In light of the recent calamity of the NCoV pandemic, this handout and worksheet will

serve as learning material for students taking up MATH111 (Differential Calculus).

This learning material will have examples and exercises as the students progress
through. Some of the exercises are provided with answers for the students to check their
answers with, however, they are required to write their complete solutions to these
exercises. They may write on a separate sheet of paper as long as they present complete
and understandable solutions to the problems. The students are adviced answer the
exercises first before moving on to the next topic. Moreover, worksheets after every topic
is also provided. The students are to answer these exercises with their complete
solutions. This formula likewise contains definitions that would simplify explanations.
However, if the space provided does not suffice, the students are encouraged to use a
different sheet of paper for them to show their complete solution. The output from the
students will be checked and recorded.

Prepared by:

Engr. Lelie Lou B. Bacalla

Instructor
 HANDOUT AND WORKSHEET FOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

NAME:
YEAR & SECTION:
DATE:

THE DERIVATIVE
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL RULES

In this chapter, we will consider only algebraic functions (in the previous lessons,
we have learned how to identify algebraic functions.

As a review, identify if the following equations are functions or not. Write FUNCTION, if
the equation is a function, write NOT A FUNCTION if otherwise.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
3. 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
4. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥

First off, the process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation. The
process of differentiation is a necessity especially in the field of engineering as it its used
to determine rate changes, optimize measurements and to determine maximum and
minimum values.

The Increment (∆)

An increment is any small, nonzero change in value of a variable. The symbol ∆ is

Greek capital letter delta. In general engineering, it is may also be read as “the change
in”. To cite ∆𝒙 as an example, it is read as “delta x” but it may also be called “increment
of x” or “change in x”. It is important to note that while ∆ is not a variable, ∆𝒙 is a variable.
Its values may be positive or negative but not zero, however small, however large, just
not equal to zero.

The Derivative of a Function

Given a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), a change in x, ∆𝒙 produces a corresponding change in

y, ∆𝒚. In symbols,

𝑦 + ∆𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
∆𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒚

Since, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), rewriting the above equation:

∆𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)

Assume that this function is continuous for ever value of ∆𝒙, that is, no value of ∆𝒙
would make the function undefined. Then the function would take the form:

∆𝑦 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)

=
∆𝑥 ∆𝒙

∆𝑦
denotes the average change of y with respect to the x for the interval ∆𝒙. To
∆𝑥

determine the derivative of the function, the function is made to approach an

instantaneous rate of change by taking its limit, L, as ∆𝒙 approaches 0. The derivative of
𝒅𝒚
y with respect to x in symbols is written as 𝒅𝒙.

DEFINITION 1. DERIVATIVE
𝑑𝑦
The derivative of the given function y = f(x) is
𝑑𝑥
given by

𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒚 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙 →𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙 →𝟎 ∆𝒙
Special Notes:
𝑑𝑦
• The symbol is considered as a single symbol, not to be regarded as a
𝑑𝑥

fraction or a quotient
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
• may also be interpreted as 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• indicates that the process is finding the “derivative with respect to x”. In
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
the same manner, 𝑑𝑦 means “derivative with respect to y” and this is called

the differentiating operator

𝑑𝑦
• may be expressed as other symbols: 𝒇′(𝒙), 𝒚′ 𝑜𝑟 𝑫𝒙 𝒚
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 using Definition 1.

SOLUTION:

𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)

= lim = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝒙 →𝟎 ∆𝒙

(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥 +(∆𝑥)2 −𝑥 2

= lim = lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥

Combining like terms,

2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2
= lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥

Factoring out ∆𝑥,

∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
= lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥

Cancelling out ∆𝑥
= lim 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥 →0

Taking the limit of the function, by substituting 0 to ∆𝑥

= lim 2𝑥 + 0 = 2𝑥
∆𝑥 →0

Therefore, the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 is 𝟐𝒙

 EXAMPLE 2. Find the derivative of 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 4 using Definition 1.
SOLUTION:

𝑑𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝒇(𝒕 + ∆𝒕) − 𝒇(𝒕)

= lim = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝒕 →𝟎 ∆𝒕

[3(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)2 − 4] − (3𝑡 2 − 4)

= lim
∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡
3[𝑡 2 + 2𝑡∆𝑡 + (∆𝑡)2 ] − 4 − 3𝑡 2 + 4
= lim
∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡
Combining like terms,
6𝑡∆𝑡 + 3(∆𝑡)2
= lim
∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡

Factoring out ∆𝑡,

∆𝑡(6𝑡 + 3∆𝑡)
= lim
∆𝑡 →0 ∆𝑡
Cancelling out ∆𝑡
= lim 6𝑥 + 3∆𝑥
∆𝑡 →0

Taking the limit of the function, by substituting 0 to ∆𝑥

= lim 6𝑡 + 0 = 6𝑡
∆𝑡 →0

Therefore, the derivative of 𝒔 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒 is 𝟔𝒕

EXERCISE 1: Differentiate the following using the long method.

𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 Ans.𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
6 𝑑𝑦 −6
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 = 2 − 5𝑥 Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = −5
𝑑𝐴
4. 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 Ans. 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟
 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Using the long method of differentiation is time-consuming. There are standard
differentiation formulas or rules that may be used to find calculate for the derivative with
a lot less time needed. These formulas are stated below:

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

The following are the seven (7) basic differentiation rules. That may be used in the

differentiation of algebraic functions.

𝑑
D1. (𝑐) = 0 The Constant Rule
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
D2. (𝑥) = 1 The Identity Function Rule
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D3. (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
D4. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 The Sum Rule

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
D5. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 The Product Rule

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
D6. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Quotient Rule
𝑣2

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D7. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 The Power Rule

Some examples are provided below to better illustrate the different differentiation rules.

EXAMPLE 3. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5

SOLUTION:
This example needs 3 different differentiation formulas to be used: The Sum Rule, The
Power Rule and the Constant Rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 ) − (4𝑥 2 ) + (5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑 𝑑
The first term (𝑥 3 ) and the second term (4𝑥 2 ) both use The Power Rule. However,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
the third term 𝑑𝑥 (5) uses The Constant Rule.

𝑑
Taking the derivative of the first term and making use of the Power Rule: (𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 where u = x, n=3 and𝑑𝑥 = 1 by virtue of The identity function rule
𝑑 3
(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3−1 (1) = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3
(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3−1 (1) = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Taking the derivative of the second term by the same process with that of the first term
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
by making use of D3: (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 where c is 4 and is the power rule: (𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 where u = x, n=2 and𝑑𝑥 = 1 by virtue of The identity function rule.
𝑑
(4𝑥 2 ) = 4(2)(𝑥 2−1 )(1) = 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The third term uses the constant rule:
𝑑
(5) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Combining all derivatives of each term:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 ) − (4𝑥 2 ) + (5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 0
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙
𝒅𝒙

EXAMPLE 4. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √3𝑥 + 2

SOLUTION:
First thing that should be done is to transform the radical sign to exponent. Doing this
1
𝑑
would make the equation: 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)2 . We can make use of the power rule. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢𝑛 ) =
 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 where 𝑛 = , u = 3x+2 and = 3 (by virtue of D3 and The Identity Function
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

rule.
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1 1
((3𝑥 + 2)2 ) = (3𝑥 + 2)2−1 (3)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 1 3 1
((3𝑥 + 2)2 ) = (3𝑥 + 2)−2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝒅 𝟏 𝟑
((𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 ) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐

EXERCISE 2: Take the derivative of the following using the general rules of derivatives
4 𝑑𝑦 −24
1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥+1)3 Ans.𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥+1)4
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)3 (4𝑥 − 1)2 Ans.𝑑𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 + 1)2 (4𝑥 − 1)(20𝑥 + 1)
3 4 𝑑𝑦 1 4 1
3. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝑥 + √𝑥 Ans.𝑑𝑥 = 3 − 𝑥2 + 2
3 √𝑥 2 √𝑥

GEOMETRIC APPLICATION OF THE DERIVATIVE

RECALL: from Trigonometry, a line that touches the curve at one and only one
point is called a tangent line. As all lines, tangent lines follow the formula 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
where m is the slope of a line and b is the y-intercept (the value of y when x is equal to
0). It also uses the point-slope form of the formula, (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ). The slope of
𝑦 −𝑦
the tangent line m is given by the formula 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 which may also be expressed as 𝑚 =
2 1

∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑓(𝑡)

which is also equal to ∆𝑥 = . Therefore, it is safe to conclude that, the slope
∆𝑥 ∆𝑡

of the tangent line is equal to the first derivative of the function at any given point P. Using
the example below as proof:
EXAMPLE 5. Find the slope of the tangent line passing 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at point (2,4).
This tangent line also passes through (5,16)
SOLUTION:
 We know that from EXAMPLE 1 that the value of the derivative is 2x.
Substituting the value 2 from (2,4).

