WEEK 1 : Art History; Creativity, Imagination drama, film).

Philosophers have defined art

and the Expression; Art (Nature, Importance, differently:
Values, Divisions, Assumptions and
 Plato: Art is an imitation of an imitation,
Categorization)
making it far removed from reality.
ART HISTORY AND ART APPRECIATION
 Aristotle: Art is a reflection of reality,
Art History is the study of art objects within their providing a mirror to the physical world.
era or period. It involves analyzing the meaning of
Historically, art was a term used for skilled
visual arts such as painting, sculpture, and
craftsmanship. By the 19th century, it became
architecture within the context of their time of
associated mainly with fine arts.
creation. According to Britannica Encyclopedia, art
history focuses on identifying, classifying,
describing, evaluating, interpreting, and
NATURE OF ART
understanding art products and their historical
development. Art conveys creativity and beauty through various
forms. It includes:
Art Appreciation refers to the knowledge and
understanding of qualities that classify great art. It  Visual Arts (painting, sculpture,
explores visual art forms and introduces basic architecture, graphic arts)
principles of visual literacy. Unlike art history, art
 Performing Arts (music, dance, theater,
appreciation interprets art without reference to
opera, cinema)
historical context or symbolism. It helps individuals
enhance their enjoyment and understanding of art.  Literature (written artistic expression)
Art appreciation is subjective, influenced by Art is present in all aspects of life, from
personal aesthetics, social norms, and cultural craftsmanship to technology (e.g., “state of the art”
values. It fosters reflection, self-criticism, and in engineering).
enlightenment, aiding individuals in discovering
their identity and perspective. According to C. S.
Flores (1999), art appreciation aims to make UNIVERSALITY AND IMPORTANCE OF ART
individuals humane by encouraging critical
1. Timelessness of Art - Art transcends time
reflection, clear communication, and evaluative
and remains relevant across generations.
judgment.
2. Art Imitates Life - Art captures the artist’s
experience and cultural context.
3. Intrinsic Worth - Great art maintains value
CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION, AND
across time and enhances human experience.
EXPRESSION
1. Creativity - Enables artists to generate new
and innovative ideas, pushing beyond VALUES OF ART
traditional boundaries.
According to Lourdes Sanchez (1992), art holds
2. Imagination - Allows artists to envision and various values:
depict emotions, concepts, and experiences
 Aesthetic Value - Art is appreciated for its
beyond the physical world.
beauty and form.
3. Expression - Serves as a medium for artists
 Didactic Value - Art teaches moral lessons
to convey their inner thoughts and emotions
and societal values.
through various artistic forms.
 Religious Value - Art strengthens human
These three elements help translate subjective
connections to spirituality.
experiences into tangible artworks that evoke
emotions and deep contemplation.  Historical Value - Art documents historical
events and societal changes.
 Socio-political Value - Art critiques and
WHAT IS ART?
reflects on government and society.
Art (from the Latin word ars) refers to fine arts such
 Scientific Value - Art informs about the
as painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance,
natural and social sciences.
music, and film. It can be classified as verbal or
non-verbal and may also be mixed (e.g., dance,
  Commercial Value - Art generates financial  Theater - Live performance depicting real
worth and market value. or fictional events.
 Pragmatic Value - Art serves functional and  Music - Organized sound with artistic intent.
practical purposes.
 Film - Moving images that tell a story or
 Therapeutic Value - Art promotes convey an artistic vision.
mindfulness and reduces stress.
 Dance - Expressive body movements in
 Personal Value - Art aids in self-discovery rhythm and harmony.
and personal growth.
Literature
 Political Value - Art contributes to
 Prose - Natural flow of speech without
democracy and social awareness.
formal structure.
 Poetry - Artistic use of words with rhythm
DIVISIONS OF ART and structure.

1. Commercial Art - Created for commercial Applied Arts

purposes, focusing on quality,
 Combines aesthetics with functionality,
craftsmanship, and market appeal.
including design and innovation in practical
2. Art for Art’s Sake - Created for personal solutions.
expression and artistic fulfillment.
WEEK 2 : Functions and Philosophies of Art
FUNCTIONS OF ART
ASSUMPTIONS AND THEORIES OF ART
Concept of Telos (Purpose) in Art
1. Art is Universal - Art exists across all
Aristotle claimed that every substance on earth has
cultures and generations.
a purpose ("telos" in Greek). The function of art is
2. Art is Not Nature - Art is a human-made directly related to its purpose, just like everyday
interpretation of the world. objects serve specific roles in our lives.

3. Art is Imitation - Art reflects and represents 1. Personal Function of Art

reality.
Art serves personal purposes, depending on how an
4. Art is Pleasure - Art provides enjoyment individual uses it. This function is subjective and
through its aesthetics and meaning. includes expressive art, entertainment, and therapy.

5. Art is Play - Art serves as an outlet for  Art opens and educates the senses,
creativity and emotional expression. sharpening perception.

6. Art as Expression - Art communicates  Art serves as a vehicle for emotions,

emotions and personal experiences. motivations, and ideas.

7. Art Involves Experience - Art is deeply tied  Art enhances awareness of different ways of
to the artist's and audience's experiences. thinking and imagining.
Examples:

CATEGORIZATIONS OF ART  Psychological expression

Visual Arts  Love, sex, and marriage

 Painting - Application of pigment on a solid  Death, morbidity, and illness

surface.
 Spiritual concerns
 Sculpture - Creation of 2D or 3D forms
 Aesthetic expression
through carving or casting.
 Intellectual inquiry
 Photography - Capturing images through
light-sensitive mediums. 2. Social Function of Art

 Drawing - Marking surfaces to create visual Art can influence people and bring social change.
representations. Some artworks are created to persuade and raise
awareness about social issues.
Performing Arts (UNESCO, 2020)
 Art seeks to influence human behavior.
  Art is created for public consumption. Philosophy, meaning "love of wisdom," helps us
understand art’s significance. The medieval
 Art expresses social or collective
theologian St. Thomas Aquinas identified three
experiences.
classical qualities of beauty:
Examples:
1. Integritas (Integrity) – Completeness and
 Advertisements wholeness in art.

