Name: ………………………………………………….
Mark: …………/21
Module 1 Topic Test 2
Question 1 (11 marks)
Sulfur is a nonmetal found on the Periodic Table.
(a) Identify the electron configuration for sulfur. 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Define first ionisation energy. 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Draw a line graph to represent the successive ionisation energies for sulfur using the data below. 3
Nth Electron
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
removed
Ionisation Energy
999.6 2251.8 3363.5 4556.2 7004.3 8495.8 27 107.9
(kJ/mol)
Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
(d) Account for the jumps in energy between the following ionisation energies for sulfur. In your answer for
each jump, refer to a relevant atomic model and include a labelled diagram.
(i) 6th IE to 7th IE 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(ii) 1st IE to 2nd IE 3
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Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
Question 2 (7 marks)
The wavelength (nm) of light absorbed or emitted during electron transitions is described by the equation:
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
Rydberg constant, RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1
ni = the initial electron shell
nf = the final electron shell
The wave equation for light is
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1
The energy (J) of a photon of light is
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓
Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
An electron in a hydrogen atom underwent the transition shown below.
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
(a) Identify whether the electron absorbed or emitted energy. 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Label the ground state and excited state on the diagram above. 2
(c) Calculate the wavelength and energy of light involved in the electron transition. 4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
Question 3 (3 marks)
The electronegativity values of some elements have been given below.
Element Electronegativity Values
Carbon 2.55
Nitrogen 3.04
Oxygen 3.44
Fluorine 3.98
Account for the difference in electronegativity values between the elements shown. 3
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Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
Module 1 Topic Test 2
Question 1 (14 marks)
Sulfur is a nonmetal found on the Periodic Table.
(a) Identify the electron configuration for sulfur. 1
Criteria Mark
• Correctly identifies sulfur’s electron configuration as 1s22s22p63s23p4 1
(b) Define first ionisation energy. 1
Criteria Mark
• Defines first ionisation energy as the energy required to remove the first electron 1
from 1 mole of an atom in its gaseous state
(c) Draw a line graph to represent the successive ionisation energies for sulfur using the data below. 3
Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electrons removed
Ionisation Energy
999.6 2251.8 3363.5 4556.2 7004.3 8495.8 27 107.9
(kJ/mol)
Criteria Mark
• Axes have appropriate scale and titles (with units). 3
• Data points are plotted correctly with crosses, not dots.
• Draws a line connecting all data points individually, instead of a line of best fit.
30000
25000
Ionisation energy (kJ/mol)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of electrons
Nth electron removedremoved
Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
(d) Account for the jumps in energy between the following ionisation energies for sulfur. In your answer for
each jump, refer to a relevant atomic model and include a labelled diagram.
(i) 6th IE to 7th IE 3
Criteria Mark
• Identifies that Bohr’s model introduced shells. 3
• Explains that the 6th electron is the last electron in the valence shell (n = 3),
while the 7th electron is in a full core shell (n = 2), and it requires significantly
more energy to remove an electron from a full shell than the last electron of the
nearly-empty valence shell.
• Includes a labelled diagram of Bohr’s model.
Sample diagram:
+
+
(ii) 1st IE to 2nd IE 3
Criteria Mark
• Identifies that Schrodinger introduced atomic orbitals and subshells. 3
• Explains that, according to Hund’s rule, there is an added stability in half-filling
degenerate orbitals. Removing the first electron results in half-filled p orbitals.
Removing the second electron will destabilise these orbitals, so it requires more
energy to remove it.
• Includes a labelled diagram of Schrodinger’s model.
Sample diagram:
3p 3p
3s 3s
Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
Question 2 (7 marks)
The wavelength (nm) of light absorbed or emitted during electron transitions is described by the equation:
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
Rydberg constant, RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1
ni = the initial electron shell
nf = the final electron shell
The wave equation for light is
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1
The energy (J) of a photon of light is
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓
Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
An electron in a hydrogen atom underwent the transition shown below.
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
(a) Identify whether the electron absorbed or emitted energy. 1
Criteria Mark
• Correctly identifies that the electron emitted energy. 1
(b) Label the ground state and excited state on the diagram above. 2
Criteria Mark
• Labels the ground state as n = 1. 2
• Labels the excited state as n = 4.
Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
(c) Calculate the wavelength and energy of light involved in the electron transition. 4
Criteria Mark
• Correctly substitutes the ni and nf values into the Rydberg equation given. 4
• Correctly calculates the inverse wavelength in m-1.
• Correctly calculates the wavelength in metres (m) and reports it in nanometres
(nm).
• Correctly calculates the energy and reports it in Joules (J).
Sample answer:
Since the electron undergoes emission, the electron starts in the fourth shell and ends up in the first shell.
𝑛𝑓 = 1
𝑛𝑖 = 4
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 𝑚−1 ( 2 − 2 ) = 10284375 𝑚−1
𝜆4→1 1 4
1
𝜆4→1 = = 9.723 … × 10−8 𝑚 = 97.2 𝑛𝑚
10284375 𝑚−1
To find the energy of the light with wavelength 97.2 nm, first find its frequency.
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓
3.00 × 10 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑐 8
𝑓= = = 3.085 … × 1015 𝑠 −1
𝜆 9.723 … × 10−8 𝑚
15
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = (6.626 × 10−34 𝐽. 𝑠) × 3.085 … × 10 𝑠−1
𝐸 = 2.04 × 10−18 J
Name: …………………………………………………. Mark: …………/21
Question 3 (3 marks)
The electronegativity values of some elements have been given below.
Element Electronegativity Values
Carbon 2.55
Nitrogen 3.04
Oxygen 3.44
Fluorine 3.98
Account for the difference in electronegativity values between the elements shown. 3
Criteria Mark
• Defines electronegativity as the ability of an atom to attract electrons into its 3
shells.
• Identifies that the four elements are in the same period (row).
• With reference to the data, explains that electronegativity increases across a period
as an extra proton and electron are added. The additional proton increases Zeff
(attraction) and decreases atomic radius. Since external electrons more easily
attracted to smaller atom with more positively charged nucleus, electronegativity
increases across a period.
