National University of Technology

NUTECH
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Assignment 3
FLUID MECHECHICS -II
Name Mehwish Rasheed
Id F22602033
Department Mechanical Engineering 22
Date September 4, 2024

Checked BY:

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TABLE OF CONTENT:

Contents
1. ABSRACT........................................................................................................................................................3
2. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………....3-
4
2.1. GENERAL................................................................................................................................................3
2.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT.......................................................................................................................4
2.3. ABOUT ANSYS.......................................................................................................................................4
3. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………….4-7
3.1. NACA AIRFOILS....................................................................................................................................5
3.2. BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE….……………………………………………………………………..5-6
3.3. INVISCID FLOW MODEL……………………………………………………………………………6
3.4. LIFT AND DRAG………………………………………………………………………………………
6
3.5. QUALITY OF MESHING………………………………………………………………………….…6-
7
4. DESIGN & METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………….7-20
4.1. METHODOLOGY…………….………………………………………………………………...….7-20
4.1.1. Importing External Geometry…………………………………………………………………..8-10
4.1.2. Creating Mesh Domain....................................................................................................................10
4.1.3 MESH GENERATION…………..………………………….…………………………………11-13
4.1.4. Checking Mesh Quality..............................................................................................................13-
14
4.1.5 FLUENT
Setup (Physics)………………………………………………………………………………..14-17
4.1.6. Solution………………………………………………………………………………………..17-19
4.1.7. PARAMETER TABLE………………………………………………………………………19-
20
4.2. DESIGN OF AIRFOIL ASPECTS…………………………………...………………………………
20
4.2.1 TABLE OF DESIGN………………………………………………………………………………20
5.RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………………………...…….21-24
5.1. Inviscid Flow Mode……………………………………………………………………….......21-24
6. ANALYSIS WITH DIFFERENT ANGLE OF ATTACK………………………………………….…24-27
7. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………...27
8. UNITS………………………………………………………………………………………………………
28
9. REFRENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………28

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 1. ABSRACT
This analysis presents a comprehensive computational analysis of a NACA 1412, exploring its aerodynamic
performance, stall behavior, and the impact of incorporating winglets. Manual design techniques are coupled
with ANSYS Fluent/CFX simulations to validate performance characteristics, including coefficients of lift and
drag across varying angles of attack. Altitude variations are examined to understand their effect on lift and drag
properties, crucial for optimizing aircraft performance in diverse flight environments. Surface pressure
distribution analysis provides insights into flow behavior, aiding in lift and drag elucidation. Stall behavior is
investigated, offering insights into mitigation strategies. Evaluation of winglet incorporation highlights
potential benefits in reducing induced drag and enhancing fuel efficiency, weighed against structural
complexities and costs. This research contributes to airfoil design advancement, benefiting aeronautical
engineering and aircraft performance optimization.
2. INTRODUCTION
Advances in computing technology and software have revolutionized the design process of engineering
vehicles such as aircraft and automobiles. In the area of fluid dynamics, there are many commercial CFD
packages available for modeling flow in or around objects. There are three main components to the
implementation of CFD methodology: pre-processing, solving and post processing. Preprocessing includes the
creation of geometry, mesh generation, physics and fluid properties and boundary conditions. There are many
ways to solve the pre-processing problem, ranging from transport equations, physical models and solver
settings. Lastly, we can interpret and view the results in form of XY plots, velocity vectors, contour and so on.