 Political and ideological expression 2. Consonantia (Proportionality) – Harmony

among parts, ensuring balance.
 Humanitarian concerns
3. Claritas (Clarity) – Art should clearly
 Satire
radiate its essence and purpose.
 Graphic communication
3. Physical Function of Art
IMPACT OF ART ON LIFE
Art serves a physical function by shaping the world
Art enhances our understanding of the world,
around us. It impacts design, architecture, and
emotions, and self-awareness. Scientific studies
industrial innovation.
show that engaging with art improves mental well-
Examples: being, creativity, and problem-solving skills.
 Architecture How Art Improves Quality of Life:
 Industrial design  Elevates mood and reduces stress
 Monumental art  Encourages creative thinking
 Enhances problem-solving abilities

PHILOSOPHIES OF ART  Promotes cultural awareness and

appreciation
1. Art as Mimesis (Imitation)
WEEK 3 : SUBJECT AND CONTENT OF ART
Plato viewed art as an imitation of life. He believed
that reality exists in the world of forms, and art is Subject and Content of Art
just a copy of that reality.
Artworks consist of three main parts: subject, form,
2. Art as Representation and content. Content includes all aspects of an
artwork, such as the subject. Content can be seen as
Aristotle believed that art is a representation of
the broader element, while the subject is a more
reality but is fuller and more meaningful than
specific component of the artwork.
nature. Art is not merely a copy but a version of
possible realities.
3. Art for Art’s Sake Subject
This philosophy, coined by Victor Cousin in the The subject is the main focus of an artwork. It is the
19th century, suggests that art does not need primary character, object, or element emphasized in
justification. It exists for beauty and aesthetic the piece. It is the most recognizable aspect of the
experience, without political or moral obligations. artwork, regardless of its placement or size.
4. Art as an Escape Subject of Art
Art provides relief from self-destructive thoughts The subject is a crucial element because it is easily
and life’s tragedies. It is a temporary escape that identifiable by our senses. It is the visual focal point
promotes joy and calmness. that can be derived from analyzing the artwork. The
subject answers the question, "What is the artwork
5. Art as Functional
about?"
Functional art serves a utilitarian purpose while
Artworks may or may not have a subject:
maintaining aesthetic value. It includes everyday
objects designed artistically, such as furniture,  Objective or Representational Art – Art
lighting, and books. that portrays something other than its form,
such as objects, people, or events that exist
in reality.
PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORT OF ART
 Nonobjective or Nonrepresentational Art
– Art that does not depict a recognizable
 subject but instead uses form, shape, color, viewer. The content of an artwork is sensed rather
and lines to express emotions or abstract than analyzed.
concepts.
There are three levels of content in art:
Sources of the Subject of Art
1. Factual Content – The literal, easily
1. Nature – Depictions of natural elements. recognizable elements in the artwork.
2. History – Scenes from historical events. 2. Conventional Content – The symbolic
meaning of objects or colors within a
3. Greek and Roman Mythology – Stories
specific culture.
and characters from ancient myths.
3. Subjective Content – The personal meaning
4. Judeo-Christian Tradition – Themes from
conveyed by the artist, often influenced by
Christianity and Judaism.
past experiences and private symbolism.
5. Sacred Oriental Texts – Religious themes
WEEK 4 : ARTISTS AND ARTISANS;
from Asian cultures.
MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE/APPROACH;
6. Other Works of Art – Inspiration drawn MANAGERS, CURATORS, BUYERS,
from previous artworks. COLLECTORS AND DEALERS IN THE ART
WORLD; NATIONAL AND GAMABA
Kinds of Subjects in Art
ARTISTS
1. History – Events and lifestyles from the
ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
past.
Definitions:
2. Still Life – Arrangements of inanimate
objects.  Artist: A person engaged in creating art for
the sake of art itself, often focusing on
3. Animals – Depictions of various animals.
creative expression and conceptual
4. Figures – Human bodies, clothed or nude. exploration. Their work may not always
have functional value but aims to convey
5. Nature and Everyday Life – Scenes from
emotions, ideas, or societal changes.
daily experiences.
 Artisan: A skilled worker who creates
6. Landscape, Seascape, and Cityscape –
functional or decorative objects by hand.
Natural and urban sceneries.
While their work may have aesthetic value,
7. Mythology – Stories from different cultures. it often serves a practical purpose, such as
furniture or jewelry.
8. Myth – Popular but fictional stories
believed by many. Key Differences:

9. Dreams and Fantasies – Imaginative,  Functionality: An artist's work is often

surreal images. about self-expression and may not serve a
functional purpose, while an artisan's work
typically has a clear, functional value.
Form
 Approach: Artists emphasize creativity and
Form refers to the development and configuration of originality, while artisans focus on
an artwork. It describes how the artist uses various craftsmanship and mastery of a specific
mediums and techniques to create a piece. Form technique.
answers the question, "How is the artwork made?"