𝑑𝑦
= 𝟐𝒙 = 2(2) = 4
𝑑𝑥
From the derivative, we now have the slope of the function to be equal to
4. Now using the point-slope form formula

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
(16 − 4) = 𝑚(5 − 2)
4=𝑚
From the above example,
𝑑𝑦
=𝑚= 4
𝑑𝑥

Therefore, the slope of the tangent line is equal to the first derivative of the function

EXAMPLE 6. Find the slope of the tangent line passing the parabola 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) =
3𝑡 2 − 4 passing t = 2.
SOLUTION:
We know from EXAMPLE 4 that the first derivative of the function is 6t
and from the previous example, we also know that the first derivative of
the function is the slope of the tangent line. Substituting t = 2 to the first
derivative:
𝑑𝑠
= 𝟔𝒕 = 𝟔(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟐
𝑑𝑡

Therefore, the slope of the tangent line at t = 2 is 12

EXERCISES:
1. Find the slope of the tangent line passing the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2 at (3,2)
Ans. 9
5
2. Find the slope of the tangent line passing through 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2+1 at (-1, 5/2)
 Ans. -10/4
3. Find the slope of the tangent line passing through the function 𝑦 = √5𝑥 + 5 at (4,5)
Ans.1/2
NAME:
YEAR&SECTION:
DATE:
WORKSHEET 1

I. Find the derivative of the following functions using both the long method and
using general differentiation rules. Write your final answer on this page. Attach
ALL your solutions to this worksheet upon submission.
1. 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
5𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 = 4𝑥−1
2𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥+!

4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3 − 𝑥 3
5. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 2)2

II. Find the EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE passing through the function.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 2 at (2,2)
3
2. 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 −25 at (-4,1/3)

3. 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥 at (-1,5)
4. 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 at (2,1)
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 at (2,5)
 HANDOUT AND WORKSHEET FOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

NAME:
YEAR & SECTION:
DATE:

THE CHAIN RULE AND THE INVERSE FUNCTION RULE

There exist functions that are more complex than the others. These are called
composite functions. Sometimes, these complex functions are made from two or more of
these simpler functions and they require more complex solutions then the others. This is
where se use The Chain Rule and the Inverse Function Rule.
In the actual, scenario, we use the chain rule more often than we think. Previous
examples and exercises us chain rule. To give the formal definition of the chain rule:

DEFINITION 2. THE CHAIN RULE

If y is a differentiable function of u given by y=f(u) and if u is a differentiable
function of x given by u = g(x), then y is a differentiable function of x and:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

To further explain this rule, we cite the following as illustrative examples:

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 7. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the following function 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)3

There are two solutions available for this problem. Both are presented in the solution
below:
SOLUTION 1: To better illustrate the Chain Rule, let us divide the function into to parts,
the f(u) and the g(x).
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝑢3
Using the general formula for differentiation,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 5 = 12𝑢2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢

Using the definition of the chain rule:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 12𝑢2 (2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
However, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥, substituting this value to 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟏𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙

SOLUTION 2: Using The Power Rule from the general differentiation rules:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 ; where, n = 3, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥, = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
The rule 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 also applies where c = 4 and 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)3

Substituting,
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑢 ) = 4(3)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)3−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑢 ) = 4(3)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)3−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝒅
(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝟏𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙

EXAMPLE 8. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √5𝑧 − 8

𝑦 = √𝑢
𝑢 = 5𝑧 − 8
Using the general formula for differentiation,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
=5 =2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢 √𝑢

Using the definition of the chain rule:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 ( 𝑑𝑧 )
𝑑𝑧
 𝑑𝑦 5
=
𝑑𝑧 2√𝑢
𝑑𝑦
However, 𝑢 = 5𝑧 − 8, substituting this value to ,
𝑑𝑧

𝒅𝒚 𝟓
=
𝒅𝒛 𝟐√𝟓𝒛 − 𝟖
SOLUTION 2: Using The Power Rule from the general differentiation rules:
1
Initially converting the radical to exponent, 𝑦 = √5𝑧 − 8 will be 𝑦 = (5𝑧 − 8)2 then
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
using the Power Rule: 𝑑𝑧 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧 ; where, n = 1/2, 𝑢 = 5𝑧 − 8, =5
𝑑𝑧

Substituting,
𝑑 𝑛 1 1
(𝑢 ) = (5𝑧 − 8)2−1 (5)
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑 𝑛 5 1
(𝑢 ) = (5𝑧 − 8)−2
𝑑𝑧 2
𝒅𝒚 𝟓
=
𝒅𝒛 𝟐√𝟓𝒛 − 𝟖

EXERCISES: Solve the derivative of the function using chain rule.

𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 3)5 Ans. = 15𝑥(𝑥 3 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
4 𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 3
2. 𝑦 = √−3𝑥 4 − 2 Ans.𝑑𝑥 = 4
√(−3𝑥 4 −2)3
𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 = (−𝑥 4 − 3)4 Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 + 3)

THE INVERSE FUNCTION RULE

There are functions that instead of it being y = f(x), it is given as x = g(y) like the function
below for example:
𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 (1)
Function f and function g are said to be inverse functions. F if the direct function and g is
the inverse function. In this case, it would be so much hassle to isolate y then taking the
derivative of a function. Fortunately, we can get around this problem by introducing a new
rule. This rule is the inverse function rule.

DEFINITION 3.THE INVERSE FUNCTION RULE

Given a differentiable function y = f(x) with its inverse function x = g(y), this inverse
function is differentiable by:
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑦

Citing equation (1) above as an example:

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 9. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the function 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥
Since the function is x in terms of y, then we take first by using the general
𝑑𝑦

differentiation rules.
𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Using the Inverse Function Rule to solve for 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑦
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖𝒚

𝒅𝒚
EXERCISE: Solve the 𝒅𝒙 of the function using the inverse function rule
𝑑𝑦 1
1. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑦−2)
𝑑𝑦 1
2. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 1 Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑦 2 +3 𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
3. 𝑥 = Ans. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2−3
𝑦
NAME:
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WORKSHEET 2
I. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING USING CHAIN RULE

1. 𝑦 = √(4√𝑥)2 − 1
3
2. 𝑦 = ((𝑥 2 + 4) − 4)2
2𝑥 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −1

4. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 3 + 1)(−4𝑥 2 − 3)4

5. 𝑦 = ((𝑥 + 5)5 − 1)4
II. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING USING THE INVERSE FUNCTION
RULE
3
1. 𝑥 = (4 − 3𝑦)2
2. 𝑥 = 2(4𝑦 + 1)3
6
3. 𝑥 = (3𝑦+1)2

4. 𝑥 = √1 + √1 + √𝑦

2𝑦+1
5. 𝑥 = (3𝑦−1)4
 HANDOUT AND WORKSHEET FOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
In the previous section, we have dealt with direct functions and inverse functions
but we have limited ourselves to explicit functions, functions where the variables may be
isolated from each other with ease and without problem. However, there are functions
where isolating the variables from each other would cause difficulty. These functions are
called implicit functions. Such examples are:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 (2)
√𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 21 (3)
Therefore, taking the derivative of these functions may be solved in a different way. For
such cases, we use implicit differentiation. For illustrative purposes, we use equations (2)
and (3) as illustrative examples.
𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 10. Solve for 𝑑𝑥 of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 .

In implicit differentiation, if we are solving for a certain derivative, we differentiate in

terms of the independent variable. In this case, we differentiate with respect to x as it
𝑑𝑦
is the variable in the denominator of . When we take the derivative of any term
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
involving y, we add 𝑑𝑥 .

Taking the derivative of the function with respect to x in such case while using the
product rule for the middle term.
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 4[(𝑥 ) + 𝑦(1)] + 8𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Simplifying,
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Isolating 𝑑𝑥 to the other side,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Factoring out 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑦
(1 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Isolating 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides by (1 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 11. Solve for 𝑑𝑥 of the function √𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 21

𝑑𝑦
Since it is required to solve for 𝑑𝑥 , we differentiate with respect to x. By converting the

radical sign to exponent. Rewriting,

√𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 21
1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 21
Using the Power Rule on the first term, the Product Rule on the second term and the
Constant Rule on the right-hand side of the equation,
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2−1 (1 + ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦(1)) = 0
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Simplifying,
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 (1 + ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0
2√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ +𝑥 +𝑦 =0
2√𝑥 + 𝑦 2√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
Combining terms with and transposing those with none to the right-hand side
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
+𝑥 =− −𝑦
2√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Factoring out 𝑑𝑥 ,
1 𝑑𝑦 1
( + 𝑥) =− −𝑦
2√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
Isolating 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides by 2 +𝑥
√𝑥+𝑦