Figure 1.1. Flowchart of the Three Main Elements of a CFD Analysis

2.1 GENERAL
In the earliest days, when man was yet living in the lap of nature, the only means of locomotion was his legs.
Gradually, we have achieved faster and more luxurious ways of travelling, latest being the air transport. Since,
its invention aero planes have been getting more and more popularity as it is the fastest mode of transportation

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available. It has also gained popularity as a war machine since World War II. This popularity of air transport
has led to many new inventions and research to developed faster and more economical planes. This project is
such an attempt to determine how we can derive maximum performance out of an airfoil section. An airfoil is a
cross-section of wing of the plane. Its main job is to provide lift to an aero plane during takeoff and while in
flight. But, it has also a side effect called Drag which opposes the motion of the aero plane. The amount of lift
needed by a plane depends on the purpose for which it is to be used. Heavier planes require more lift while
lighter planes require less lift than the heavier ones. Thus, depending upon the use of aero plane, airfoil section
is determined. Lift force also determines the vertical acceleration of the plane, which in turns depends on the
horizontal velocity of the plane. Thus, determining the coefficient of lift one can calculate the lift force and
knowing the lift force and required vertical acceleration one can determine the required horizontal velocity.

Figure 1.2:
2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Design and simulate an airfoil of NACA 1412 and do the following;
1. Design manually and on ANSYS Fluent/CFX
2. Find the coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag
3. Investigate the effect of angle-of-attack on lift and drag for flow past the airfoil
4. Investigate the effect of altitude on the lift and drag of the airfoil
5. Investigate of the surface pressure distribution as a function of the angle of attack
6. Observance of stall effect
7. Discuss the advantages/disadvantages of use of winglet
2.3 ABOUT ANSYS
Any’s, offers engineering simulation solution sets in engineering simulation that a design process requires.
Companies in a wide variety of industries use ANSYS software. It uses CFD and FEM and various other
programming algorithms for simulating and optimizing various design problems. ANSYS has many sub parts
out of which I will use FLUENT. ANSYS Fluent uses CFD for analysis and is mainly used for simulation of
fluid mechanics and thermodynamics problems. Data of various fluid and solid materials are already fed into
the ANSYS database which we use.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
This section contains brief literature review of basic knowledge of what is needed for the project.
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 3.1 NACA AIRFOILS
The early NACA airfoil series, the 4-digit, 5-digit, and modified 4-/5-digit, were generated using analytical
equations that describe the camber (curvature) of the mean line (geometric centerline) of the airfoil section as
well as the section's thickness distribution along the length of the airfoil. Later families, including the 6-Series,
are more complicated shapes derived using theoretical rather than geometrical methods. Before the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed these series, airfoil design was rather arbitrary with
nothing to guide the designer except past experience with known shapes and experimentation with
modifications to those shapes.
This methodology began to change in the early 1930s with the publishing of a NACA report entitled The
Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel. In this
landmark report, the authors noted that there were many similarities between the airfoils that were most
successful, and the two primary variables that affect those shapes are the slope of the airfoil mean camber line
and the thickness distribution above and below this line. They then presented a series of equations
incorporating these two variables that could be used to generate an entire family of related airfoil shapes. As
airfoil design became more sophisticated, this basic approach was modified to include additional variables, but
these two basic geometrical values remained at the heart of all NACA airfoil series, as illustrated below in
Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. NACA airfoil geometrical construction

3.2 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli’s principle describes the behavior of a fluid moving along a streamline. It States that: An idea fluid
without viscosity of friction, running through along a closed Pipeline, the total energy remains constant
throughout its length. Basically what stated Here is an increase in flow speed lead to a reduction of pressure,
and conversely, if the Flow speed is reduced the pressure increases. The Bernoulli’s equation is given by:

𝑃 + 𝜌 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛

2
v
2
Whereas;

𝜌 = density
P = pressure

V = velocity
g = gravitational acceleration
h = elevation
 Assumptions:

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  Points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline
 The fluid has constant density
 The flow is steady,
 There is no friction

3.3. INVISCID FLOW MODEL

Inviscid flow is used to simplify a complex problem. It is the flow of an ideal fluid that
Assumes no viscosity. The assumption that viscous forces are negligible can be used to simplify the Naiver-
Stokes solution to the Euler equations.

