allthree planes are the same * the system of equations is dependent so there are infinite solutions Notice that: 1 The coefficients of x, y and z and the constants are in proportion: tx-ty# 12-3 a 2x-2y+22=6 @ 3x-3y+3z=9 ® ie = 2. The equations are multiples of each other: xoytz~3 DEO axa) +226 —_— OOS] 3x-3y +3249 ~— Identification of this PHOTOCOPY OF TS AGE ISRESTRCTEDNOERLAM, SN BTEDITORDERE315 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Two planes are the same and the third is not parallel to either. Example: Solve the equations Eliminate x from © and @: Dx-2: ® @©+® This true statement means that planes D and @ are the same: @ = 2x. ® 6680 Equations D and ® have coefficients of x, y and z that are not in proportion => these planes not parallel ee 8} x+3y-52=0 ® This confirms that planes D and @ are the same planes, but plane @) is not parallel to © and @. Because D and @ are the same plane, and @) is not parallel to @ and @: * plane @ must intersect planes D and @ in a line ‘+ _ the system of equations is dependent so there areinfinite solutions along the line. Notice that: 1 The coefficients of x, y and zand the constants are in proportion for @ and @, but not@ ol, 6x—2y + z= 18 3) 2. Only two equations are multiples of each other: Bx-y+22=9 bx-2y+4z=18 > —_ — Identification of this situation: Mea |S 978073580425 _-sHorOcorNG oF THIS PIG RESTRICTED OE LAN, 3walkemaths 3 The three planes meet along a line — like the leaves of a book meeting along the spine. Example: Solve the equations: 4x-y + oO 2x-2y + 3z= @ 6x-3y+4z=12 @ Eliminate y from © and @: Ox-2 “Bx + 2y—2z=-10 @ @: 2x-2y + 3z=7 @+® © Eliminate y from @ and @: Ox-3: 12x + 3y-3z=-15 @ ®: x= 3y + 4z=12 Or “6xtz=-3 @ Solve © and @: Ox-4 6-2-3 ® -xt2z O+® 0-0 — Because a true statement results from solving @ and ®, the two lines are the same, so + all three planes must meet along the same line + the system of equations is dependent so there are infinite solutions. Notice that: 1 The coefficients of x,y and z ere not in proportion: axty+ 12-5 2x~2y +327 bx-3y + 4z= 12 2 Two equations can be added to form the third: ax-y+z=5 @ 2x-2y+3z=7 @ 6x~3y + 4z= 12 @—_| This is a linear combination. These may involve multiplication by constants. Identification of this situ a Rc aes Lt Cee teeta cc aie3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS In trickier examples, linear combinations may involve multiplication by constants. Example: Solve the equations Pax (=2y +2=5 Ix|+dly -22=8 tif [+ 2y -2=31 @ @ @ In this case, simply adding or subtracting the equations does not work. Method 1: Solving by hand Suppose: ax@+bx@-@ Then: 1 Consider the xterms: 3a+ 1b=11 2 Consider the yterms: -2a+ 4b=2 Solve these simultaneously: 2x@: 6a+ 2b=22 3x®: -ba+12b=6 tab = 28 b=2 2 as3 So: 3xO+2x@-@ Method 2: Solving on your calculator 3-2 +2=5 ix} 4ly- 22 = 8 ajxl+ Ay-z = 31 xx e® ® Enter these coefficients into your graphics calculator, but going across: 507 (Bap [GOR [EDIT So: 3xO+2x@=@ Whichever method you use, check your answer. Check: 3xQ: 9x— by + 32-15 2x®: 2x + By-42 = 16 1ix+2y— z=31 ‘ste oveorreaaneas_PACTOCOPMNG OF TAS PCE RESIRCTERLNOER LAW = of 8walkemaths Show why these equations are dependent, determine the relationships between the equations, and show what the planes would look like. 1 xt yt 3ze4 xty-2z=3 2x + dy + 6z=8 2 Tx- Sy +3254 8x-2y+2=13 x4 By-22=9 What would these equations look like? 3 x-Bytz=4 “Kt dy 32-5 x-2y-2=13 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? Ey What would these equations look like?3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 6 x4 3y~ 2204 Qx-yez2=-2 ox+Ty-42=8 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? 7 x-3y+3 8 2xty-2z=5 “xt 2y—4z= 1 3x+ Dy +5; x4 9y-3227 4x4 2y-42=10 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? tsenes70070060426 eHoreecr OF SPIE I FESTRTED UNCER LAN, Stwalkemaths SOK Finding multiple solutions for dependent equations Always keep in mind the context: in most situations, answers must be integral (whole numbers), and cannot be negative. Example 1: Find multipie solutions to the equations = 3x— y+ 2z=9 oO bx-2y+4z~=18 @ x+3y-52=0 @ From page 33: Planes © and @ are the same (@ = 2x ©), and @is not parallel. «. Solutions lie along the line where © (or @) and @ meet. Solve ® and ©: Bx-yt 22=9 Ox3 9x-3y+ 62=27 @ x+3y- 5z=0 0x z= 27 12227 -10x Possible values for x and z: 1 x=0,2=27: Substitute into@: 0 + 3y—5(27) = 0 2a 5-0 =45 +. Solution is (0, 45, 27) 20 x=1,2-17: Substitute into@: 1+ 3y-5(17)=0 = 7.1 =n) Solution is (1, 28, 17) a7: Substitute into@: 2 + 3y-5(7)=0. +, Solution is (2, 11, 7). Notice In this situation there are no other integral (whole number) positive