SUBJECT - COMPUTER NETWORK DESIGN AND

ADMINISTRATION
1ST UNIT

Q.1.DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
Explanation of distributed processing in computer
networking. :

What is Distributed Processing?

Distributed processing is a way of processing data by breaking it
down into smaller tasks and spreading them across multiple
computers or devices in a network.

How Does Distributed Processing Work?

Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. Data Breakdown: A large task or dataset is broken down into
smaller tasks or chunks.
2. Task Distribution: Each task or chunk is assigned to a
different computer or device in the network.
3. Processing: Each computer or device processes its assigned
task or chunk independently.
4. Results Collection: The processed results from each
computer or device are collected and combined.

Benefits of Distributed Processing:

1. Faster Processing: By spreading tasks across multiple
computers, processing time is significantly reduced.
2. Increased Capacity: Distributed processing allows for
handling large datasets and complex tasks that would be
impossible for a single computer.
3. Improved Reliability: If one computer fails, the task can be
reassigned to another computer, ensuring the process
continues uninterrupted.

Examples of Distributed Processing:

1. Cloud Computing: Cloud services like Amazon Web Services
(AWS) and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) use distributed
processing to handle large-scale computations.
2. Scientific Research: Distributed processing is used in
scientific research to analyze large datasets, such as climate
modeling and genomics.
3. Cryptography: Distributed processing is used to break
complex encryption codes and solve cryptographic problems.
In summary, distributed processing is a powerful technique that
allows multiple computers to work together to process large
datasets and complex tasks, making it faster, more efficient,
and more reliable.

Q.2. Network Criteria:

1. Performance: How well the network performs, including
speed and reliability.
2. Reliability: How well the network can recover from failures
or errors.
3. Security: How well the network protects against
unauthorized access or data breaches.
4. Scalability: How easily the network can grow or expand to
meet changing needs.
5. Cost: The cost of building, maintaining, and operating the
network.

Q.3. Physical structure of computer

network.
Explanation of the physical structure of computer networks, in
easy language:
Physical Structure:
The physical structure of a computer network refers to the way
devices are connected to each other.

Components:
1. Nodes: Devices on the network, such as computers, printers,
or routers.
2. Links: The physical connections between nodes, such as
cables or wireless connections.
3. Network Interface Card (NIC): A card or chip that connects a
device to the network.

Types of Network Topologies:

1. Bus Topology: A single cable connects all devices on the
network.
2. Star Topology: All devices connect to a central device, such
as a hub or switch.
3. Ring Topology: Devices connect in a circular configuration,
with data passing through each device in sequence.
4. Mesh Topology: Each device connects directly to every other
device on the network.
Network Devices:
1. Hub: A device that connects multiple devices to a network.
2. Switch: A device that connects multiple devices to a network
and filters data to improve performance.
3. Router: A device that connects multiple networks together
and routes data between them.
Cables and Wireless Connections:
1. Twisted-Pair Cable: A type of cable that uses twisted pairs of
wires to reduce interference.
2. Coaxial Cable: A type of cable that uses a central copper wire
surrounded by insulation and a braided shield.
3. Wireless Connections: Connections that use radio waves to
transmit data between devices.

In summary, the physical structure of a computer network

includes nodes, links, NICs, and various types of network
topologies and devices.

Q.4.Network model of
computer network.
Explanation of the network model of computer networks, in
easy language:

Network Model:
A network model is a way to organize and understand the
different layers of a computer network.
OSI Model:
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a widely used
network model that consists of 7 layers:

1. Physical Layer: Defines the physical means of transmitting

data between devices.
2. Data Link Layer: Ensures error-free transfer of data frames
between two devices on the same network.
3. Network Layer: Routes data between different networks.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between
devices.
5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates
connections between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Converts data into a format that can be
understood by the receiving device.
7. Application Layer: Provides services and interfaces for
applications to communicate with each other.
TCP/IP Model:
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
model is another widely used network model that consists of 4
layers:
1. Network Access Layer: Combines the OSI model's physical
and data link layers.
2. Internet Layer: Routes data between different networks.
3. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between
devices.
4. Application Layer: Provides services and interfaces for
applications to communicate with each other.
Key Points:
1. Network models help us understand how data is transmitted
over a network.
2. The OSI model is a 7-layer model, while the TCP/IP model is a
4-layer model.
3. Both models are widely used and help us understand the
different layers of a computer network.

