FACULTY OF COMPUTING & INFO SYSTEMS

WEEK ONE(1)

TOPIC :

Introduction to Operating Systems

 MY EXPECTATIONS
● Active Participation In Class.

● Mobile Phones on Silence or Off.

● Only one Conversation at a Time in Class.

● Ask very insightful questions.

● Have fun through learning.

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This lecture covers general introductory material on modern operating systems.

Specific Topics

➢ Overview of Hardware/Software

➢ Definition Of Operating Systems(OS).

➢ Examples of Operating Systems(OS).

➢ Types of Operating Systems Interface.

➢ Functions of the Operating systems(OS).

➢ Types/classification of Operating Systems(OS). 3-4

 OVERVIEW

Software: describe a set of

instructions usually called a program,
which control the operations of a
computer. (System and application)
Three categories of system software
1. Operating system
2. Programming languages
3. Utility programs 3-5
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
 Operating Systems
DEFINITION 1

❖ Software which manages the overall operation of the computer

system including:

Hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O), Application interface, Memory Management.

❖ DEFINITION 2

❖ An operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface

between the computer user and computer hardware, and controls
the execution of programs.
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 The Operating System’s Job

❖ The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and

hardware on the computer.

❖ It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process

management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printer.

❖ Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System,

Windows Operating System
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 General Perspective of the OS
❖ There are two common perspectives of what an operating
system is.

1. An operating system act as a user interface.

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 General Perspective of OS
2. The other view is that an OS is a resource manager. That is, a program
designed to manage the computer’s resources such as C.PU, Memory,
Input and Output Device.

N:B: These two views represent two of the primary functions of an operating system.
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 OTHER VIEWS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

● Application View: what services does it provide?

● System View: what problems does it solve?

● Implementation View: how is it built?

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 OTHER VIEWS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
● Application View: The OS provides an execution environment for
running programs.

● The execution environment provides a program with the processor

time and memory space that it needs to run.

● The execution environment provides interfaces through which a

program can use networks, storage, I/O devices, and other system
hardware components

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 OTHER VIEWS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

● System View: The OS manages the hardware resources of a

computer system.

● Resources include processors, memory, disks and other storage

devices, network interfaces, I/O devices such as keyboards, mice

and monitors, and so on.

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 OTHER VIEWS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

● Implementation View: The OS is a concurrent, real-time

program.

● Concurrency arises naturally in an OS when it supports concurrent

applications, and because it must interact directly with the hardware

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 INTERFACE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

● Operating systems normally have two types of interface,

1. Character/command User Interface (CUI)

2. A Graphical User Interface (GUI).

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CHARACTER USER INTERFACE (CUI

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CUI OPERATING SYSTEM

❖ Tedious and slow (all commands must be typed).

❖ Less ease of use (compared to point and click systems).

❖ The Disk Operating System (DOS) is an example of a CUI-based OS.

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A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI).

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 A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

● Windows: Multiple windows allow different information to be displayed simultaneously on the user’s

screen.

● Icons: Icons are symbols that represent different types of information. On some systems, icons

represent files; on others, icons represent processes.

● Menus: Commands are selected from a menu rather than typed in a command language.

● Pointing devices: A pointing device, such as a mouse, is used for selecting choices from a menu or

indicating items of interest in a window.

● Graphics: Graphical elements can be mixed with text on the same display.

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 The Functions of an Operating System

1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware.

2. Provides and Manages System Security.
3. Provides the System Interface.
4. Provides the Interface for Application Software.
5. Maintains a list of all resources in the system.
6. Creates processes.
7. Performs CPU scheduling.
8. Allocates resources to the processes.
Why study Operating Systems?.

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SYSTEMS TODAY

WetPC1

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Principles of Operating Systems - Lecture 1
 Why study Operating Systems?
1. Need to understand interaction between the hardware and

applications

New applications, new hardware..