solutions because if x= 3,z=-3, and if xis 3 or more, the values of z will all be negative. Negative values are very unlikely in practical situations. PHOTOCOPANS OF ESPN IERESTCTEDWNOERLAW, IN B7oDATREDERSSUIEWSHIEM -SUJCUISY]EAM. SUJCUISH]EM. WN MN ag IO9]J2AA SUIEUISy]2M SUIRUISYJEM —- SYR oN “4 a SUIEUIS EM SYJCUIS#JEA\ SUILWUISHIOM . oN Oe a jayyem suJeWS eM SYJEWS» EM sujel oN oN oN | SYJEUE|/OM SYJOUIO|E MN SYJEUIS HEM Oe3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS walkemaths x N UCN uo er’) a a OL = 28-49 + x2 OL=28 49 +xz OL = 28-49 + XZ Gaz -k axe ZL = 221 -Ab + XE L=tp-A exe Z=zp-he 4x 9=2y -Ag +x L=zp-At+x » x 0-569 0-56 vomnjos 240 385 quawayers sje quoworers asjey v uotodosd 30U— uonenbs pays voruodo:d ui you sque}suoD uonodoid ui s\uata4905 ‘suonenba om uoiodosd uy you sjuesuoD uomodoud ut sjualayjeo>) ‘suonenbe aay, “yore|no|es snok uo 40 puey hq penjos aq ues Breuer PCr ees roa ence} Cree) “swreaBelp ax uo paseq ‘sas 03 \dwo> vanes ejquiasse pue ‘S30 ‘up XI ‘spued o4f Jo Yoee JNO 3nd PHoTOCOPNG OF TS AGE IS RESTRETE UNDER LA3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS walkemaths x : (L'0'8)(0'L 2) sue woo'e'sD ~99ES DGS) siamsue je.Baqu! ‘eaneBeu-uou ev '€'0) 88 rns 68 ‘Auuo ayy ang ‘euuyu auuyuy auuyu Suen’ x ° OL = 28-49 + x% OL =78-49 +xZ OL 2g Ao 4 xz OL = 28-49 + xz p=zg -AZ+x e=ze-AZ 4x GL =2ZL-46 +E. p=7G-MZ 4X 9=tE-hy +x G=zy-Ag 4x G=zp -Ae +x G=2g-Ap 4x » z=76e 2-260 z-2 60 0-560 qusworers ani quaware}s any quawisyeis anu quawayers asjey ‘uonodosd a ‘sque}Su09 10} JOU Ng @t*O-O©6e — omer wovedond o+o-0% 8UJO yoes Jo “ uy siueisuoo pue s1ueis1ye0D suoneuiquios Jesu ‘S]UB}SUOD PUE S}UBI2Yj909, yayo :suonenbs omy, pee yo suoneuiquico se8ur7ese Biesen eee I ee oes ar ee coke est oN *eN oN Suieulens syjeuic sl al ome syjeuis He sineUlONE sujet sHneUISNTEN syjeui = aa ones suneuleaieys seu ane SyIEUIO HEM — SYEWEyEN —_SYIIOXJEN5.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS a—x—— a Always keep in mind the context: in most situations, answers must be integral (whole numbers), and cannot be negative Example 2: Find multiple solutions to the equations x= y + z 2x-2y +32 ox —3y + 42 2 ©8080 From page 34: Planes D, @ and @ meet along a line because M + @ = @. +. Solutions lie along the line where @, @ and @ meet. Solve M and @: dx-y+2=5 2x-2y 432-7 Qx2 ®: Possible values for x and z: 1 x=1,7=3: Substitute into@: 4(1)-y+3=5 y=2 ». Solution is (1, 2, 3) 2 x=27=9: Substitute into@: 4(2)-y+9=5 y=l2 ©. Solution is (2, 12, 9) 3 3,2=15: Substitute into@: 4(3)-y+15=5 + Solution is (3, 22, 15). Notice: © There will be many more solutions in this case because as x increases, so do y and z, * There is also a pattern of increase because all the points lie along a line. "S69. 972070580126 “sHOTOCOPNG OF TS PLES RESTITED UNCER LAN, wvwalkemaths. Find multiple solutions for the following sets of equations. 1 x+2y+32-40 @ 2 x+2t2-2B 8 @O dx+dy+62=80 @ Qx+5yt3z259 @ xtyt22— 25 ® 2x + By 472-33 @ 3 O 4 xtyt2z=20 @ | @ ax+4y+5z-50 © 3x4 10y+42=108 © x+3y+3z=30 @ | | ‘OTUCOMINGOF MS HGESRESTRTEDINDERLAN. Ste STDITINENRS 403.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 5 Sx+2y+z=2 @ 6 Axty+2=33 @O Vix+dy+z=48 @ 3x+2y+5z=67 @ 15x + by +32=78 @ 4x4 2y + 42 = 65 @ 7 Bx+yt22= 28 ® 8 7x —Sy + 32 = 59 ® xt2+2-19 @ &-2y+z=-75 @ 4x4 By + 42= 47 @ x+3y-22= 16 @ oa Ise pran.70068e26 “PUCTOCOPING OF THE AACE RESTHETED OER LAN, “iwalkemaths dod 3D summary eer aay i a scT fe Riel) Fae ee Moo Cee eects All three intersect Unique aye 7 Can be solved by hand solution eM ‘or on your calculator. All thi lal aaa Three equations: Coefficients in proportion. == Constants net in proportion 1 1 110 eg 1-121, 10 $272 3 ite Two parallel, one not Two equations ne nereent Laafitets in propoton oe Constants not in proportion eg.5-0 a i Third equation — not in proportion. Lines of intersection | Variables are linear combinations of parallel (tent) each other. za = aaa ___ But not the constants. All three planes the same i777 Coefficients and constants in proportion. ‘Two planes the same, . third not parallel Two equations - Coefficients and constants ras. in proportion. statement props 2 ka Third equation — notin proportion. All three planes meet in a line (pages of a book) =f Equations are linear combinations of each other. eg O=@+@‘SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Putting it together Work out whether these sets of equations have a unique solution, are inconsistent or dependent. Determine the relationships between the equations and show what the planes would look like. 1 3x-Sy# 1222-6 2 2x+2y+ 292 2x-2y+ z= 10 xtyt3r=5 4x—4y+ 122= 18 xtdy+z=10 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? 