In summary, network models help us understand how data is

transmitted over a network, and the OSI and TCP/IP models are
two widely used models that break down the network into
different layers.

Q.5. OSI model .

What is the OSI Model?
The OSI model is a way to understand how computers
communicate with each other over a network.

7 Layers of the OSI Model:

1. Physical Layer: This layer is like the roads that cars drive on.
It defines how data is transmitted over a physical medium, like
a cable or wireless connection.
2. Data Link Layer: This layer is like the traffic rules that cars
follow. It ensures that data is transmitted error-free between
two devices on the same network.
3. Network Layer: This layer is like the GPS that helps cars
navigate. It routes data between different networks.
4. Transport Layer: This layer is like the delivery truck that
ensures packages are delivered safely. It ensures reliable data
transfer between devices.
5. Session Layer: This layer is like the receptionist that sets up
meetings. It establishes, manages, and terminates connections
between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: This layer is like the translator that helps
people understand each other. It converts data into a format
that can be understood by the receiving device.
7. Application Layer: This layer is like the office where people
work. It provides services and interfaces for applications to
communicate with each other.

How the OSI Model Works:

1. Data is created at the Application Layer.
2. The data is passed down through each layer, with each layer
adding its own information.
3. The data is transmitted over the network at the Physical
Layer.
4. The data is received at the Physical Layer and passed up
through each layer.
5. Each layer removes its own information and passes the data
up to the next layer.
6. The data is finally delivered to the Application Layer.

Key Points:
1. The OSI model is a 7-layer model that helps us understand
how computers communicate over a network.
2. Each layer has a specific function and adds its own
information to the data.
3. The OSI model helps us troubleshoot network problems by
identifying which layer is causing the issue.

Q.6. Types of communication in

computer network.
Explanation of the types of communication in computer
networks, in easy language:

Types of Communication:
1. Simplex Communication: One-way communication, where
data is sent from one device to another, but not in the reverse
direction.
2. Half-Duplex Communication: Two-way communication,
where data can be sent in both directions, but not at the same
time.
3. Full-Duplex Communication: Two-way communication,
where data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.
Examples:
1. Simplex Communication: A television broadcast, where the
TV station sends signals to the TV, but the TV cannot send
signals back to the station.
2. Half-Duplex Communication: A walkie-talkie, where one
person can talk while the other listens, but they cannot talk at
the same time.
3. Full-Duplex Communication: A telephone conversation,
where both people can talk and listen at the same time.

Other Types of Communication:

1. Point-to-Point Communication: Communication between
two devices directly connected to each other.
2. Point-to-Multi-Point Communication: Communication
between one device and multiple devices.
3. Multi-Point Communication: Communication between
multiple devices.

Key Points:
1. Simplex communication is one-way communication.
2. Half-duplex communication is two-way communication, but
not at the same time.
3. Full-duplex communication is two-way communication,
simultaneously.
4. Point-to-point communication is between two devices
directly connected to each other.

In summary, there are different types of communication in

computer networks, including simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex,
point-to-point, point-to-multi-point, and multi-point
communication.

Q.7. Communication Media in computer

network.
Here's an explanation of communication media in computer
networks, in easy language:

What is Communication Media?

Communication media refers to the physical or wireless paths
that data travels through to get from one device to another.

Types of Communication Media:

1. Wired Media: Uses physical cables to transmit data, such as:
- Twisted Pair Cable
- Coaxial Cable
- Fiber Optic Cable
2. Wireless Media: Uses radio waves or infrared signals to
transmit data, such as:
- Wi-Fi
- Bluetooth
- Cellular Networks

Characteristics of Communication Media:

1. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transmitted at
one time.
2. Speed: The rate at which data is transmitted.
3. Distance: The maximum distance that data can be
transmitted.
4. Interference: The amount of noise or distortion that can
affect data transmission.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

1. Wired Media:
 - Advantages: Fast, reliable, and secure.
- Disadvantages: Limited mobility, expensive to install.
2. Wireless Media:
- Advantages: Mobile, easy to install, and cost-effective.
- Disadvantages: Slower, less reliable, and less secure.