𝜌 𝜕𝑢/ 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜌𝑢. ∇𝑢 = −∇𝑝 + 𝜇∇2𝑢 --------------- (2.10)

Naiver-stokes equation:

This type of flow involves a balance between pressure gradients and convective acceleration. Since the flow is
steady, the local (unsteady) acceleration is zero. Since the fluid is inviscid (𝜇=0), there are no viscous forces.

𝜌𝑢. ∇𝑢 = −∇𝑝 --------------------- (2.11)

Convective acceleration and pressure gradients:

𝑢 = 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) ---------------------- (2.12)

3.4. LIFT AND DRAG

The force which is exerted on a body by a flowing fluid in the direction of flow is called Drag. The component

𝑑𝐴 on a surface is 𝑃𝑑𝐴 and 𝜏𝑑𝐴. Respectively, the differential drag and lift forces acting on 𝑑𝐴 are:
of this force normal to the body is called lift force. If pressure and Shear forces acting on a differential area of

𝑑𝐹𝐷 = −𝑃𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜃 ----------------- (2.17)

𝑑𝐹𝐿 = −𝑃𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜃 −𝜏𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃 ---------------- (2.18)

𝐹𝐷 = ∫ 𝑑𝐹𝐷 = ∫ (−𝑃 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏 sin 𝜃) ------------------𝑑𝐴 (2.19)

Now the drag force is,

𝐹𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝐹𝐿 = − ∫ (𝑃 sin 𝜃 + 𝜏 cos 𝜃)𝑑𝐴 -----------------(2.20)

And lift force is,

𝐹𝐷 = 1 2 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2𝐶𝐷 (2.21) 𝐹𝐿 = 1 2 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2𝐶𝐿 ----------------------- (2.22)

Drag force and lift force can also be written by using co-efficient of drag and coefficient of lift respectively.

Here the coefficient of lift and drag force can be calculated by this formula;

3.5. QUALITY OF MESHING

In the quality of the meshing it includes its four quality factors these are:
 Skewness:
Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution. A distribution is asymmetrical when its left and right
side are not mirror images. A distribution can have right (or positive), left (or negative), or zero skewness. A
right-skewed distribution is longer on the right side of its peak, and a left-skewed distribution is longer on the
left side of its peak:
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 Curve: Skewness of a distribution
Also the excellent amount of skewness is between 0-0.25
 Orthogonal Quality:
Orthogonality. The concept of mesh orthogonality relates to how close the angles between adjacent element
faces (or adjacent element edges) are to some optimal angle (depending on the relevant topology).The excellent
amount of orthogonal quality is between 0.95-1

 Aspect Ratio:
The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. In objects of more than
two dimensions, such as hyper rectangles, the aspect ratio can still be defined as the ratio of the longest side to
the shortest side

 Element Quality:
The Element Quality is based on the ratio of the volume to the sum of the square of the edge lengths
for 2D quad/tri elements, or the square root of the cube of the sum of the square of the edge lengths
for 3D elements.

4. DESIGN & METHODOLOGY

This section explains specifically about the methodology of CFD analysis. Physical Setup, computational
domain, solution setup and choices of turbulence model are explained in order as procedure.
4.1. METHODOLOGY
We have follow the following methodology for the analysis of airfoil

4.1.1. Modelling NACA 1412 Airfoil Using Coordinates in AutoCAD;

The airfoil geometry was done in AutoCAD software. I have downloaded the airfoil coordinates file for NACA
1412 from http://airfoiltools.com website. The airfoil naca1412.dat file looks like this below:

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1. Features > Curves > Curve through XYZ Points > Browse > Naca1412.dat file
> OK
The txt.file was imported to AutoCAD by using the command of SCR (SCRIPT) as shown in Figure 3.1

1. After airfoil geometry generated the geometry file was saved in .dwg delimited format.
4.1.2. Importing External Geometry
1. Open ANSYS Workbench by going to Start > ANSYS > Workbench.
This will open the startup screen seen as shown in Figure 3.2.