3 x-3y-4z=3 4 “2x dy-2= 23 xt dy-2=13 x+3y-22=14 2x-1y-192=2 Bxty+3z=19 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? a |stesvor70380425 _PHOTOCOPING OF TS PACE RESTRICTED OER LANwalkemaths 5 “xt by-92=-1 6 20x + 10y + 352 = 255 3x—dy + 6z=2 32x + 1by + 30z = 266 ax By + 122=3 ox + By + 282 = 204 ‘What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? 7 Sx=-2y-3z-5 8 3x-3y-62=-3 Sx422=9 2x 2y- 4 Ax + 2y-32-8 “2x4 3y + What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? a“ PWOTOCOPMNG OTH PNESRESTRCTEDUNOERLAM.SBN-STECATONEDIZE3.15. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 9 2xt3yt2058 10 x4 2y+z=10 3x4 Ty 362 = -25 xt 2y-Tz=-4 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? "1 x-dy + 2z—-2 12 xt y-22=5 3x+ y+ 52-5 4x4 2y-42= 10 What would these equations look like? What would these equations look like? Ite 970170968476 _PHETOCOPING OF TS PAGE RESTETEDLROER LAN 45walkemaths O< Forming and solving simultaneous equations 1. Forming and solving 2 x 2 simultaneous equations Hints: ‘© Read what the question asks for — this will tell you what your variables will be. ‘* Define your variables using their first letters. Examples: 1. Tom has twice as many marbles as Emily. If Emily had another 25 marbles, she would have had three times as, many as Tom. How many marbles does each person have? _- Call the number of marbles Tom had t. -—— Call the number of marbles Emily had e. —— t=2e e+25=3t Substitute D into @: +25 = 3(2e) e+25=6be be) 25 =5e e=5 Substitute for e in @: t= 265) t=10 ‘Check: ® 10 = 25) v @ 5+25= X10) v © Tom had 10 marbles and Emily had 5. ——— 2. Nick buys six peaches and five apples and they cost him $5.70. Four peaches and seven apples cost Katie $4.90. Calculate the prices of peaches and apples. Call the price of peaches p. Call the price of apples a. 6p +5a= 5.70 ® 4p +Ta=4.90 @ Multiply @ by -7: -42p — 35a = -39.90 @ Multiply @ by 20p + 35a= 24.50 ® Add @ and -22p=-15.4 p=0.70 Substitute for p in ©: 6(0.70) + 5a = 5.70 5a =5.70-4.20 5a = 1.50 a= 0.30 ‘Check: ®D — (0.70) + 5(0.30) = 5.70 ¥ @_ - 40.70) + 7(0.30) = 4.90 v ©, Peaches cost $0.70 and apples cost $0.30. ‘a ‘HorCCDPYNG OFS NGEISRESTRETED NER LAN, SBE STONITONRONZS3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Form and solve these equations 1 The difference of two numbers is two. Their sum is 14. Find the values of the two numbers. Ina furniture store on Saturday, they sold five chairs and seven tables and earned $1790. On Sunday, they sold one chair and one table and earned $290. How much did they sell each item for? 3 Circus tickets cost $4 for children and $7 for adults. They sell 517 tickets altogether and make $2617. How many of each ticket were sold? Julia and Angus have $35 between them. Julia has $4 less than twice what Angus has. How much money does each have? 5 Three ice creams and three drinks cost $17.10. Your friend bought four ice creams and two drinks, which cost a total of $17.80. How much do ice creams cost? Kora and Jo have @ combined age of 48, Four years ago, Kora was three times the age Jo is now. How old are they now? Ise evos70360496 _-PHoTOCOPMNG OF aS PAGE I RESTAITEQLNOER LAW awalkemaths. a1 48 2kg of apples and kg of carrots cost & $19; 1 kg of apples and 5 kg of carrots cost $15, How much do carrots and apples cost per kilogram? Jeremy thinks of two numbers. When he doubles the first and adds the second, the result is 17. When the first is tripled and the second is subtracted from the answer, the result is 18. What are the two numbers Jeremy started with? The Tall Ferns scored a total of 80 10 points in their game. They made a total of 34 baskets, How many two- point baskets and three-point baskets did they make? Henry bought seven tops and five pairs of pants for a total of $364. Fetu spent $550 on 10 tops and eight pairs ‘of pants. How much were the tops and pants? Sarah and Charlie's dinner cost $4512 altogether. Sarah's meal cost $6 more than Charlie's. How much should each pay? A total of 23 beetles and spiders lived under a log. I there were 152 legs (end none had lost legs), how many spiders were there? ‘PHOTOCOPYING OF IS ACERS RESTATED NOERLAN. SN O7eDATODWDEZE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Forming and solving 3 x 3 simultaneous equations Don’t forget: ‘Read what the question asks for — this will tell you what your variables will be. ‘* Define your variables using their first letters. Example: 120 people went to the movies. Adults’ tickets cost $15, children’s cost $12 and seniors’ tickets cost $10 each. After the movie session, the cashier had a total of $1515. She had sold twice as many children’s tickets as adults’ tickets. How many of each type of ticket did she sell? 7 Call the number of adults’ tickets a Call the number of children’s tickets @ =< Call the number of seniors’ tickets 5 — a @Q atcts=120 @ 15a+12c+10s=1515 @ Substitute O into @: atc+s= 120 a+ (a)+s= 120 3a¢+s=120 & Substitute © into ©: 15a + 12c+ 10s= 1515 15a + 12(22) + 10s = 1515 39a+10s=1515 © @x10. 