Inherent aspect of society today

2. Need to understand basic principles in the design of computer

systems

efficient resource management, security, flexibility

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3. Increasing need for specialized operating systems
 Why study Operating Systems?
Understanding Computer Systems

Enhanced Programming Skills:

Troubleshooting and Optimization

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 Classifications/Type Of Operating
Systems
1. Single user system

2. Batch Operating System.

3. Timesharing Operating Systems.

4. Distributed Operating System.

5. Network Operating System.

6. Real Time Operating System.

 Classifications/Type Of Operating
Systems

7. Multiprocessor operating system

8. Multiuser operating system

9. Multithreaded operating system

 SINGLE USER SYSTEMS

SINGLE USER SYSTEM: Such systems are also known as early

systems. They were developed in the early 1950s. Punch cards were
used to store the programs.

❖ It is an operating system that allows only one user to operate the

computer at a time.

❖ It is designed to meet the computing needs of individual users and is

commonly found in personal computers, smartphones, and tablets.
 Types of Single User Operating Systems
Single User Single Tasking Operating Systems:

● The Single User Single Tasking Operating system is an Operating System

that can only perform one task at a time.

● This means that the user can only run one program at a time. When the

user wants to run another program, they must first close the first

program. Examples of Single User Single Tasking Operating

Systems: MS-DOS, Palm OS, etc.

 Types of Single User Operating Systems

Single User Multi Tasking Operating Systems

❖ is an operating system that can perform multiple tasks at the

same time.

❖ This type of single user operating system is designed only for a

single user, but this single user can perform multiple programs at
the same time, unlike single user single tasking operating system.

❖ Examples: Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS, etc.

 BATCH SYSTEMS
● Batch Operating system groups jobs that perform similar type of
functions.

● A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the
instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without
intervention.

● There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same

requirement and group them into batches.

● The First operating system of the second-generation computer is

the batch operating system. 3-31
 CHARACTERISTICS/ FEATURES OF BATCH OS

❖ A job is defined as a single unit which is made up of a predefined

sequence of commands, data, and programs.

❖ These jobs are kept in a memory executing them without manual

information.

❖ Processing is done in the order in which they are submitted, i.e., first
come first serve.

❖ The operating system releases memory of a job as soon as it is executed

successfully.
 Examples of Batch

❖ Payroll system
❖ Bank Statement
❖ Each task is given some time to run/execute such that all tasks
are executed in orderly manner.
 ADVANTAGES

❖ Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the

computer.

❖ Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the

previous job finished without any manual intervention.

❖ It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems

❖ Multiple users can share the batch systems

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 Disadvantages
❖ Difficult to debug program.

❖ The output is obtained only after all the jobs are executed.

❖ A job could enter an infinite loop.

❖ Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.

❖ It is sometime costly.

❖ Priority can not be implemented if a certain job has to be executed on an urgent basis
 Time-sharing Operating Systems
❖ Time-sharing is a popular representative of multi-programmed,

multi-user systems.

❖ One of the primary objectives of multi-user systems in general, and

time-sharing in particular, is good terminal response time.

❖ Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks

work smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single
 Time-sharing Operating
Systems

❖ Time-sharing is a popular representative of multi-programmed, multi-

user systems. One of the primary objectives of multi-user systems in
general, and time-sharing in particular, is good terminal response
time.
❖ Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system.

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❖ These systems are also known as multitasking systems. The task
can be from single user or from different users also.

❖ This switching is incredibly quick in order that the users will move
with every program whereas it’s running while not knowing that, the
system is being shared.

❖ Equal time slots are provided to processor for execution of

programs which also leads to the context switching, in which
process shifts control from one to another
 Example
❖ In case any process does not complete its working within time slot then extra
time slot will not be given to it.

❖ For example- you are running a process with a time slot of 5 seconds and in
case process does not complete in 5 second and requires 1 extra second then it
will be executed in next execution cycle but the time slot will not be extended.

❖ For example, in a transaction processing, processor execute each user

program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is if n users
are present, each user can get time quantum.
ADVANTAGES OF TIMESHARING OS

● Provide advantage of quick response.