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2. From the ANSYS Workbench home screen (Project Schematic),double click on the fluid flow (Fluent)
to add in the project Schematic

3. Right click Geometry then select Import Geometry > Browse… Select
Naca1412.dwg file and click OK.

4. Then right click Geometry and select Edit Geometry in Design Modular...

5. Click Generate to generate the airfoil geometry. The generated airfoil geometry is shown in Figure:

Figure

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 6. Create > Body Transformation > Rotate > XY Axis > 0 .The rotation was added in order to ease
increasing or decreasing AoA for future solutions.

7. Next, we need to create a surface from the curve we just generated. Go to Concepts > Surfaces from
Edges. Click anywhere on the curve you just created, and select Edges > Apply in the Details View
Window. Click Generate to create the surface. The generated surface is shown in Figure:

Figure
4.1.2. Creating Mesh Domain
Now that the airfoil has been generated, we need to create the mesh able surface we will use once we begin to
specify boundary conditions.

After generating the mesh domain we can use Concept > Boolean > Subtract the aero foil from the mesh
domain.

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4.1.3. MESH GENERATION
1. From Workbench home screen right click on Mesh and select Edit… from the dropdown menu.

2. Geometry is open in Meshing shown in Figure:

Figure: Geometry Open in meshing

3. Right click Mesh and then generate meshing. Show in Figure:

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 Figure: Meshing Domain of Aerofoil
4. Right click Mesh and Insert > Sizing. Select the edges at the top of the airfoil and at the bottom of the
airfoil and click Apply. Change Parameters as per below in Figure:

Figure: Sizing in Meshing

5. Right click Mesh and Insert > Refinement and refine the meshing as you want. Change the Parameters
as below in Figure:

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 Figure: Refinement in Meshing
6. Make sure to change the selection tool to edge.
• Click on the arc of shape and then right click and named the selection as Velocity Inlet.

• Select the horizontal edges on the end of the mesh. Right click, and select Create Named
Selections and names as Pressure Outlet.

• Finally, select the two edges making up the airfoil, and name the selections Airfoil.

After completing the meshing then the go to the Quality Section of meshing and Check the quality. As,
4.1.4 Checking Mesh Quality:
To check the mesh quality go to quality section. Then,
 Check Element Quality:

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 To check the element quality of the mesh metric go to the Quality > Mesh Matric > Element Quality.
Then

 Check Aspect Ratio:

To check the Aspect Ratio Quality go to the Quality > Mesh Matric > Aspect Ratio Quality. Then,

 Check Orthogonal Quality:

To check the Orthogonal Quality go to the Quality > Mesh Matric > Orthogonal Quality. Then,

 Check Skewness Quality:

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 To check the Skewness Quality go to the Quality > Mesh Matric > Skewness Quality. Then,

4.1.5. FLUENT
Setup (Physics)
1. In this step, open fluent and define the boundary conditions of the problem. Now, click Update Project.
This will load the mesh into FLUENT. Now, double click Setup. The Fluent Launcher Window should
open as shown in Figure
3.17. Check the box marked Double Precision. To make the solver run a little quicker, under Processing
Options I selected Parallel and changed the Number of Processes to 8. Then click OK to launch Fluent.

Figure 3.17
2. The first thing we will do once Fluent launches is define the solver we are going to use. Select Problem
Setup > General. Under Solver, select Density-Based as shown in Figure:

Figure: Fluent Set-up Solver

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3. Next, I defined the model. I did this by going Problem Setup > Models > Viscous Laminar. Then press
Edit... This will open the Viscous Model Menu Window as shown in Figure . Select Inviscid and press
OK. I also turned Energy Equation on.

4. I specified characteristics of the fluid. Because we specified the fluid as inviscid, we will only have to
define the density of the fluid. To define the density, click Problem Setup > Materials > (double click)
=Air. This will launch the Create/Edit Materials window. And we can take the density of air is
constant.