30a+10s- 1200 © ®-© 9a= 315 a=35 Substitute for ainto O: c=70 Substitute for aand cin@: 35+ 70+s= 120 s=15 Check: = @: c= 2(35)= 70 Y= @, 35+704+15= 120 ¥ @: 15(85) + 12(70) + 10(15) = 1515 ¥ ©. There were 35 adults’ tickets sold, 70 children’s tickets and 15 seniors’ tickets. XS Ise o7os70268425 “PACTOCOPING OF THS FASE SRESTRCTEDLAOER LAN 49walkemaths. ‘Write three simultaneous equations and then solve to find the solution. 1 Three friends go to the market. Chris. bought 2kg apples, 1.5 kg broccoli and 3kg carrots, which cost a total of $14.50. Pina bought 1 kg apples, 1 kg broccoli and 4 kg carrots, which cost a total of $12. Gloria bought 2.5 kg apples, 3 kg broccoli and 1 kg carrots, which cost a total of $15. Calculate the cost per kilogram of apples, broccoli and carrots. 2 Lele’ cells bags of fudge. She sells a small bag for $3, a medium bag for $5 and a large bag for $7. In total she sells 15 bags and makes $83. She sells two more medium bags than small bags How many of each size did she sell? ‘The PE department has ordered some new basketball equipment. They need basketballs, cones and nets for the hoops. Eight basketballs, 12 cones and four nets cost them $415.76, Ten cones cost $13.09 less than 2 basketball. One cone cost $6 less than a net. Calculate the cost of each. ‘Anna, Betty and Carlos altogether have $570. Anna hes $60 more than Betty. Carlos has $30 less than Anna, How much does each have? HOTOCOPING OF TS PLES RESTRCTED UNDER LAW, BN GTEDETNEDLIE3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Sefa received 109 text messages in 6 ~The newsstrip for the school basketball the last three days. On Monday he team costs $112, and consists of a pair received six fewer messages than on of shorts, a singlet and a tracksuit. The Wednesday. On Tuesday he received singlets cost $4 more than a pair of three times as many as on Wednesday. shorts. For the price of a tracksuit you How many text messages did he get could buy five pairs of shorts and have on each day? $3 left over, Calculate the prices of shorts, singlets and tracksuits. Kristen, Erin and Hugh have played 54 8 — Mason, Xavier and Archer have a games of Labyrinth. if Erin had won 12 more games, she would have won twice as many as Hugh. Kristen has won six more games than Hugh. How many games did each of them win? combined birthday party. On the cake there are 88 candles to represent their combined ages. Xavier has 10 times as many candles as Archer. Archer has 16 fewer candles than Mason. How many candles does each of them have? Iso sransToasn428_PerOCORING OF HS MEE RESRICTEDUNDER LA 3”walkemaths " 82 The largest angle of attriangle is 12” 10 less than the sum of the other two angles, and it is 12° more than four times the smallest angle. Calculate the sizes of the angles. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 15. The 100s digit is three times the 10s digit. If the number is reversed, the new number is 99 more than the originel number. Use simultaneous equations to find the original three-digit number. The general equation for aparabola. 12, can be written as y= ax +bx +e A parabola passes through three points: (2, 9), (3, 34) and (5, 42). Use simultaneous equations to calculate the values of a, b and c. Write the equation of the parabola Find the equation of a cubic that passes through the following points: (0,9), (2, 17), (1, 8) and (4, 13). ‘onGoRPYNG OF TS PNGEISRESTCTED OER LA, SN G7aDITOSREZE5.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Od Applications: what do | do? Ronen eer crars DTN re Menara Yes No, | got ‘Ma ERROR’ Check that the ine True but useless solutions work in all 320 statement three equations. een eg.2=2 ae = dependent equations. ree Means multiple solutions. So find at least one and put it into context. Put the answers in \ / context, are no solutions. What does this mean for the problem? Geometrically, what does it look like? How do you know? \sewe7a:7oaE9498 SyEIOCOPYNG OF Hs PE REACTED OER LAM sswalkemaths Applications involving inconsistent and dependent equations Don't forget: «Read what the question asks for — this will tell you what your variables will be. * Define your variables using their first letters. If the equations are inconsistent: ‘© Describe or draw what they look like. ‘+ Explain what this means for the problem. If the equations are dependent: * Describe or draw what they look like. + Explain what this means for the problem. * Find at least one example of a solution, and put it into the context. Example: The school council is making muffins to sell on Gala Day. George, Maggie and Eru have different recipes. They have donations of 95 eggs, 9.8 kg of cheese and 13.9 kg of flour, and they want to make as many complete batches as possible while using up all these ingredients. 