Seismic Vulnerability, Risk

(Part -3)

Lecture 30
Dr. Abhishek Kumar
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Webpage: http://www.iitg.ac.in/abhiak/
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Pushover Analysis

• It is the most popular, simplest Non-Linear Analysis Method.

• It is also a Static Non-Linear Analysis Method.

• Does not consider the dynamic or reversible nature of earthquakes.

• Considers monotonically increasing force here.

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Step 1 : To take an arbitrary Base Shear ( 𝒃)

Base shear is the maximum lateral force that
will occur due to seismic ground motion at the
𝟑
base of the structure. Base shear is calculated
according to IS 1893-1(2002). 𝐕𝐛 = 𝐙𝐈𝐒
𝟐𝐑𝐠
𝐚
×𝑾
𝟐 𝒁𝑰𝑺𝒂
𝑽𝒃 = ×𝑾
𝟐𝑹𝒈

𝟏 Z is the zone factor

I is the Importance Factor
R is the response reduction Factor
𝑺𝒂
is Average response acceleration coefficient
𝒈
W is Seismic weight of building

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 Zone Factor
• It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived maximum seismic
risk characterized by Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE ) in the zone in which the
structure is located. The basic zone factors included in this standard are reasonable
estimates of effective peak ground acceleration. It is given in Table 2 of IS-1893-1(2002).
 Importance Factor
• It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force depending on the functional use of the
structure, characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, its post-earthquake
functional need, historic value, or economic importance. It is given in Table 6 of IS-1893-
1(2002).
 Response Reduction Factor (R)
• It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, that would be generated if the
structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
shaking, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force. It is given in Table 7 of IS-1893-
1(2002).
𝑺𝒂
 Average response acceleration coefficient ( )
𝒈
• Average response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given by Fig. 2 and Table 3
of IS-1893-1(2002) based on appropriate natural periods and damping of the structure

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𝟒
Step 2 : To distribute the Base Shear ( 𝒃)
along the height.

𝟑 This distribution should be a close

approximation of what happens during
𝟐 the earthquake
The fundamental mode is the closest
𝟏 approximation.
Hence the distribution is in proportion to
the fundamental mode.
Pushover Analysis is also called as single
mode analysis.
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𝟒 Step 3 : Conventional Linear Elastic

deformation analysis is done.
Graph is plotted between Base Shear and
Displacement of roof top( 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 )
𝟑

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𝟒 Step 3 : Imparting the nonlinearity

• The plot between Base Shear and

𝟑
Displacement of rooftop( 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 ) is linear as
linear model is chosen for analysis
• In reality, Base Shear cannot go on increasing.
𝟐 Rather some of the members will yield at
some stage.
𝟏 • One apply the demand moment and from
section analysis, can get moment capacity.
• Wherever the demand capacity ratio is
maximum is the first member yielded

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𝟒 Step 3 : Contd.
• A plastic hinge is to be formed at the point of
yield, to release moment.
𝟑 • The base shear at this point is calculated by
equating the demand capacity ratio to 1.
𝟐 • This way one can get the base shear
corresponding to first point of yield.
𝟏

𝑽𝒃𝟏

∆
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∆ ∆ ∆
𝟒 Step 3 : Contd.
• Moment and stiffness is released at first
point of plastic hinge formation.
• Base Shear is again applied, and subsequent
𝟑
plastic hinge points are formed at other
locations.
𝟐

𝑽𝒃𝟑
𝟏 𝑽𝒃𝟐
𝑽𝒃𝟏

∆ ∆ ∆

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∆ ∆ ∆
𝟒 Step 4 : Generating Capacity Curve
• Step 3 continues until all the beams and
columns develop plastic hinges.
𝟑
• Due to gravity load acting in addition, there
will be P- effect. This will induce negative
stiffness.
𝟐 • The overall curve get by joining the yield
points is called capacity curve
𝟏
Capacity curve

𝑽𝒃𝟑
𝑽𝒃𝟐

∆ ∆ ∆
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Capacity Curve
• The capacity Curve is characteristic of a
building
• From the Capacity Curve, all the stages of
damage is known.
Base Shear

Definition of Damage states( Based on ATC, 1996

LS CP and FEMA, 1997)
IO • Immediate occupancy (IO) : The building is
safe to occupy after cleanup and repair work.
• Life Safety (LS) : The building is safe during
the event but not afterwards.
• Collapse Prevention (CP) : The building is on
Roof Displacement
the verge of collapse.
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Comparison of Capacity curve and Demand curve

• To compare The Capacity Curve and Demand Curve, the two curves are to
be brought to an identical Frame.

• The Demand curve is in Spectral Acceleration vs Time Period plot.

• The Capacity curve is in the Base Shear vs Roof Displacement plot.

• This identical reference frame is known as Acceleration-Displacement

Response Spectrum (ADRS).

• In this frame, the performance of a structure can be evaluated.

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 Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NLTHA)

• In Static Nonlinear analysis, a single mode is used.

• Hence, it is applicable to those buildings, where the fundamental mode has

large contributions.

• NLTHA is a Dynamic Nonlinear analysis where multiple modes are considered.

• In NLTHA, instead of monotonic, an earthquake time-history is to be applied.

• It should be clear which time history is to be used.

• In the plastic hinges, for analysis instead of backbone curves, the complete
hysteric loop is to be used.
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Total Uncertainty

Uncertainty 1 Uncertainty 2

Material Geometric Structural Numerical Attenuation

Properties Records
Properties Detailing Modelling Laws

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Fragility Analysis

• The probability that one observe a damaged state given a level of Earthquake happens.
𝟏 𝑰𝑴
𝒊 =
𝜷 𝑰𝑴 𝒅𝒔𝒊 𝒅𝒔𝒊

∅= Standard Normal cumulative distribution function

𝜷𝒅𝒔𝒊 = the standard deviation of the natural logarithm of the spectral displacement of the damage
state ds.
𝒅𝒔𝒊 = damage state
IM= Intensity Measure
𝑰𝑴𝒅𝒔𝒊 =Median value of the intensity measure at which the building reaches a certain threshold of
the damage state (𝒅𝒔𝒊 )
• It represents a continuous relationship between probabilities of exceeding a
particular level of damage versus any parameter describing earthquake
intensity measure.
• The damage states can be defined with numerous numerical analysis.
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Slight Moderate Extensive Collapse

A large number of performance

assessment is made
Base Shear

It is plotted in ADRS frame

Intensity Measure The damage states are defined

properly according to any of the
standard practice

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Corresponding to a Spectral
Slight Moderate Extensive Collapse
Displacement of a Damage state,
the Intensity measure (Spectral
Acceleration) distribution is
observed

The probability distribution

Base Shear

function is to be defined (Normal

or Lognormal)

The mean and Standard deviation

is to be evaluated

The Cumulative Distribution

function is to be developed
Intensity Measure between probability of
exceedance and the spectral
acceleration

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1 Slight
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞

Moderate

0.5 Extensive

Collapse

0
Intensity Measure

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Vulnerability Assessment
• D’ Ayala et al. (2014) defined vulnerability curves as the conversion of physical
damage (as obtained from fragility analysis) into monetary loss, given a
measure of ground motion.

𝐢 𝐢 𝐢

𝐢 is the local labour cost per damaged area.

𝐢 is the material cost per damaged area.

• The advantage of analytical vulnerability assessment is that it does not need an

earthquake to happen for the analysis, unlike empirical methods.
• In analytical vulnerability assessment , a more quantifiable and better
interpretable outcome is manifested.

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