1
− −𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1
+𝑥
2√𝑥 + 𝑦
Simplifying, by taking the least common denominator of both the numerator and the
denominator:
−1 − 2𝑦√𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥√𝑥 + 𝑦
2√𝑥 + 𝑦

Cancelling out 2√𝑥 + 𝑦

−1 − 2𝑦√𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥√𝑥 + 𝑦
2√𝑥 + 𝑦

𝒅𝒚 −𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚√𝒙 + 𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙√𝒙 + 𝒚

EXERCISES:
𝑑𝑦
Solve the using implicit differentiation:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 2 +𝑦
1. 5𝑥 3 = −3𝑥𝑦 + 2 Ans. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −3−4𝑥𝑦 2
2. 1 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 Ans. =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 2 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑦 2 +𝑦
3. 2𝑥 3 = (3𝑥𝑦 + 1)2 Ans. =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑥
NAME:
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WORKSHEET 3
Solve the following functions using implicit differentiation
1. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
3. √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎
4. (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
3𝑥+1
5. 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥−3

6. 𝑥 2 = (4𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 1)2
7. √𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 2 −4
8. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 +4

9. (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
10. 1 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
 HANDOUT AND WORKSHEET FOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

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DATE:
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Higher order derivatives have roles to play in mathematics physics and all other
types of engineering. To enumerate: the velocity of a moving object is the first derivative
of the moving mass. Additionally, the second derivative of a moving mass is its
acceleration. Moreover, in the field of calculus, the second derivative determines the point
of inflection, where the concavity (whether the graph opens upward or downward)
changes. To solve for higher order derivatives, take Example 12 and 13 as illustations.

EXAMPLE 12. Take the second and third derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 +
5𝑥 2 − 4
SOLUTION: We first have to take the first derivative of the function. Using general rules
of differentiation:
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥
To take the second derivative, we take the derivative of the first derivative:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Taking the third derivative, we take the derivative of the second derivative:
𝒅𝟑 𝒚
= 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟑

1
EXAMPLE 13. Find the second derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥.

SOLUTION: Take the derivative of the function. First, convert the exponents of the
terms in the denominator
1
𝑦= = 𝑥 −1
𝑥
Taking the first derivative,
𝑑𝑦
= −1(𝑥)−1−1 (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −(𝑥)−2
𝑑𝑥
Taking the second derivative,
𝑑2𝑦
= −(−2)𝑥 −2−1 (1)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝟐𝒙−𝟑 = 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒙

EXERCISES:
Find the second derivative of the functions given
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 −2 + 4𝑥 Ans.𝑦′′ = 20𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 −4
−4
2. 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 Ans. 𝑦′′ = 3
(4−𝑥 2 )2

3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)2 Ans. y’’=2

NAME:
YEAR&SECTION:
DATE:
WORKSHEET 4
I. Find the second and third derivative of the following functions.
4𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
1 1
2. 𝑦 = (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2
1+√𝑥
3. 𝑦 =
√𝑥
𝑥
4. 𝑦 =
√𝑥−1
𝑥2
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
 HANDOUT AND WORKSHEET FOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

NAME:
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DATE:

HOW TO CHECK IF YOUR ANSWER IS CORRECT USING YOUR CALCULATOR

To ensure that you have the correct derivative of the function, higher order or lower
order, you may use the calculator to check your answer. Take the examples below:

DISCLAIMER: This learning material DOES NOT state that you need a calculator to
solve for the derivative. What is being implicated here is that you can increase your
chance of getting the correct answer by CHECKING using your calculator

EXAMPLE 14. Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1

SOLUTION: Take the derivative of the function using general differentiation rules:
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
How do you check if your answer is correct? Substitute any number to the derivative.
In this case, I will use the number 2.
𝑑𝑦
= 6(2) − 4 = 8
𝑑𝑥
Remember this value and move on to your calculator (USING fx 991es plus):
Press the following buttons in succession:

At this point, you will be presented with display that will look like:
𝑑
|𝑥=
𝑑𝑥
Enter the given function: in this case, 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1. After entering the function, press
to move from the function area to the area where ‘x=’ is located. Beside the equal sign
on the right side, enter the number you chosen a while ago, in this case 2. Then press
‘=’ If the answer that the calculator gave is equal to the value that you have obtained
by substitution, then your answer is correct.

END
HAPPY STUDYING