International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management (ISJEM) ISSN: 2583-6129
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb – 2025 DOI: 10.55041/ISJEM02270
An International Scholarly || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Indexing in all major Database & Metadata
Smart City Transportation Deep Learning Ensemble Approach for
Traffic Accident Detection
Jangam Bhargavi1, Bharatha Ashwin2, Lavishetty Tagore3, MD Rehan4
Assistant Professor of Department of CSE(AI&ML) of ACE Engineering College 1 Students of Department CSE(AI&ML) of
ACE Engineering College 2,3,4
The proposed model leverages computer vision and
Abstract artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to analyze road
This project proposes a real-time traffic accident detection conditions, vehicle behavior, and accident-prone scenarios.
system for smart cities using a deep learning approach. The Implementing such a system in smart city infrastructures can
system aims to detect accidents like rear-end collisions, T- significantly reduce emergency response times, improve
bone crashes, and frontal impacts by processing video traffic management, and enhance public safety. The project
sequences from traffic surveillance cameras. This system will aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using deep learning in
utilize Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to analyze accident detection and explore its potential for large-scale
RGB frames and optical flow information helping to identify deployment in urban transportation networks.
accidents more accurately. By automating the detection
process the system seeks to minimize manual intervention, 2. Literature survey
improve response times and provide real-time location visual 1. Multi-Granularity Vehicle Tracking for Anomaly
data to emergency services. Key challenges include data Detection
imbalance and varying road conditions which the model will Authors: Li et al.
address through the use of specialized datasets. This system This study presents a vehicle tracking technique using Faster
is designed to be computationally efficient and suitable for R-CNN for object detection. The framework consists of an
integration into smart city infrastructure. The project requires object detector, background modeler, mask extractor, and
Python and Flask for development with future potential to tracker. By incorporating both box and pixel-level tracking,
enhance traffic management and accident response in urban the model enhances anomaly detection accuracy. However,
environments. the reliance on tracking makes it computationally expensive
and difficult to implement in dense traffic conditions.
Keyword: Real-Time Monitoring, Crash Detection, Deep
Learning, Convolutionary Neural Networks (CNN), Traffic 2. Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Using Vehicle
Monitoring, Emergency Response, Automated Accident Trajectories
Detection, Geospatial Analysis, Accident Patterns, Traffic Authors: Zhao et al.
Management, Video Processing, Flask Framework, Collision This research introduces an unsupervised anomaly detection
Detection, Traffic Flow Analysis, Smart Transportation, AI method based on vehicle trajectories. The system uses a
in Transportation, Computer Vision, Object Detection. multi-object tracker to minimize false detections caused by
errors in object detection. The primary advantage of this
approach is that it does not require labeled datasets, making
1. Introduction it adaptable across different environments. However, the
With the rapid growth of urbanization, smart city tracking-based methodology increases computational cost,
transportation systems have become essential for ensuring and performance is highly dependent on accurate trajectory
efficient and safe mobility. Traffic accidents pose a major estimation.
challenge, leading to injuries, fatalities, and economic losses.
Traditional accident detection methods rely on manual 3. Real-Time Traffic Anomaly Detection Using YOLO
monitoring, sensor-based systems, or delayed reporting, and Feature Tracking
which often result in slow emergency responses. To address Authors: Mandal et al.
these challenges, deep learning-based accident detection This study proposes a traffic anomaly detection system using
offers an automated, real-time solution for enhancing road a pre-trained YOLO model with a feature tracker to detect
safety. stopped vehicles and roadside accidents. A post-processing
module integrates nearest neighbors and K-means clustering
This project presents a deep learning ensemble for improved accuracy. While this approach provides fast and
approach that integrates multiple Convolutional Neural accurate detection, it requires extensive training and high
Networks (CNNs) and object detection models to accurately computational resources, and false positives may occur due
detect traffic accidents from live video feeds. By processing to stationary objects unrelated to accidents.
video frames in real-time, the system can identify accident
occurrences and trigger automated alerts to emergency
services.
© 2025, ISJEM (All Rights Reserved) | www.isjem.com | Page 1
International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management (ISJEM) ISSN: 2583-6129
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb – 2025 DOI: 10.55041/ISJEM02270
An International Scholarly || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Indexing in all major Database & Metadata
4.Spatial-Temporal Matrix for Anomaly Detection in analyze multiple vehicles simultaneously reduces its
Traffic Videos effectiveness in accident detection on busy roads.