4 500) 550 2 300. 300 3 200 450 a Write equations for these relationships, and solve them to find the number of batches that should be made for each recipe. 4g+ 2m+ 3e @O 500g + 300m + 200e = 9800 @ 550g + 300m + 450e @ 2 g=7,m=1ande=15 / So they should make 7 batches of George's recipe, 11 batches of Maggie's and 15 batches of Eru’s recipe. b George remembered that last time he made this recipe, it was better with 600 g of flour, rather than 550. Investigate what difference this makes to their solutions to the equations, and describe how the three planes made by the equations relate to each other. New equations: 4gt 2m+ 3e-95 @ 500g + 300m + 200€ = 9800 @ 600g + 300m + 450e- 13900 @ s4 : ‘PTOCREYNG OF MIS PAGE SRESTRCTED UNDER LAM, BEN: 9TE03700094265.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS For equations ©) and @, the coefficients are proportional but the constants are not { Aoi 2, d=, | Apart from the constants, equation @ = © x 150. 600 300 450 © 13900)" This means that planes @ and@ are parallel. Plane @ is not parallel to either of the other planes because its coefficients are not in proportion with those of either or ®. Geometrically: 2s +: There are no solutions to this system of equations because the three planes never ‘meet. This means that they will not be able to make complete batches of muffins that Use up all the ingredients. € The foods teacher said she would donate another 350 g of flour. Assume that they used George's better recipe with 600 g of flour and they want to use up all the donated ingredients. Investigate what difference this makes to their solutions to the equations, and describe how the three planes made by these equations relate to each other. New equations: 4g+ Im+ 3e=95 0} 500g + 300m + 2002 = 9800 @ 600g + 300m + 450e = 14 250 ® Once again, for equations D and@, the coefficients are proportional but this 40 2a ss | time the constants are also in proportion Ss San Bais O IMT DSCIBEISOI Equation @ = © x 150. This means that planes and@ are the same, but plane @)is not, so the three planes meet along a line, and there are many solutions to this system of equations along the line. Geometrically. To find some solutions: @-@: 100g + 250¢ = 4450 ® @ +50: 2g+ 5e=89 89-5e From@: pepo =s0 =) a \sto-evasrosaeane fvonocoPrN OF THs PAE RESIRICTEDLNOER LAN 55walkemaths J : = (42) = ] lete=1: g= Boy) = =42 = m= SB, a) Be 38 ete = _ 95 4(17) = 311) — | fotonts ge 2-909 te) pp = MID EIA | = Solution is (12, 4, 13). = 515) 95 - 4(7)— 315) _ lete=15: g-——S > =7 = $ = Solution is (7, 11, 15). Lete = 17. g- 2) 2 eee et =18 = Solution is (2, 18, 17). Notice the pattern in the three solutions so far for (g, m, e); =7 ET. =7 3 (12,4, 13) @, 11, 15) ee, ee Extending the pattern of ‘g's to the right or ‘m’s to the left produces negative numbers. Any solutions between these three will produce non-integral answers. . These are the only three solutions to this system :. They could make 12 batches of George's muffins, 4 of Maggie's and 13 of Eru’s or 7 batches of George's muffins, 11 of Maggie's and 15 of Eru’s or 2 batches of George's muffins, 18 of Maggie's and 17 of Eru’s. HCTOCOPMNG OF HIS PLEISRESTRCTEDUNDERLAN, SBN: STEONTONEDLZE 565.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Solve the following problems. 1 Three positive integers add to 18. The smallest is one fifth of the sum of the other ‘two numbers. Let x represent the largest number, y represent the middle number and zrepresent the smallest. a Write two equations to represent this situation. b Let the third equation in this system be x + y- 22 = k. Investigate what happens when you attempt to solve these three equations when k = 9. Explain your result and describe the geometric arrangement made by the three planes. Find examples of solutions if they exist. ¢ Investigate what happens when you attempt to solve these three equations when k #9. Explain your result and describe the geometric arrangement made by the three planes. Find examples of solutions if they exist. d Let the middle number be half of the difference between the largest and smallest number. Write a different third equation, and use all three equations to find the three numbers. loan sTexrosaneas_FicTecorMNs oF Ts PES RESTRICTED UNDER A 57walkemaths 