Artists:
Content
 Involved in a variety of creative fields,
Content is the overall meaning or message of an including visual arts, music, and performing
artwork. It conveys the artist’s ideas, emotions, and arts.
intentions through their piece. Content is what the
 Focus: Self-expression, originality, and
viewer interprets and cone cts with on an emotional
pushing artistic boundaries.
or intellectual level.
 Examples: Painters, sculptors, musicians,
Content in Art
and performers.
Content is the ultimate reason for creating art. It
appeals to the emotions, spirit, and soul of the
Artisans: o Curators: Organize exhibitions and
create connections between art and
 Skilled workers who produce objects by
audiences.
hand, such as jewelry, furniture, and textiles.
o Buyers/Collectors: Purchase art for
 Focus: Craftsmanship, precision, and the
personal enjoyment or investment.
functionality of the work.
o Art Dealers: Facilitate the sale and
 Examples: Woodworkers, metalworkers,
promotion of art.
weavers.
o Talent Agents: Bridge artists with
funders and the public.
Mediums and Techniques:
 Medium: The materials used to create art,
National and GAMABA Artists:
such as wood, stone, clay, or fabric.
 National Artists: Filipino artists honored
o Visual Arts: Includes two-
for their contributions to national identity in
dimensional (paintings, drawings)
fields like architecture, cinema, music, and
and three-dimensional (sculpture,
visual arts.
architecture) works.
o Examples: Ramon Valera (fashion),
o Auditory Arts: Art forms that are
Lino Brocka (filmmaking), Ryan
heard (music, theater).
Cayabyab (music), Larry Alcala
o Combined Arts: Both visual and (visual arts).
auditory elements (performance art,
 GAMABA (National Living Treasures
multimedia).
Award): Recognizes Filipino artisans who
 Technique: The method or way an artist have demonstrated excellence in traditional
manipulates materials to achieve a specific crafts and passed down their skills to the
effect. next generation.
o Examples: Carving wood, molding
clay, weaving fabric.
Art Administration:
 Art administration involves managing
Approaches to Art Criticism: resources and promoting the work of artists
and artisans, ensuring that they have the
1. Mimetic Approach: Focuses on the subject
support necessary for their creative
matter or content of the artwork (e.g.,
endeavors.
realism, abstraction).
 This can involve managing budgets, human
2. Expressive Approach: Emphasizes the
resources, and marketing for art projects or
relationship between the artwork and its
individual artists.
creator.
3. Pragmatic Approach: Judges art based on
its usefulness or impact on the audience. WEEK 5:
4. Formalistic or Aesthetic Approach: Elements of Art
Evaluates art based on its form, such as
Art communicates thoughts, ideas, and emotions
composition and structure.
through visual, auditory, and tactile elements,
forming a language. While the medium is tangible,
the elements are abstract properties that help artists
Art Market & Roles:
convey their messages.
 The art market involves the buying and
1. Shape
selling of artworks, with prices often based
on future predictions and cultural value.  A two-dimensional design enclosed by lines,
representing height and width.
 Key roles in the art market include:
 Types of Shapes:
o Managers/Administrators: Handle
business affairs, marketing, and o Geometric Shapes: Regular shapes
resource management. (e.g., square, circle, triangle).
 o Organic Shapes: Irregular or free- o Value: Lightness or darkness of a
form, with curved or angular color.
contours.
o Intensity: The strength of a color.
2. Line
o Temperature: Warmth or coolness
 A mark between two points, with varying of the color.
meanings based on characteristics like
 Color Schemes:
curve, length, thickness, and flexibility.
o Monochromatic: Different values of
 Types of Lines:
a single hue.
o Horizontal: Calm, restful, associated
o Analogous: Colors next to each
with infinity.
other on the color wheel.
o Vertical: Strength, poise, stability.
o Warm/Cool: Red, yellow, and
o Diagonal: Energy, dynamism, orange (warm); blue, green, and
movement. violet (cool).
o Curved: Grace, beauty, life, and Elements of Auditory Art and Combined
emotion. Art/Performance Art
o Zigzag: Action, confusion, or Music
complexity.
 Meter and Beat: Rhythmic structure.
3. Space
 Dynamics: Volume of music.
 The distance between shapes and objects,
 Harmony: Multiple notes or sounds played
with positive space (occupied by subjects)
together.
and negative space (empty areas).
 Melody: Sequence of notes that form a tune.
 The relationship between positive and
negative space affects interpretation.  Pitch: Frequency of sound.
4. Form  Tempo: Speed of the music.
 A three-dimensional object, such as spheres,  Texture: Layers of sound and how they
cubes, and cylinders, that can be physically interact.
interacted with.
Literature
5. Texture
 Emotional Appeal: Affects the reader
 Describes the surface quality, either real (in emotionally.
sculptures) or implied (visual cue).
 Intellectual Appeal: Adds knowledge.
 Types of Texture:
 Humanistic Meaning: Enhances personal
o Optical: Illusion of texture through growth.
painting.
Poetry
o Physical: Texture conveyed by
 Denotation/Connotation: Literal and
brushstrokes.
implied meanings of words.
o Ephemeral: Transitory textures, like
 Imagery: Visual representation of meaning.
clouds or fire.
 Rhythm/Meter: The arrangement of
6. Value
stressed and unstressed syllables.
 The lightness or darkness of tones. Contrast
Short Story
is the difference between lightest and
darkest tones.  Plot: The sequence of events.

7. Color  Character: The personalities in the story.

 The spectrum of light reflected into the eye.  Themes: Central messages or ideas.