5. Now that the fluid has been described, we are ready to set the boundary conditions of the simulation.
Bring up the boundary conditions menu by selecting Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions. In the
Boundary Conditions window, look under Zones. First, let's set the boundary conditions for the inlet.
Select Inlet to see the details of the boundary condition. The boundary condition type should have
defaulted to velocity-inlet: if it didn't, select it. Now, click Edit to bring up the Velocity-Inlet Window.
We need to specify the magnitude and direction of the velocity. Select Velocity Specification Method >
Magnitude and Direction. I set the inlet velocity magnitude 3 m/s for my setup as shown in Figure 3.21.

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6. In the Boundary Conditions window, look under Zones. Select Pressure Outlet to see the details of the
boundary condition. The boundary condition type should have defaulted to pressure-outlet: if it didn't,
select it. Click Edit, and ensure that the Gauge Pressure is defaulted to 0 as shown in Figure 3.22.

7. The final thing to do before we move on to solution is to acknowledge the reference values. Go to
Problem Setup > Reference Values. In the Reference Values Window, select Compute From > Inlet.
Check the reference values that appear to make sure they are as we have already set them.

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4.1.6. Solution
1. First, go to Solution > Solution Methods. Everything in this section should have defaulted to what we
want, but let's make sure that under Flow the selection is Second Order Upwind as shown in Figure:

Figure: Solution Methods in Fluent

2. Now we are ready to begin solving the simulation. Before we hit solve though, we need to set up some
parameters for how Fluent will solve the simulation. Begin by going to Solution > Monitors. In the
Monitors Window, look under Residuals, Statistic, and Force Monitors. Select Residuals - Print, Plot
and press Edit. In the Residual Monitors Window, we want to change all of the Absolute Criteria to 1e-
6 as shown in Figure . This will give us some further trust in our solution. I also created lift and drag
monitors.

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3. Now, we need to initialize the solution. Go to Solution > Solution Initialization. In the Solution
Initialization Window, select Compute From > Hybrid Initialization and then initialize.

4. Once the solution has been initialized, we are ready to solve the simulation. Go to Solution > Run
Calculation. Change Number of Iterations to 1000 as shown in Figure 3.27, then double click
Calculate. Wait until Fluent spits out a converged solution and calculation complete screen shows up
on the screen.

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After completion of calculations

The same procedure is repeated with α=45° angle of attack for Inviscid model
4.1.7. Parameters Tables:

Geometry Parameters Meshing Parameters

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 Parameter Table of Mesh Control Parameter Table of Named Selection

4.2. Design Of Airfoil Aspects:

Figure: Table of Design of Airfoil

Graph: Velocity-Drag Force Graph Graph: Velocity –Lift Force Graph

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5. RESULTS
This section answers the issues as stated in problem statement above for different flow models. All necessary
comparisons were made in conjunction with benchmark available.

5.1 Inviscid Flow Model

Coefficient of Lift and Coefficient of Drag
Table 3.2. Coefficient of Lift and Coefficient of Drag Values Obtained with Inviscid Model
Angel Of Attack CL CD
0° 0.010457 0.001053

 Coefficient of Lift and Iteration Graph:

Figure: Convergence of CL Plot against Number of Iterations (α=0°).

 Coefficient of Drag and Iteration Graph:

Figure: Convergence of CD Plot against Number of Iterations (α=0°).

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  Scaled Residual Graph:

Figure: Convergence of Residual Plots against Number of Iterations (α=0°).

Contour of Pressure

Figure: Contour of Pressure (α=0°).

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Contour of Velocity

Velocity Vectors

Figure: Velocity Vectors (α=0°).