2 Three positive integers add to 36. If the middle number is added to the sum of triple the largest and four times the smallest, the total is 87. Let x represent the largest, number, y represent the middle number and z represent the smallest. a Write two equations to represent this situation, b Let the third equation in this system be kx + 3y + 6z = 159. Find a value for k which results in many solutions to this system and find three of these solutions. Explain your reasoning and describe the geometric arrangement made by the three planes. ¢ Investigate what happens when you attempt to solve these three equations when kis numbers other than the answer you found in b. Explain your result and describe the geometric arrangement made by the three planes. 58 . PHETOCOPING OF TH PLGEISRESTRCTEDUNOER AN. HE S7B027ONE0426|3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 3. Four friends visited a department store where socks, T-shirts and pyjamas were on sale. The prices for all these items were in whole dollars only. Aroha bought three pairs of socks, two T-shirts and a pair of pyjamas for $92. Bertie bought six pairs of socks, five T-shirts and two pairs of pyjamas for $204. Cassie bought one pair of socks, three T-shirts and three pairs of pyjamas for $134 Doug bouight four pairs of socks, one T-shirt and two pairs of pyjamas for $106. a One of them used a discount voucher. Who was it and what was it worth? b Three friends visited a different department store where socks, T-shirts and pyjamas were on sale. One of these friends had a discount voucher for socks. Who was it, and what was it worth? Ellie bought five pairs of socks, two T-shirts and three pairs of pyjamas, which cost $160. Frank bought two pairs of socks, one Tshirt and one pair of pyjamas, which cost $58. Geoff bought three pairs of socks, one T-shirt and two pairs of pyjamas, which cost $98. € Write a set of equations for this situation, assuming that the friend did net have a discount voucher. Explain why the system cannot be solved to give a unique solution, and describe the relationship between the three planes that represent these equations. Find some possible prices for socks, T-shirts and pyjamas. Ise oros20080428 FieTOCOPrNG OF THs PAE RESID UNDER LAW awalkemaths. 4 Moana is making tiny bunches of flowers to go in the boys’ buttonholes for the school formal. She has 25 rosebuds, 13 fern leaves and 19 lavender sprigs. She makes three different designs, and wants to use up all her flowers: Design A needs three rosebuds, one fern leaf and two lavender sprigs Design 8 needs one rosebud, one fern leaf and one lavender sprig. Design C needs four rosebuds, two fern leaves and three lavender sprigs. a Write three equations to represent this situation. b She tried to solve this system of equations on her calculator, but she got Ma ERROR’. Explain fully why this occurred, and describe the relationship between the three planes ¢ Find possible solutions to these equations, and use these to write down at least three combinations of each type of design that could be made with the flowers available. d_ Her friend suggests that she just puts two rosebuds in design A. Investigate how this will change the number of each design she makes, @ What would happen if she put four, five or six rosebuds in design A? Explain why this occurs. a . PHOTOCOPYING OF MS REE SRESTACTED LAUR aN, SNe STENATNEDHZE3.15. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Daniel assembles electronic kits, and his stocks of diodes, resistors and switches are running low. He has 127 diodes, 117 resistors and 69 switches left. There are plenty of all other components. Kit A requires seven diodes, six resistors and four switches. Kit B requires two diodes, four resistors and one switch. Kit C requires six diodes, five resistors and three switches. a He would like to assemble as many kits as possible, and use up all the diodes, resistors and switches. Write a set of equations to represent this situation, and solve it to determine the number of each type of kit that he should assemble. bb ‘He checks the specifications for each kit, and finds he has made a mistake. Kit A contains eight diodes, not seven. Investigate how this change affects his situation ¢ He rechecks his stocks, and finds a box containing an additional 11 diodes. Assuming that kit A does need eight diodes, not seven, investigate fully how this change affects his situation sraot7a9@428 orOCoPHNG OF Ha LE RESFITEO UNGER LAW, awalkemaths Od Practice tasks Practice task one Bags of lollies The school council is going to sell bags of lollies for Gala Day. They have had 95 lollipops, 8 pineapple lumps and 278 jellybeans donated to