 Characteristics:  Symbol and Irony: Representations of

deeper meanings.
o Hue: The color itself (e.g., red, blue,
yellow). Dance
  Body: Movements expressing sentiment.  Harmony: Blending elements for a restful
look.
 Energy: The force behind the movement.
 Emphasis: Making certain elements stand
 Space/Level: The use of space in the
out.
choreography.
 Proportion: Relationship between parts and
 Time: The rhythm and timing of
the whole.
movements.
 Movement: Creating the illusion of action.
Drama
 Rhythm: Repeating elements for vibrancy.
 Theme: The core idea of the play.
 Plot: The sequence of events.
 Character: The actors' roles and
development.
 Dialogue: The conversation between
characters.
Art Fusion, Overlapping, and Interrelated
Elements
 Art Fusion: Collaboration between artists or
brands for mutual benefit.
 Folk Art Fusion: Combines classical and
modern techniques.
 Interrelated Arts: Art forms with similar
characteristics.
 Overlapping Arts: The blending of multiple
art forms to create depth.
Examples: Graffiti, Poetry Performance,
Performance Art, Digital Art.
Principles of Design
 Emphasis: Creating a focal point.
 Balance and Alignment: Distributing
elements for visual stability.
 Contrast: Using differences in size, color,
and weight.
 Repetition: Creating cohesion through
repeated elements.
 Proportion: Proper sizing of elements
relative to each other.
 Movement: Guiding the viewer's eye.
 White Space: Allowing space around
elements for clarity.
Principles of Art
 Balance: Equal weight distribution of
elements.
o Types of Balance: Formal, Informal,
Radial.
 Variety: Mixing elements to create interest.
MIDTERM  In art, the image itself is a sign (iconic or
pictorial sign).
WEEK 7
Three Types of Signs (Umberto Eco)
Reading the Image - Notes
Type Description Example
By Alice Guillermo (Palanca Awardee, researcher,
art critic, professor, and writer) Directly looks like Drawing of a bicycle =
Icon
what it represents actual bicycle

📌 Overview Shows cause-and-

Index Smoke = Fire
effect link
Alice Guillermo’s work, Reading the Image,
provides a guide to analyzing and interpreting Letters in the alphabet
Meaning is learned
images from different sources such as Symbol (no direct meaning
culturally
advertisements, texts, or paintings. unless learned)

Elements to Analyze in the Basic Semiotic Plane

📜 Key Concept: Art Belongs to Society and  Visual Elements: Line, color, texture,
History shape, space, movement.

 Art is always linked to the social and  Medium and Technique: Traditional or
historical context where it was created. experimental techniques.

 Art’s meaning comes from intellectual,  Format: The shape and size of the work.
emotional, and sensual significance.  Physical Features: Textures, marks,
 Each viewer’s interpretation is shaped by notations (random or intentional).
their own background, experience, and Sources of Meaning
culture — creating a dialogue between
artist and viewer. 1. Universal Human Experiences (e.g.,
emotions like fear, joy, or pain)
2. Socio-cultural Conventions (e.g., color
Basic Information to Document in Artwork symbolism in different cultures)
Analysis
Example: Spoliarium by Juan Luna
2️⃣ Iconic Plane (The Image Itself)
Element Example from Spoliarium
 Focuses on the subject matter and
Title of the figurative style.
Spoliarium
Work
 The subject choice may have social,
Artist Juan N. Luna political, or cultural implications.

Medium & Figurative Styles

Oil Painting
Technique
Style Description
Dimensions 4.26 m × 7.72 m
Idealized forms, perfect
Classical
Date 1883-1884 proportions (7½ to 8 heads for
Figuration
human figure)
Madrid, Spain (now in the
Origin National Museum of the Realist Observes life as it is — real,
Philippines) Figuration unfiltered representation

Impressionist Captures fleeting moments,

Figuration casual like a snapshot
📊 Four Planes of Analysis
Expressionist Uses emotional distortion to
1️⃣ Basic Semiotic Plane (Signs and Visual
Figuration convey intense feelings
Language)
What is Semiotics?
3️⃣ Contextual Plane (Historical and Social
 Study of signs and how they convey
Context)
meaning.
  Considers the time, place, and society meanings, offering insights into past civilizations
where the artwork was created. and cultures.
 Connects the work to: Chronology of Art Movements
o Historical events and figures Art movements do not have strict timelines, as they
evolve from existing ones. Some movements last
o Religious and literary references
for centuries, while others develop over a short
o Social and political conditions period.

