MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2.111J/18.435J/ESD.79
Quantum Computation
QUIZ 1 SOLUTION
Problem 1. In NMR quantum computing, a Hadamard gate is implemented by rotating around
the axis (x + z )/ 2 . Compute the matrix obtained by rotation around this axis by π radians,
and compare to a Hadamard gate.
Solution:
If we denote the rotation by angle θ about (x + z )/ 2 by R(θ) , we have
R(θ) = exp[−i(θ / 2)(σX + σZ )/ 2}
θ θ
= cos I − i sin (σX + σZ )/ 2
2 2
⇒
R(π) = −i(σX + σZ )/ 2
−i 0 1 1 0
= +
2 1 0 0 −1
−i 1 1
=
2 1 −1
= −iH
where H is the Hadamard gate.
Problem 2. Let
1
H = (σX ⊗ σX + σY ⊗ σY + σZ ⊗ σZ + I ⊗ I )
2
be an operator on two qubits.
a) Find H 2 and write it in a simple form.
b) Using (a), find exp(−i πH / 4) and exp(−i πH / 2) .
c) Find the eigenvalues of H .
d) Find a set of orthonormal eigenstates of H .
Solution:
a) We have
1
H 2 = (σX ⊗ σX + σY ⊗ σY + σZ ⊗ σZ + I ⊗ I )H .
2
Note that
1 1
(σX ⊗ σX )H = (σX ⊗ σX )(σX ⊗ σX + σY ⊗ σY + σZ ⊗ σZ + I ⊗ I )
2 4
1
= (σX σX ⊗ σX σX + σX σY ⊗ σX σY + σX σZ ⊗ σX σZ + σX ⊗ σX )
4
1
= (I ⊗ I + i σZ ⊗ iσZ + (−i )σY ⊗ (−i )σY + σX ⊗ σX )
4
1
= (I ⊗ I − σZ ⊗ σZ − σY ⊗ σY + σX ⊗ σX ) .
4
Similarly,
1 1
(σY ⊗ σY )H = (−σX ⊗ σX + σY ⊗ σY − σZ ⊗ σZ + I ⊗ I )
2 4
1 1
(σ ⊗ σZ )H = (−σX ⊗ σX − σY ⊗ σY + σZ ⊗ σZ + I ⊗ I )
2 Z 4
1 H
(I ⊗ I )H = .
2 2
Adding up these four relations, one can obtain
H2 = I ⊗ I .
b) Using equation (4.7) of N&C, we have
exp(i θH ) = cos(θ)I ⊗ I + i sin(θ)H
⇒
exp(−i πH / 4) = 2I ⊗ I / 2 − i 2H / 2
and
exp(−i πH / 2) = −iH .
c) Using Problem 1(b) in Problem Set 2, it can be seen that the only possible values for the
eigenvalues are +1 and –1.
d) You can easily verify that the Bell states, described in the first problem of Problem Set 3, are
one possible set of eigenstates. (In fact, H = Ι2AB − I ⊗ I .) The first state in that problem, the
singlet sate, has eigenvalue –1 and the other three have eigenvalues +1.
Problem 3. Let N be an integer larger than 5. Consider the following state:
N −1
1
ψ =
N ∑ x mod N A ⊗ 3x mod N B ⊗ 5x mod N C .
x =0
Find the output state if we take a quantum Fourier transform modulus N on each of the registers
A, B, and C. That is, if we denote the corresponding QFT operators to each system by U A , U B ,
and UC , find U A ⊗ U B ⊗ UC ψ . Write your answer in the basis { 0 , 1 ,…, N − 1 }⊗3 , and
show that it is the superposition of equally probable states. What is this probability?
Solution:
N −1
1
U A ⊗ U B ⊗ UC ψ =
N ∑U A
x mod N A ⊗ U B 3x mod N B ⊗ UC 5x mod N C
x =0
4 N −1 N −1 N −1 N −1
= ( ) 1
N ∑ ∑e
x =0 k =0
2πixk
k A ⊗ ∑e
m= 0
2πi (3x )m
m B ⊗ ∑ e2πi(5x )n
n =0
nC
N −1 N −1 N −1 N −1
1
=
N2
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ e2πi(k +3m +5n )x k A m B nC
x =0 k =0 m =0 n =0
N −1 N −1 N −1 N −1
1
=
N2
∑∑∑ k A m B nC ∑ e2πi(k +3m +5n )x
k =0 m =0 n =0 x =0
N −1 N −1 N −1
1
=
N2
∑∑∑ k A m B n C N δk ,−3m −5n mod N
k =0 m =0 n =0
N −1 N −1
1
=
N ∑∑ −3m − 5n mod N A m B nC.
m =0 n =0
This is the superposition of N 2 states each with probability of occurrence 1/ N 2 .