them. They want to use all of these to make big, medium and small bags of lollies. * Big bags contain four lollipops, five pineapple lumps and 11 jellybeans. ‘+ Medium bags contain three lollipops, two pineapple lumps and nine jellybeans ‘+ Small bags contain two lollipops, three pineapple lumps and six jellybeans. This activity requires you to apply systems of simultaneous equations to investigate the numbers of each size of bag that they can make Using the constraints outlined below, write a report that includes the information needed by the council Your report needs to answer the following questions: ‘+ How many of each size of bag they should make? ‘© The council chairperson decides that the big bags don’t have enough jellybeans, so she decides to put 12 jellybeans, rather than 11, in each big bag. Investigate how this change affects the situation. Fully justify your findings to the council ‘© They recount the jellybeans and discover that they actually have 285, not 278. Assuming that they put 12 jellybeans in the big bags, investigate how this change affects the situation ‘As you write your report, take care to clearly communicate your findings, using appropriate mathematical statements. Include relevant equations and calculations. PvoTOSOPMN OF HS FAGEERESTRETEDNOERLO. 16K S7BDATON6D426|5.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS "SOV. 979070380128 _SHOTOCOPTAG OFS PAGE RESTRICTED ER LAN 6walkemaths. Practice task two Phone plans Liam is investigating phone plans from different companies. He wants to work out how much ‘each plan charges for data, calling time and texts so that he can decide which to buy. He is only interested in costs for calling time per minute and texts to the nearest half cent. He assumes that each company charges the sane amount for each GB of data, each minute of calling time and each text, regardless of which plan he selects. ‘Smartaphone has three plans: Plan A costs $27 per month and gives 1 GB of data, 200 minutes talking and 200 texts. Plan B costs $37.50 per month and gives 1.5 GB of deta, 200 minutes talking and 400 texts. Plan C costs $61.50 per month and gives 2.5 GB of data, 400 minutes talking and 500 texts. Catapult also has three plans: Plan P costs $29 per month and gives 1 GB of data, 150 minutes talking and 300 texts. Plan Q costs $39 per month and gives 1.5 GB of data, 250 minutes talking and 300 texts. Plan R costs $69 per month and gives 2.5 GB of data, 400 minutes talking and 600 texts. This activity requires you to apply systems of simultaneous equations to investigate the prices of data, calling time and texts under the various plans, Using the constraints outlined below, write a report that includes the information that Liam wants. Your report needs to answer the following: ‘= How much does Smertaphone charge for each GB of data, each minute of calling time and each text? * Investigate the prices that Catapult charges for each minute of calling time and each text. Fully justify your findings to Liam. «Catapult reduces the price for Plan R to $68. Investigate how this change affects the situation. As you write your report, take care to clearly communicate your findings, using appropriate mathematical statements. Include relevant equations and calculations. “a . PHOTOCOPY OFS AGEISRESTRETEDNOER LAN. ete 7BDHTREBEZE5:15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Ise eroszenent26 “FHCTeSOPMNGOF TAS GES RESTRETEDLROER LAW 6walkemaths Practice task three | Electricity used by appliances Tui lives in a flat. She is concerned that the power bill is high, and would like to know how much electricity is used by some appliances, particularly the oven, the TV and the heat pump. She can read their meter to determine total power use (in kilowatt hours), so she carries out some trials, She turns off ll other appliances and records how long (hours) the oven, TV and heat pump are used for and the electricity used. Her results are shown in the table Cn PEE DEES Oven 3 2 1 wv | 2 3 1 Heat pump 5 Units used (kWh) 174 189 63 Her friend Cleo lives down the road and thinks this is a great idea, so she does the same for her appliances. Her results are shown in the table: Pm Day 2 Day 3 Oven 1 2 05 wv 2 4 1 Heat pump 5 9 2 Units used (kWh) 83 15.6 3.85 This activity requires you to apply systems of simultaneous equations to investigate the cost of running each appliance Using the constraints outlined below, write 2 report that answers the following: + How much electricity does each of Tui’s appliances use? * Investigate the electricity used by each of Cleo's appliances. Explain fully why she might have difficulty determining this. + She rechecked the piece of paper on which