Why Important?
 It reveals the deeper meaning that ties the Different Art Movements
artwork to humanity and society.
Cave Art (Paleolithic Art)
 The earliest known form of human artistic
4️⃣ Axiological or Evaluative Plane (Value expression.
Judgment)
 Found in prehistoric caves, often depicting
 Axiology = Study of values. animals, human figures, and mythical
creatures.
 This plane evaluates the work’s meaning
and importance based on its:  Typically engraved or painted in red or black
pigments.
o Form (how it’s made)
Ancient Egyptian Art
o Content (what it conveys)
 Created between the 6th millennium BC and
Who Evaluates? the 4th century AD.
Evaluator Role  Included paintings, sculptures, jewelry, and
Not just a technician, but someone architecture.
Artist
expressing a worldview  Highly conservative, with little stylistic
change over time.
Goes beyond technique, asks: How
Viewer/Critic
does art influence society?  Often linked to religious beliefs and afterlife
depictions.
Develops their own value system
Mature Critic
after deep experience and reflection Ancient Greek Art
 Spanned from 900 to 30 BCE and included
the Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and
WEEK 8 ART HISTORY AND ART
Hellenistic periods.
MOVEMENTS (PART 1)
 Featured sculptures, architecture, and
pottery portraying mythology, philosophy,
Art History Notes
and daily life.
Definition of Art History
 Inspired modern art and architecture,
Art history is the study of visual art within its including the Parthenon.
historical context. It involves analyzing the meaning
Roman Art
of paintings, sculptures, and architecture at the time
they were created. The field does not simply  Included sculptures, murals, frescoes, vases,
categorize art movements but seeks to understand and architectural feats like amphitheaters
the social, political, and cultural significance of and domes.
artworks. Another key goal of art history is to
 Featured decorative arts such as mosaics,
determine the origins of artworks, including their
metalwork, and glasswork.
creators, dates, and purposes.
Medieval Art
Iconography
 Encompassed Byzantine, Romanesque, and
Iconography is a crucial aspect of art history that
Gothic styles.
involves interpreting the symbols and themes within
artworks. Art historians study the visual elements of  Featured religious themes, glass mosaics,
paintings and sculptures to understand their wall paintings, and metalwork.
  Byzantine art had minimal realism and  A reaction against Impressionism, focusing
somber themes. on symbolic content and structured
compositions.
Chinese Painting
Neo-Impressionism
 One of the world’s oldest art traditions,
dating back to the Neolithic Period.  Developed in France, utilizing the
Divisionist technique (similar to
 Two main techniques:
Pointillism).
o Gongbi: Precise and detailed
Symbolism
brushwork.
 A late 19th-century movement emphasizing
o Xieyi: Freehand brush painting, often
metaphors and abstract representations.
using ink washes.
 Aimed to convey psychological and spiritual
 Traditional Chinese painting (Guóhuà)
truths.
contrasts with Western styles.
Art Nouveau
Japanese Print (Ukiyo-e)
 Flourished between 1890 and 1910.
 Originated in the Edo period (1603-1868).
 Characterized by flowing, organic lines and
 Initially used for printing books but evolved
nature-inspired forms.
into mass-produced artistic prints.
 Common in architecture, interior design,
 Mixed realism with decorative elements,
jewelry, and illustrations.
often depicting daily life and landscapes.
Renaissance Art
WEEK 9 ART HISTORY AND ART
 Marked a shift from medieval abstraction to
MOVEMENT (PART 2)
realism.
DIFFERENT ART MOVEMENTS (Part 2)
 Subjects expanded to include religious,
mythological, and contemporary scenes. Fauvism

 Developed perspective, anatomical accuracy,  French painting style (1905-1910),

and dynamic composition. characterized by bold colors and aggressive
brushwork.
Mannerism
 Artists: Henri Matisse, André Derain.
 Emerged in the late Renaissance (1520s-
1590). Expressionism

 Emphasized stylized forms, elongated  Originated in Northern Europe in the early

figures, and artificial compositions. 20th century.

Baroque Art  Focused on subjective emotions and spiritual

themes over realism.
 Originated in the early 17th century.
Cubism
 Characterized by dramatic movement, rich
color, and strong contrasts.  Invented by Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque (1907-08).
Rococo Art
 Represented subjects from multiple
 A lighthearted, decorative style emerging in
perspectives, creating fragmented forms.
aristocratic circles.
Futurism
 Focused on leisure, romance, and nature.
 Italian movement celebrating technology,
Impressionism
speed, and modernity.
 Developed in the late 19th century (1867-
 Advocated for destruction of old cultural
1886).
forms.
 Used short brushstrokes, vibrant colors, and
Abstract & Non-Objective Art
natural light effects.
 Abstract: Distorts reality using shapes,
Post-Impressionism
colors, and lines.
  Non-objective: Does not depict identifiable  Involves the human body, including tattoos,
objects or figures. piercings, and body painting.
Dadaism (Dada) Earth or Land Art
 Anti-war movement (WWI), known for  Uses natural materials (rocks, twigs) to
satire and nonsense art. create art directly in landscapes.
 Influenced modern and contemporary art
styles.
Surrealism
WEEK 10 PERFORMANCE ART; GENRES OF
 Originated after WWI, depicting dreamlike MUSIC; INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC; MUSICAL
and irrational imagery. INSTRUMENTS; DANCE AS ART
 Led by André Breton.
Constructivism
Performance Art
 Russian artistic and architectural movement  Artwork or art exhibition created through
(1913). actions executed by the artist or participants.
 Can be live, recorded, spontaneous, or
 Emphasized industrial and geometric forms. scripted.
 Often interdisciplinary and presented in a
De Stijl fine art context.
 Dutch modern art movement (1917) founded
by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. 5 Major Types of Performance Art

 Focused on strict geometric abstraction and 1. Poetry

primary colors. 2. Storytelling
3. Theater
Optical Art (Op Art) 4. Music
5. Dance
 Exploits optical illusions using shapes,
colors, and patterns. 6 Formal Elements of Performance Art
Pop Art
1. Time
 Emerged in the UK and US (1950s), 2. Space
incorporating mass culture imagery. 3. The artist's presence
4. The artist's body
 Inspired by advertising, comics, and 5. Interaction with the audience
consumerism. 6. Sound

Minimalism
 Developed in the US (1960s), featuring
simple geometric shapes. Music
Conceptual Art
 Art of combining sounds into a coherent
 Prioritizes ideas over the final art object. experience for aesthetic purposes.
 Has existed globally since ancient times.
 Often uses language, documentation, and
photography. Functions of Music
Photorealism  Provides pleasure and relaxation.
 Late 1960s-70s movement aiming to  Expresses emotions.
 Means of communication (e.g., opera,
recreate photographs in paintings.
musicals, harana).
Installation Art  Has a therapeutic function.