Coefficient of Pressure

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 Figure: Coefficient of Pressure (α=0°)

6. ANALYSIS WITH DIFFERENT ANGLE OF ATTACK:

Now we can analyze the Lift and drag force and all other things with different Angel of Attack.so,

With Angel Of Attack = 0° With Angel Of Attack = 45°

1. The airfoil we are using is NACA 1412 1. The airfoil we are using is NACA 1412

2. Meshing Domain Of Airfoil: 2. Meshing Domain Of Airfoil:

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3. Meshing shape and angle of airfoil: 2.Meshing shape and angle of airfoil:

3.Element Quality Of Meshing: 3.Element Quality Of Meshing:

4.Orthogonal Quality Of Meshing: 4.Orthogonal Quality Of Meshing:

5.Aspect Ration Quality Of Meshing: 5.Aspect Ratio Quality Of Meshing:

6.Skewness Quality Of Meshing: 6.Skweness Quality Of Meshing:

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7.Scale Residual Graph: 7.Scale Residual Graph:

8.Coefficient Of Lift Force: 8.Cofficient Of Lift Force:

9.Coefficient Of Drag Force: 9.Coefficient Of Drag Force:

10. Lift Force and Drag Force: Lift Force and Drag Force:
Lift Force = 0.010457 Lift Force = -0.40826
Drag Force = 0.001053 Drag Force = 0.38215

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 11. Velocity Contour: 11.Velocity Contour:

12.Pressure Contour: 12.Pressure Contour:

7. CONCLUSIONS
After doing this analysis thus we conclude that, the flow of NACA airfoil can be simulated in every way
possible depending on user input parameters using FLUENT. Multiple problems can be solved without the
need of building a physical setup every time for testing, thus cost effective. It also can provide better
understanding and explanation through graphics and animation such as the Bernoulli’s principle as the airfoil
travels in a fluid medium with varying angle of attack. For this case, as for inviscid flow, the results gained
does coincide with the experimental value, like pressure and lift coefficient. However we can also analyze the
aerofoil by different angle of attack and the result shows that the lift or drag force changes with the angel or
attack and also in our result the pressure and velocity contours are also changed. So, Conclusion of all of this
analysis is that all the parameters such as lift force, drag force, velocity and pressure contour changes with
angle of attack.

Angel Of Attack = 0° Angel Of Attack = 45°

Lift Force = 0.010457 Lift Force = -0.40826
Drag Force = 0.001053 Drag Force = 0.38215

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8. UNITS

9. REFRENCES

1. Hui Hu and Zifeng Yang DzAn Experimental Study of the Laminar Flow Separation on a Low-
Reynolds-Number Aerofoil,dz Journal of Fluids Engineering, ASME, ʹͲͲͺ, Vol. 130 / 051101-1.
2. Mohammad Mashud, A. Al Bari and T. P. Bhowmick, DzExperimental Investigation on Fluid Flow
Separation Control, dz International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
3. P. D. Gall, W. W. Huebsch and A.P. Rothmayer, DzDynamic Roughness as a Means of Leading edge
separation flow controldz, ʹ͹th International Congress of The Aeronautical Sciences, 2010.
4. Deepanshu Srivastav, DzFlow Control over Aerofoils using Different Shaped Dimples dz, IPCSIT,
IACSIT Press, Singapore, vol.33, 2012.
5. Ji Yaoa, et al. DzNumerical simulation of aerodynamic performance for two dimensional wind turbine
aerofoilsdz Procedia Engineering, ʹͲͳʹ, ͺͲ –86.
6. Shantanu S. Bhat, Raghuraman N. Govardhan, DzStall flutter of NACA ͲͲͳʹ aerofoil at low Reynolds
numbers,dz Journal of Fluids and Structures, 41, 2013, 166–174.
7. Lei Juanmian , Guo Feng, Huang Can, DzNumerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a
symmetrical aero foil at a low Reynolds number,dz Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2013,26(4): 918–925.
8. Dhiliban, P. et al. DzAerodynamic Performance Of Rear Roughness Aerofoils,dz The Eighth Asia-
Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, December 10–14, 2013, Chennai, India.
9. P. Ghos, Akhilesh. K. Dewangan, Pratik Mitra & Dr. A. K. Rout, DzExperimental study of Aerofoil
with Wind Tunnel Setupdz, Research Gate, Conference Paper, January ʹͲͳͶ

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