● Avoids duplication of software.

● Reduces CPU idle time.

● Each task gets an equal opportunity

DISADVANTAGES OF TIME-SHARING OS

❖ Reliability problem

❖ One must have to take care of security and

integrity of user programs and data

❖ Data communication problem

 Real Time System
● Real time systems are used in time critical environments where data must
be processed extremely quickly because the output influences immediate
decisions.

● Real time systems are used for space flights, airport traffic control,
industrial processes, sophisticated medical equipment, telephone
switching etc.

● A real time system must be 100 percent responsive in time. Response

time is measured in fractions of seconds 3-43
 Real Time Systems

● NOTE
❖ In real time systems the correctness of the computations not only depends

upon the logical correctness of the computation but also upon the time

at which the results is produced. If the timing constraints of the system are

not met, system failure is said to have occurred.

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 Real Time operating System
❖ Is designed to respond to input within certain time constraints. This

input usually comes from external sensors, and not from humans.

❖ Many embedded systems are also real-time systems.

❖ Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which the time

interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it

controls the environment.

Examples of Real time OS

❖ Scientific Experiments, Medical Imaging Systems,

❖ Industrial Control Systems, Weapon Systems, Robots,

And Home-appliance Controllers, Air Traffic

❖ Control System Etc.

 Types of Real Time Operating
Systems
● Hard Real Time Operating Systems necessarily perform the task within the
given specified deadline. A formal guarantee of always meeting the hard
deadline is required. Examples include air traffic control, vehicle subsystems
control and Nuclear power plant control.

● Soft Real Time Operating Systems are the RTOS that perform task almost in
the specified deadline. They do not guarantee a hard deadline. Task can be
performed even after the time has elapsed. For example, Multimedia, virtual
reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration.
 Differences Between Time Sharing and Real-
Time Operating System

❖ In the time sharing operating systems, the computer resources are shared among the
several users while in real-time systems the external events are processed within the
deadline.

❖ Real-time processing involves just one application. In contrast, the time sharing
processing has to deal with several different applications.

❖ Switching does not occur in case of real-time operating systems. On the

contrary, the time sharing system uses context switching to switch the CPU from one to
another process.
 DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

❖ These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of

computer technology and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that

too, with a great pace.

❖ Distributed systems use MULTIPLE CENTRAL PROCESSORS to serve multiple

real time application and multiple users. Data processing jobs are

distributed among the processors accordingly to which one can perform

each job most efficiently.

 Where is distributed operating system used?

❖ Most commonly, the participating nodes of the system are in a relatively SMALL

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA, something between an OFFICE AND A CAMPUS.

❖ Distributed operating systems typically run cooperatively on all machines

whose resources they control.

 Advantages of Distributed Operating System

❖ Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are
independent from each other

❖ Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed

❖ Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable

❖ Load on host computer reduces

❖ These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network

❖ Delay in data processing reduces

 DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

❖ Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication

❖ To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not

well defined yet

❖ These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive.
 Network Operating System
❖ Network Operating System runs on a server and provides server the capability
to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions.

❖ The primary purpose

❖ Network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access

among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network
(LAN), a private network or to other networks.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
 Network Operating Systems

❖ Network operating systems (NOS) coordinate the activities of

multiple computers across a network.

❖ The network operating system acts as a director to keep the

network running smoothly.

 MAJOR TYPES OF NETWORKING OS
The two major types of network operating systems are:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network

❖ Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and

files located on their computers and to access shared resources found
on other computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized
management source.

❖ In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all

have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network.
Peer-to-Peer Network
 2. Client/Server

Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions and

applications in one or more dedicated file servers (See fig. ). The file servers become

the heart of the system, providing access to resources and providing security. Individual

workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers.
Client/Server
Operating System Properties
Any
Questions
THANK YOU!

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● File management
● Device management
● Memory management
● Operating system security
● Mobile operating system
● Process synchronization
● Deadlocks 63