she had calculated the electricity totals and found that she had made a mistake. The total of 3.85 kWh on day three should have been 3:65 kWh. Investigate how this change affects the situation. ‘As you write your report, take care to clearly communicate your findings, using appropriate mathematical statements. Include relevant equations and calculations. MerOCBEYNG OF THIS AGE SRESTRCTED UNCER LAM, ISN STBOATONBOAZE53,15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ISBx-9T8070580426 PHOTOCOPING OF ASCE SRESTCTEDLNDR LAN . orwalkemaths Oo Answers Solving 2 x 2 simultaneous equations (pp. 5-12) oO | os@+4 | 4 @4 i 1 | osmea | 45 [ 0.45) 1 Plotting (pp. 5-7) 1 2 | osa+a | 5 25 oO 20) +1 1 0.1) 4 0.514) +4 6 46 i ays 3 03) y a 2 2(2) +1 5 (2,5) oe a 3 | a1 | 7 7) + 4 24) +1 9 49) 7 a= He - oO | -20+7 7 0.7) wit +] ame7 | os 5) + : i 2 -2(2) +7 3 23 3 | -ag+7 [1 @0 a{ wer [a | a if % f | Lt MM on) 2 Calculation (pp. 8-12) a Substitution (pp. 8-9) ch 165) 26.1 Pe 3 21.4) 4 (4,14) 4 $5 (4,3) 7 (1,2) 8B (9-2 9 (-1,-2) 10 (-7.2, -2.3) \ ‘ \{ BEI { \ 4 4,10) A 3 375,-05) ¥ 5 6,8) (15,4) 70.2 8 (148, -4.2) 2 9 63,6) 10 (-102, 49) Mixing it up (p. 12) 11-3) 25.8) 0 0)-1 a (0,-1) 3 66,38) 4 (24, -08) - | 5 (3.2.46) 6 (55, -4.5) : ae! 2 Le 7 (02,16) 8 (-6,-12) 2, 1 | 5 | @9 90.2 10 (2,4) 3 [39-1 [2 G8) 4 34}-1 W (4.11) PAoTdeOPUNG OF TS AGE SRESTRCTEDLNOER LO. he reDATORODEZESolving 3 x 3 simultaneous equations (pp. 13-18) 1 Substitution (pp. 13-14) 4 (1,-2,-3) 2 0.40 3 6,8,-3) 4 (26,-4,18) 2 Elimination (pp. 15-16) 1 (25.4) 2 6-10 3 (475,25,025) 4 (11,15,4) Mixing it up (pp. 17-18) 1 (1,25,-3 2 (33, -83, 51) 3.61.3) 4 (20, 40, -55) 5 (110,-27, 41) 6 0,-6.6) 7 (11.2,56,8.8) 8 (17,19, 14) Using your calculator (pp. 19-22) 1 Solving 2 x 2 simultaneous equations (pp. 19-20) 1 (2,5) 2 (67,48) 3 (17,-11) 4 (15,-12) 5 (03,16) 6,0 7419) 8 (2-5) 9 (1,02) 10 (41,0) 2 Solving 3 x 3 simultaneous equations (pp. 21-22) 1 (215,14) 2 27,1) 3 (4,3,2) 4 5,1,3) 5 2,01) 6 60,1) 7 6,1,-2) 8 (1,0,-3 9 2,0,-3) 10. (3, 6,0) 11 (15,21, 24) 12 14.2.0) Equations without a unique solution (pp. 23-37) 2D equations where thereis not a unique solution (pp. 23-26) Dependent: Dx2=@ Real solution: (1, 6) Real solution: (2, 3) Inconsistent Dependent: =@x2 Dependent: @x -3 Real solution: (36, -16) Inconsistent Inconsistent Real solution: (2,4) Inconsistent Dependent: Dx -2=@ Inconsistent Real solution: (2, 2) Ise 970170960425. PHETOCOPNG OFTHE ME RESHEEOLNOER LAN 3.15 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 1Bk=4 16k=12 3D equations where there is not a unique solution (pp. 27-37) 1 Inconsistent equations (pp. 27-31) 1 + Qi 3x-y+72=26 3. 3044 plane parallel to @. s0O+@ produces a 4 coDiis parallel to ®. +4 s0 Dis not parallel to ®, @+@axryeazet 3.2.4.0 1 s0@+@ produces a plane parallel to. 2 Dependent equations (pp. 32-37) 1 2x@=@so these two planes are the same 4 + 22.3 s0 Dis not parallel to®, Equations are linear combinations of each other: O+@ =O.walkemaths. 70 3. Equations are linear combinations of each other: 2xO+@-=@. ny 4 Equations are linear combinations of each other: 4xD-@=@. K 5 @-2xMand@~-4xsoal three planes are the same. & Equations are linea combinations of each other: 3xO+ 2x® * 7 Equations are linear combinations of each other: -5xO+-3x@= = @so these two planes are the same. + « 2 * 200is not parallel to. Finding multiple solutions for dependent equations (pp. 38-41) 1 2xD=Qso these two planes are the same. Dis not parallel to @. (0,5, 10), (1, 6,9), 2.7.8), ete. 2. Equations are linear combinations of each other 4xD-@= (0, 10, 3), (1, 9, 4), (2, 8, 5), ete. 3 Equations are linear combinations of each other: 2xD+@=@. 08,7), 27,8) (4, 6,9), ete. 4 Equations are linear combinations of each other:O +@=@. 0,0,10), 3, 1, 8), 6, 2.6),(9, 3.4), ete. 5 3x =Q@s0 these two planes are the same. Dis not parallel to . Only possibilities: (1, 11, 4), (1,8, 5} (2,5, 6), GN 6 2x@-=@so these two planes are the same. Dis not paraltel to @) ©.31,1),(1,27, 2, 2, 23,3), ete. 7 Equations are linear combinations of each othe: O+@-@. Only possibilities: (5, 1, 6), 7, 5,1). 8 Equations are linear combinations of each other: +@=@. (10, 4, 3), (11, 21, 29), (12, 38, 5), ete. Putting it te (pp. 43-45) 2. 4 *e 10 .., ®is parallel to. $,%,4 + Be G10 Dis not parallel o®. 70 e; inconsistent so no solutions. 2 Unique solution: (-4, 3, 2). 3 Equstons are linear combinations of each other: Dx5-@=@. a5 & aereprcent 50 many solutions. O+ Qa --y-32=37 301632 F so +@ produces plane parallel to @. <. inconsistent so no solutions. 3 so Dis parallel to ©. 7730 Dis not parallel 1o®, «inconsistent so no solutions. PvoTOCOPING OF TS AGE SRESIRCTEDUADERLAW. SBN STBOMONEDIDE