Authors: Bai et al.
This research introduces a spatial-temporal matrix to improve 4. Proposed System
anomaly detection in traffic scenes. The system transforms The proposed system introduces an AI-driven
strip trajectory analysis into spatial position studies, vision-based accident detection approach, optimized for real-
improving precision in detecting start and stop times of time implementation using traffic surveillance cameras. This
anomalies. The framework includes a background modeler system uses deep learning models, particularly CNNs, to
and perspective detection module. While this approach process RGB video frames and optical flow information,
successfully ranked first in the 2019 NVIDIA AI City enabling automated and highly accurate accident detection.
Challenge, it has high computational requirements, is
sensitive to camera variations, and requires complex Unlike traditional methods, this approach eliminates
preprocessing for accurate trajectory analysis. reliance on physical sensors, reducing hardware dependency
and processing delays. The system also incorporates
specialized datasets for training, ensuring greater accuracy
3. Existing System across diverse traffic scenarios. Key advantages include real-
The current accident detection system mainly relies time accident detection, automated processing of video data,
on physical infrastructure rather than intelligent and geospatial analysis to identify high-risk areas. This
transportation technologies. Various methods proposed by enables faster emergency response, enhanced traffic
researchers involve the use of smartphones, VANET , GPS, management, and improved road safety in smart city
GSM, and mobile applications for automatic accident infrastructures.
detection. However, these methods have several drawbacks,
4.1 Algorithms
including unreliable hardware, inaccurate sensors, and delays
1. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
in sending alerts due to GSM module responsiveness. Most
traditional systems depend on vibration sensors that detect an
CNN is the core deep learning model used for accident
accident based on sudden movement. Once triggered, the
system fetches the GPS location and sends a message to a detection. It extracts spatial features from video frames
predefined contact via the GSM module. However, the using convolutional operations. The convolution operation is
reliability of these sensors is inconsistent, and their accuracy defined as:
can be affected by false triggers or sensor failures.
Additionally, these systems lack real-time video analysis
capabilities, limiting their effectiveness in complex urban
traffic environments.
3.1 Drawbacks of Existing System where:
1. Unreliable Hardware Components
• Z(i,j) is the output feature map
Traditional accident detection systems rely on physical
• X(i−m,j−n) is the input image
sensors such as vibration detectors and GPS modules.
However, these components can be inconsistent in detecting • K(m,n) is the convolution kernel.
accidents accurately, leading to false alarms or missed
incidents. 2. PyTorch for Deep Learning
2. False Triggers and Sensor Failures PyTorch is the deep learning framework used to train and
Vibration-based accident detection may be prone to false deploy the CNN model. Training the CNN involves
triggers caused by sudden braking, road bumps, or external minimizing the cross-entropy loss function for
vibrations. Additionally, sensor failures can lead to either a classification:
lack of detection or excessive false positives.
3. Lack of Real-Time Video Analysis
Existing systems do not utilize computer vision or video-
based anomaly detection, limiting their ability to accurately
identify accidents in real-time. Without video analysis, the
system cannot differentiate between minor disturbances and
serious collisions.
3. OpenCV for Video Processing
4. Ineffectiveness in Dense Traffic
Sensor-based detection struggles in complex urban OpenCV is used to capture video frames and preprocess them
environments with high traffic density. The inability to before feeding them into the CNN model. Each video frame
is resized to match the model input dimensions:
© 2025, ISJEM (All Rights Reserved) | www.isjem.com | Page 2
International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management (ISJEM) ISSN: 2583-6129
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb – 2025 DOI: 10.55041/ISJEM02270
An International Scholarly || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Indexing in all major Database & Metadata
• GPU: NVIDIA GTX 1650 (Minimum) or RTX
3060/4060 (Recommended) for deep learning
acceleration using CUDA
• Camera: High-resolution traffic surveillance
camera or dashcam for real-time video feed
4.2 Architecture
5.2 Software Requirements
The system architecture for the CNN and PyTorch-
• Operating System: Windows 10/11
based traffic accident detection system consists of multiple
• Programming Language: Python 3.x
interconnected components that ensure real-time video
• Deep Learning Framework: PyTorch
processing, accident detection, and alert generation. The
system begins with the data collection and preprocessing • Computer Vision Library: OpenCV for video
layer, where traffic video feeds are gathered from CCTV frame extraction and processing
cameras, dashcams, or pre-recorded datasets. Using OpenCV, • Data Processing Libraries: NumPy, Pandas for
individual frames are extracted from the video, and handling datasets and model input
preprocessing techniques such as resizing, normalization, and • Development Tools: Jupyter Notebook, PyCharm,
augmentation are applied to enhance model performance and or VS Code for coding and debugging
ensure better accuracy in accident detection.