 Three-dimensional artworks that incorporate Properties of Music

space into their design.
 Pitch – highness/lowness of a tone.
 Also called Environmental Art.  Duration – length of time a sound occupies.
Body Art  Timbre – unique quality of sound.
 Intensity/Volume – loudness or softness of
sound.
Elements of Music 2. Ritual Dance – has specific purpose and
meaning.
 Melody – sequence of tones with expressive 3. Folk Dance – traditional dances tied to
value. culture.
 Rhythm – time element of music. 4. Social Dance – lively, often recreational.
 Dynamics – loudness or softness of sound.
 Harmony – combination of multiple tones. Elements of Dance
 Tempo – speed of music.
 Texture – number of tones perceived at  Theme – message of the dance.
once.  Design – organization of movement.
o Monophonic, Polyphonic,  Movement – physical actions of dancers.
Homophonic  Technique – skill in executing movements.
 Music – sets the rhythm and mood.
Principles of Music  Costume & Props – enhances visual appeal.
 Choreography – arrangement of dance
 Theme steps.
 Unity  Scenery – background and props for artistic
 Variety effect.
 Length
 Structure Development of Dance Forms

Genres of Music  Indian Classical Dance – ancient Hindu

tradition (Kathak, Bharata Natya).
 Instrumental Music – focuses on  Ballet – graceful, storytelling through
instruments, not vocals. movement.
 Baroque (1600–1750) – dramatic, energetic.  Waltz – formal ballroom dance.
(Bach, Vivaldi, Handel)  Contemporary Dance – fusion of ballet,
 Classical (1750–1830) – elegant, balanced. jazz, and modern styles.
(Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn)
 Romantic – emotional, inspired by Philippine Dance
nature/literature. (Chopin, Tchaikovsky,
Brahms)  Rigodon de Honor – formal state dance.
 Modern Music – unconventional, free-  Folk Festivals – traditional dances (Sinulog,
form. (Debussy, Cage) Dinagyang).
 Folk Music – traditional music passed  Filipino Folk Dance – includes Tinikling,
through generations. Cariñosa, Pandanggo.
 Jazz – syncopated rhythms and  Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company –
improvisation. premier Philippine folk dance troupe.
 Francisca Reyes Aquino – pioneer in
Musical Instruments Philippine folk dance research.

1. Percussion – played by striking, shaking, or WEEK 11

scraping.
2. Woodwind – played by blowing air (flute,
clarinet). Soul Making and
3. String – produces sound by plucking or
bowing (violin, guitar). Artistic Expression
4. Brass – made of metal, played by vibrating
air (trumpet, trombone). Soul Making
5. Keyboard – played using keys (piano,
organ).
 A creative process that deepens
understanding of daily life.
 Allows exploration, creation, and
transformation of memories into art.
Dance as Art
Forms of Soul Making
 Physical expression through rhythmic
movement, often with music. 1. Crafting Images – Drawing, sketching, and
 Used in celebrations, rituals, and sculpting to create visual representations.
entertainment. 2. Crafting Poems – Developing structure,
form, voice, rhythm, and imagery in poetry.
Kinds of Dance 3. Crafting Stories – Engaging storytelling
through shock, surprise, relatability, and
1. Communal Dance – emphasizes memorability.
cooperation over competition.
 4. Crafting Instruments – Transforming 5. Improvisation
materials into musical instruments to create
harmony.
5. Crafting Movements – Choreographing
and performing dance steps with proper
planning.

Seven Da Vincian Principles

1. Curiosita – Continuous learning and
curiosity.
2. Dimostrazione – Learning through
experience and experimentation.
3. Sensazione – Enhancing sensory awareness.
4. Sfumato – Embracing uncertainty in
creativity.
5. Arte/Scienza – Balancing creativity and
rationality.
6. Corporalita – Maintaining a fit mind and
body.
7. Connessione – Recognizing the
interconnectedness of all things.

Narratives, Appropriation,
Borrowing, and Ownership
 Narrative – The structured linking of events
in a story.
 Appropriation – Using prior artistic works
without transformation, raising questions of
originality and authenticity.
 Borrowing – Learning from and replicating
other artists’ works for educational
purposes.
 Ownership – Legal rights over an artwork,
including copyright laws.

Five Acts of Cultural Appropriation

1. Object Appropriation – Physical artwork

being transferred between cultures.
2. Content Appropriation – Reusing artistic
ideas from another culture.
3. Style Appropriation – Incorporating
stylistic elements from another culture.
4. Motif Appropriation – Using simple
cultural motifs as inspiration.
5. Subject Appropriation – Depicting another
culture or its people in art.

Theatre Art
 Enhances verbal and non-verbal expression.
 Improves voice projection, articulation,
fluency, and body expression.
 Develops observation skills through drama
games, performance, and audience
engagement.

Types of Theatre Arts

1. Drama
2. Musical Theatre
3. Comedy
4. Tragedy
FINALS  Langkit: Edges
WEEK 13 TEXTILE ART  Paikid: Side panels
 Definition: Textile art involves creating  Sinangad-am: Central panel
artworks using fibers from: (includes kan-ay)
o Plants  Kalinga Textiles

o Animals o Known for red and blue bands with

plain or twill weave
o Insects (e.g., silk worms)
o Patterns:
o Synthetic materials
 Inata-ta (lozenge)
 Pawekan (mother-of-pearl
TEXTILE ART TECHNIQUES
motifs)
1. Weaving
VISAYAS
o Interlacing threads on a loom at
 Piña (Pineapple Fiber)
intersecting angles.
o From red Bisaya pineapple leaves.
o Used in both garments and artistic
displays. o Two fiber types:

2. Embroidery  Bastos: Rough

o Decorative stitching on fabric using  Liniwan: Fine

threads of varying styles and
MINDANAO
textures.
 Dagmay (Mandaya people)
o Also known as hoop art (typically
framed in circular hoops). o Made with abaca fiber and natural
dyes.
3. Knitting and Crocheting
o Uses mud-dyeing, back-strap loom.
o Use of large needles to twist threads
into patterns. o Embellished with beads, coins,
embroidery.
o Common in blankets and sweaters,
now expanded to art forms.  Pis-Syabit (Tausug men)
o Headscarf using tapestry weaving

TEXTILE ART IN THE PHILIPPINES o Entirely imaginative, no pre-set

design.
LUZON
 Seputangan (Yakan)
 Pinilian (Ilocos)
o Intricate, unique headscarf or
o Uses kapas (cotton), pedal loom
waistcloth.
called pangablan.
o Each piece differs in pattern and
o Includes:
color.
 Binakul: Basic weave, basket
 Inaul (Maguindanaon)
style
o Used as malong, symbolizes status.
 Binetwagan: Multi-heddle
weave o Loom-woven one at a time.

 Pinilian (Brocade): Floating o Color meanings:

designs via inserted sticks
 Yellow/Maroon/Orange/
 Bontoc Weave (Mountain Province) Black – Royalty
o Symbolizes centeredness and  White – Mourning
symmetry
 Green – Peace
o Structure:
  T’nalak and T’boli Art (Lake Sebu, South o Alab, Bontoc (1500 B.C.)
Cotabato)
o Peñablanca, Cagayan (charcoal
o Sacred abaca cloth, woven by sketches)
women of royal lineage.
o Anda, Bohol (red hematite
o Guided by spiritual figure Fu Dalu. petrographs)
o Traditional colors: 🧍 Tattooing
 White – Pattern  Practiced by Austronesians, embedded in
tribal cultures.
 Red – Relief
 Pintados (Visayas)
 Black/Brown – Background
 Manobo (Mindanao): Called pang-o-tub
o Processes:
 Kalinga: Mambabatok (Whang-od is most
 Kedungon (stripping fibers)
famous)
 Tembong (connecting
threads)
💍 Physical Ornamentation
 Dyeing, Mewel (weaving),
Semaki (burnishing) Traditional decorative items:
o Used in rituals, marriage, trade;  Tangkil: Arm ornament with boar tusks
cutting it is taboo.
 Boaya Necklace: Boar tusks and runo, worn
o Takes ~2.5 months to complete. during rituals
 Kattagang: Woven Kalinga headgear

WEEK 14 Visual Elements in Philippine  Suklong: Beaded headgear with eagle motif
Traditional Motif and Crafts; Sculpture: Unity
 Appaki Necklace: Seed-based necklace
in Diversity”
from the Cordillera
🎨 Elements of Visual Arts
 Arm Beads: Worn by Tingguian women
1. Line (glass/pottery)

2. Tone  Dukaw/Chukaw: Bronze anthropomorphic

figure worn during Uya-uy ritual
3. Color
4. Texture
🏺 Pottery
5. Pattern
 Used for burials and daily life in the
6. Shape
Neolithic period.
 Kalinga Pottery Types:
Graphic and Plastic Arts
o Ittoyom (rice cooking)
📝 Folk Writing
o Oppaya (vegetable/meat)
Known as “suyat”, traditional scripts were used by
o Immosso (water storage)
various ethnolinguistic groups. Surviving scripts:
 Hanunó'o – Hanuno'o Mangyan
🗿 Sculpture
 Buhid – Buhid Mangyan
Definition:
 Tagbanwa – Tagbanwa people
Three-dimensional art form expressing beliefs,
 Pala'wan – Palawan (Ibalnan)
values, emotions. Derived from Latin “sculpere”
🎨 Folk Painting and Drawing (to carve).
 Earliest Example: Angono Petroglyphs Types:
(Neolithic, 6000–2000 B.C.)
1. Round Sculpture – Free-standing, viewable
 Other Sites: from all sides.
 2. Relief Sculpture – Attached to a o Elevated wooden frame, walls with
background; may be high or low relief. furnace, and coconut leaves as
roofing.
Techniques:
o No inner partitions; decorated with
 Subtractive: Carving from stone/wood
okir designs, sarimanok, and
 Additive: Adding material like clay to a panolongs.
base
2. Ifugao Bale
Materials:
o Pyramid-like house with storage
 Stone: Petroglyphs, monumental sculpture, attic.
hardstone carving
o Built without nails or bolts; uses
 Wood local wood and mortar.
 Terracotta: Glazed and baked clay o Earthquake- and typhoon-resistant.
 Bronze: Most popular for casting o Includes the alang (granary) for rice
 Casting: Pouring material into a mold and ancestral use.

Styles: 3. Bahay Kubo

 Pictorial – Detail-focused o Also known as payag or kamalig.

 Sculpturesque – Emphasis on material, o A cultural icon: simple, functional,

texture and climate-adapted.

 Built-up – Balance of form and material 4. Bahay na Bato

Subjects: o Two-story home with stone base and

wooden upper floor.
 People
o Large capiz shell windows for
 Animals/Plants ventilation.
 Places o Rooms include: caida, oratorio,
 Events cocina, azotea, etc.

 Religion
II. Symmetry in Architecture

🇵🇭 Notable Filipino Sculptors  Symmetrical harmony (formal

equilibrium):
🎖 Napoleon Isabelo Abueva Achieved through mirrored balance across
 “Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture” vertical/horizontal axes.
Creates visual stability in architectural
 Works: Kaganapan, Kiss of Judas, The design.
Transfiguration, Nine Muses, UP Gateway
🎖 Guillermo E. Tolentino
III. Okir / Ukkil Art
 Classical style sculptor, trained in Rome
Definition:
 Works: Bonifacio Monument, Oblation, A flowing, geometric, and vine-like pattern found in
Venus, Luwalhati (UE) Maranao, Maguindanao, and other Muslim-
influenced artwork.