Key Points:
1. Communication media refers to the physical or wireless
paths that data travels through.
2. There are two main types of communication media: wired
and wireless.
3. Each type of media has its own characteristics, advantages,
and disadvantages.

In summary, communication media is the physical or wireless

path that data travels through to get from one device to
another. There are two main types of communication media:
wired and wireless, each with its own characteristics,
advantages, and disadvantages.

Q.8. Introduction to addressing In

computer network.
Introduction to addressing in computer networks, in easy
language:

What is Addressing?
Addressing is a way to identify devices on a network so that
data can be sent to the correct device.

Why is Addressing Important?

Addressing is important because it allows devices to
communicate with each other and exchange data.

Types of Addresses:
1. Physical Address: A unique address assigned to a device's
network interface card (NIC).
2. Logical Address: An address assigned to a device by the
network operating system.
3. IP Address: A unique address assigned to a device on a
network that uses the Internet Protocol.
How Addressing Works:
1. Device Sends Data: A device sends data to a network.
2. Router Receives Data: A router receives the data and reads
the destination address.
3. Router Forwards Data: The router forwards the data to the
next hop on the path to the destination device.
4. Destination Device Receives Data: The destination device
receives the data and processes it.

Key Points:
1. Addressing is a way to identify devices on a network.
2. There are three types of addresses: physical, logical, and IP.
3. Addressing allows devices to communicate with each other
and exchange data.

In summary, addressing is a way to identify devices on a

network so that data can be sent to the correct device. There
are three types of addresses: physical, logical, and IP, and
addressing allows devices to communicate with each other and
exchange data.

Q.9. IPv4 addresses, subneting, Ipv6

addressing in computer network.
Explanation of IPv4 addresses, subnetting, and IPv6 addressing
in computer networks, in easy language:

IPv4 Addresses:
1. What is an IPv4 Address?: An IPv4 address is a unique
address assigned to a device on a network that uses the
Internet Protocol version 4.
2. Format of an IPv4 Address: An IPv4 address is written in
dotted decimal notation, with four numbers separated by dots
(e.g., 192.168.1.1).
3. Classes of IPv4 Addresses: IPv4 addresses are divided into
five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
Subnetting:
1. What is Subnetting?: Subnetting is the process of dividing a
large network into smaller sub-networks.
2. Why is Subnetting Used?: Subnetting is used to improve
network performance, reduce network congestion, and
increase network security.
3. How is Subnetting Done?: Subnetting is done by dividing the
host part of an IPv4 address into two parts: subnet ID and host
ID.

IPv6 Addresses:
1. What is an IPv6 Address?: An IPv6 address is a unique
address assigned to a device on a network that uses the
Internet Protocol version 6.
2. Format of an IPv6 Address: An IPv6 address is written in
hexadecimal notation, with eight groups of four hexadecimal
digits separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
3. Advantages of IPv6 Addresses: IPv6 addresses have several
advantages over IPv4 addresses, including a much larger
address space, improved security, and better support for
mobile devices.
Key Points:
1. IPv4 addresses are used to identify devices on a network that
uses the Internet Protocol version 4.
2. Subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into
smaller sub-networks.
3. IPv6 addresses are used to identify devices on a network that
uses the Internet Protocol version 6.
4. IPv6 addresses have several advantages over IPv4 addresses,
including a much larger address space and improved security.

In summary, IPv4 addresses, subnetting, and IPv6 addressing

are all important concepts in computer networking. IPv4
addresses are used to identify devices on a network, subnetting
is used to divide a large network into smaller sub-networks, and
IPv6 addresses are used to identify devices on a network that
uses the Internet Protocol version 6.