Once the frames are preprocessed, they are passed
through the feature extraction and model processing layer. A
6. Conclusion
The development of an AI-driven accident detection
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to extract system using CNN and PyTorch significantly enhances the
spatial features from the video frames. The CNN, trained efficiency of traffic monitoring and emergency response in
using PyTorch, analyzes visual patterns and identifies smart cities. Traditional methods rely on physical sensors,
potential accidents by distinguishing between normal traffic manual surveillance, or delayed reporting, making them
behavior and unusual movements that indicate a collision. unreliable for real-time accident detection. By leveraging
deep learning and computer vision, this system ensures
After feature extraction, the system proceeds to the automated and accurate accident detection through real-time
decision and classification layer. Here, the processed frame is video analysis.
analyzed to determine whether an accident has occurred. A
The proposed model processes traffic footage,
binary classification is performed, categorizing the frame as extracts essential features, and classifies accident occurrences
either an accident or no accident. If an accident is detected, with high precision. Using OpenCV for video preprocessing
the system transitions to the next phase. and PyTorch for deep learning enables fast and scalable
implementation. Additionally, integrating alert mechanisms
ensures that emergency services are notified immediately,
reducing response times and potentially saving lives.
This system contributes to the advancement of
intelligent transportation infrastructure by offering a cost-
effective, automated solution that minimizes human
intervention. The use of specialized datasets improves model
training, allowing the system to adapt to various traffic
conditions. Future enhancements could include integrating
IoT devices, optimizing computational efficiency, and
expanding the model for multi-camera traffic monitoring.
Figure: Architecture
In conclusion, the AI-based accident detection
system demonstrates the potential of deep learning in
5. System Requirements transforming urban traffic management, making roads safer
and emergency response more effective through real-time
5.1 Hardware Requirements automated detection and alert mechanisms.
• Processor: Intel Core i5/i7 or AMD Ryzen 5/7
• RAM: Minimum 8GB
• Storage: Minimum 256GB SSD
© 2025, ISJEM (All Rights Reserved) | www.isjem.com | Page 3
International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management (ISJEM) ISSN: 2583-6129
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb – 2025 DOI: 10.55041/ISJEM02270
An International Scholarly || Multidisciplinary || Open Access || Indexing in all major Database & Metadata
7. References
[1] Li, Y., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2020). Multi-
Granularity Vehicle Tracking for Anomaly
Detection Using Faster R-CNN. IEEE Transactions on
Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(4), 1234-1246.
[2] Zhao, R., Liu, H., & Sun, F. (2019). Unsupervised
Anomaly Detection in Traffic Scenes Using Vehicle
Trajectories. International Conference on Machine
Learning (ICML), 2256-2264.
[3] Mandal, D., Roy, S., & Mukherjee, A. (2021). Real-
Time Traffic Accident Detection Using YOLO and
Feature Tracking. Journal of Computer Vision and
Image Processing, 13(2), 78-89.
[4] Bai, X., Zhang, L., & Yang, W. (2019). Spatial-
Temporal Matrix for Anomaly Detection in Traffic
Videos. Proceedings of the NVIDIA AI City Challenge,
105-112.
[5] Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. (2018). YOLOv3: An
Incremental Improvement. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1804.02767.
[6] Simonyan, K., & Zisserman, A. (2015). Very Deep
Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image
Recognition. International Conference on Learning
Representations (ICLR), 1-14.
[7] He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016). Deep
Residual Learning for Image Recognition. IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR), 770-778.
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