WEEK 15 Soul, Space, Symmetry, and Common Motifs:

Architecture  Sarimanok – a mythical bird
I. Folk Architecture in the Philippines  Naga – serpent
1. Torogan  Pako rabong – fern imagery
o Traditional home of a sultan or datu Types of Okir Art:
in Lanao.
1. Maranao Okir
 o Pre-Islamic roots; found in wood, Two Ways Art and Architecture Coexist:
brass, silver, and wall paintings.
1. Additive Art in Architecture
o Used in Torogan, especially in
o Art is added after building
panolong beams.
completion.
o Symbolizes heritage and spiritual
o Enhances space (e.g., murals,
protection.
sculptures, paintings).
2. Tausug Okir
o Example: Library murals, exterior
o Influenced by Sama carving (pre- wall paintings.
Islamic).
2. Integrated Art in Architecture
o Seen in tombs, houseboats (Lepa),
o Art is designed as part of the
weapons (hilts/scabbards).
structure.
o Found in Basak, Lanao Lake area.
o Requires collaboration between
3. Yakan Okir architects and artists.

o Focuses on natural elements, o Example: Painted panels that also

especially marine life. provide shading; artistic stairways.

o Notable for depictions of duyongs WEEK 16 IMPROVISATION

(dugongs), serpents.
Definition of Improvisation
o Used in decorated Lepa boats.
 Improvisation is the practice of responding
4. T'boli Okir in the moment to a situation.

o Combines real and mythical  It encourages new habits and methods of

elements: birds, trees, spirits. learning through intuitive and detailed
understanding.
o Sculptures made from coral and
calcareous blocks.  Often results in innovation and creativity.

o Seen in funerary and cultural art in

South Cotabato. Types of Improvisation
5. B’laan Okir 1. Music Improvisation
o Known for woven textiles like o Spontaneous creation within musical
malongs. styles (e.g., jazz, blues).
o Motifs: Crocodiles, parrots, tigers, o Can be solo or collaborative.
elephants, peacocks.
o Example: Jazz pianist creating new
o Designs reveal tribal origin and
melodies and harmonies in real-time.
contact with other cultures.
2. Film Improvisation
6. Maguindanao Okir
o Actors develop dialogue and actions
o Very similar to Maranao Okir.
organically.
o Emphasizes identity, originality, o Stories evolve through natural
and cultural pride. emotional exploration.
o Found on tools, weapons, textiles— o Example: Mike Leigh’s method of
reflecting their environment and character discovery through
beliefs. unscripted scenes.
3. Theatre Improvisation
IV. Art and Architecture o Encourages actors to follow instincts,
 Art: Creative expression—sculpture, not scripts.
painting, music, etc. o “Blocking actors” can disrupt the
 Architecture: Functional, three-dimensional natural flow.
structures.
 o Example: A scene where two actors WEEK 17 Contemporary Art: Practice and
argue without a script, reacting to Movement
each other's emotions.
Focus: Local Arts
4. Sculpture Improvisation
o Involves spontaneous shaping and
1. Muslim Art
reduction of materials like clay.
 A significant part of local artistic expression.
o Limited frameworks allow freedom
and discovery of form through  Often characterized by:
manipulation.
o Geometric patterns
5. Dance Improvisation
o Calligraphy
o A choreographic tool for discovering
o Arabesque designs
new movements.
 Art is deeply connected to spirituality and
o Focuses on form, space, time, and
Islamic culture.
energy.
 Avoids depictions of humans and animals in
o Example: Free movement
religious contexts, emphasizing abstraction
exploration leading to innovative
and symbolism.
choreography.
6. Contact Improvisation (Dance)
2. Christian Art
o Partnered movement based on
weight-sharing and physical  Reflects themes of Death and
connection. Resurrection.

o Spontaneous, playful, and grounded  Draws heavily from:

in physical curiosity.
o Canonical texts
o Example: Partners leaning and
o The New Testament
shifting weight unexpectedly.
 Common forms:
7. Comedy Improvisation
o Religious iconography (crosses,
o Humorous performance without
saints, Biblical scenes)
scripts.
o Paintings and sculptures in
o Relies on timing, audience
churches and cathedrals
interaction, and quick thinking.
o Example: Vice Ganda engaging the
audience with situational jokes. 3. Contemporary Art Movements

8. Sound Improvisation Contemporary art in the Philippines incorporates

various global art movements:
o Combines improvised lyrics,
rhythms, and performance elements.  Pop Art

o Includes movement, humor, and o Uses imagery from popular culture

visual storytelling. and mass media.

o Example: A singer invents lyrics o Bright colors and bold forms.

based on audience energy.
 Photo Realism
9. Writing Improvisation
o Artworks that resemble high-
o Involves spontaneous writing under resolution photographs.
constraints.
o Focuses on meticulous detail.
o Encourages creativity and
 Conceptual Art
collaborative storytelling.
o Prioritizes ideas over aesthetic.
o Example: Writers contribute
unpredictable story segments in o Often abstract and thought-
sequence. provoking.
 Installation Art
o 3D works that often fill a space or
engage the viewer physically.
o Combines multiple media.

 Earth Art
o Uses natural materials like soil,
rocks, and water.
o Emphasizes environmental themes.

 Street Art
o Public art found in urban spaces.

o Includes graffiti and murals; often

used for social commentary.