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Differential equations practice

The document discusses differential equations, specifically distinguishing between ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). It covers notation, order, degree, linearity, and methods for solving these equations, including separation of variables and integrating factors. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and solutions of differential equations.

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6 views26 pages

Differential equations practice

The document discusses differential equations, specifically distinguishing between ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). It covers notation, order, degree, linearity, and methods for solving these equations, including separation of variables and integrating factors. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and solutions of differential equations.

Uploaded by

builderfidel501
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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rl MAT DOG. Ditferestol equations (DES) are equotins involving Aj ferential coefficients Th are tuo main es eet Ordinary differential equtlions (rE) Thee are ed involving derivatves, with cosper wig, independent variable b) Partial — differentiol equations 4 Oe) incite partial — leriveliues with respect» (grove _thanwone, independent variables a Notation of ODEs Let = f(x), x is the independent variable and gy i the ndent — variable | | The derivative of y with respect to (wrt) xc can be written ! Using | RR | dy IE derivative of _y unth recpet tb x ] dx a eg, a dx? i) a | Uses ~ tke det” notation ti vo ot | 4 ryt yo y® 2 | | Used for reprteg ring ewivatives with recpect to -tme- Uses the dot note wine vty g = de Ss ds | J dt wt ah dt? } Notation a PDEs let 2 Cxiy )) x and yo are independent variables, 2 is the Secs bros (fe Z is furction of 2 independent variables x and y- 14 is possible to differentiate 2 wrt x or wrt y and cqUed partal differentiation. The partal derivative of z wrt x 14 denoted a, Oz ard thet of 2 wrt wy is ox af | , OF S- | Ty pe 2 lees meal CATION OF ODEs Foud Car be i) Order the order of the highest | Arenal loeffiieh Ite he highest ro of Himes differentiation [his taken glace | 9. ax(aa) ty = ove = the differential coeffeiest ae is | is order Ls DY cos x i Order 2- d og (#3) 7 3 ey? Degtee = , Order 2- \whether it is an ODE oF PDE Linearity - f\n Ope linear of the dependent variable and all ib derivatives occur Urearly. in the equation. Dl du ed ey ee dx Wil fata FG =) Sac x dx Biddy + Ray + da = 2ees dec? dt dx d4u =Iny 7° Jae = lng t pert consider the order only the degrees + Don't consider constants. 5). Linear b) Non -tgnesr bez of y? term. 2) Linear 4) Non - linear bee ef In y tem Girele- se of points ata equal distance fem 4 fiked point ODEs can be formed ba artery the ondbad ge Eliminating arbitery Examples - Form ODEs by eliminiting the arbitary cons tants ) = Ax + Aw? nee g) constant: a Leelee yr Awa Ae | dye AL. (Ai) de | Subs tite gem dy ‘(is ie Ax dx yy lat bpt a Nogqr + B cose ape > ag i) Ys A cos xt B sine. 00 astiee tal dE oy art =. qe2 dy = -Asinx +805 x api ax dt AW dx @ re) Bs di ~A cos x ~ Bain x = xray =F A2y me @ dc dx? ~ (A cos x + B sin x) x3 ay $ 2x72 dy co. ax? da The 2M derivative is cqul to i 9 So y= a th le the 25 x wo solution of 2c? d?y + Qx° dy -0 a x? de Ww ys a+b a¢#b are 2 constants Verification of a colttion of ODE! aif y wrt x The solution of an ode jc at times called itt root or primitiv gr ae" +h... (i) Exam ples: dy = -1 (ax)7* | Ve ri thet y= 4 cas 2246.00 al “9 is & solution the DE stax 2) (i) ‘ € d thy so ays Cedex” at x "> 2 Qax* (sok | dy = ~Bcinoe 419005 one ile iaihielashedleidlatbashe | t . [3] Venity thet fogs 2. fog Szi-i8 tera fore $CaXe% is a solution ee of yt = ay’ ty = PH cln Az + | | \ 16 ces 22 | Gee Qn t © cin 2=\ ‘yp eos Ox - D4sin Ix + [1 cos 9% +94 Sin Qx =O. | Hence it is a solution. LHS = RHS. gy" + 99) -1Sy= 0 yl # ay! Ly =0- ge e 3% ty’ = 3e4F gy" + 4¢°F Qesxx + 2 (ae) -15 (04 Ve** + Ge *- |5e9* \Se3* - 15e7* =0 LNSeRHS Hence it ic @ colution & Fi re bi64 1G) cos Ox + (24 t24)cin pe. i 70 let 4 be & El de v V = dos 2 ay sin & gu dy -udvy +v du rel i de le? y = sin x) ¥ cos x (2). 2 2 si 2 woe sin xe + 2% cos X- POISE ee ge Cet + CoLxe* + 1e*] « Cret4C2te*+ Cae™ ais =Cie™+ coled te" | 4C2e™ dx? = Cie* + Caxe* + Coa”* t Get Cie * + Came*t 2C2e~" Cie~+,Co we*4a Coe® —(2Ge8 + 22 Lexs 2Co2e*)+Cie~t Ca xe™ | GO* + Core™ + 2Cee*- 26 ACagee > - 2oae* +ere™ C2 Lert -0 Ps = N. LHo= RHS Hence it is a solution. Golwieg ante Differential Late (op Direct method Golve the DEs dy = re? 4¢4x-3- dx dexdy = (x244x~-3) dz de J dy =f(x? + be 3) de ye ee ture sede 3 2 s x84 927~ B82 4C oi et 3 Separation of Variables fo a DE can be writlen in the form {@) ay = gz) dx, then ws say variables aie separable, note that the gy. are on the LHS while the “acs are on the RS. We get the colition of the d€ by integrating both sides xamol Sowe the Dts- wy = Qe dc yt Separate the variables. (dy =) 92" ide J(ytddye 2x de ty dy + Si dy = Se de J 2 DK & 2 + xtte +C + J ery a) ay = (is =) (149) = (itz) City) dx aay = (1+#) dz (ty) fants ee In City) = Si dea Sx de In City) = + x? + 2 In City) = etat te. Q feet et dy = yt) 36 y!* Tale ety 36 dy 2 Ci4+x ae x (y-0) Separting variables. (+ ey ay = A +a,\+ (5° x) * (+9): = = ce A Beit othe te is A(y-)4 B+) fe EEC HWS ba rasiga elimination, A and & can be cd = | | Putting _y=I et | 1= 28) hence B= '/2- - Gettin aie Gyate the Variables Pag d t= - 2A hence A= no. =f dx * ae ae Fak doe pee Poe ja a it becanes i = In ec aH wee [oo dy =n xtc + r Resolve [11 | into | partial ta JF ; el sah G-)e1 Ci thattion! Ln Ge) +b InGa) etn et }Lb ¢) 0 = @tite Ll Gy) 4 (in get) = In xe = mH oc Cet) 2 2 > impltaBon 7 \ = ae hf ye )~ We = C, = (x +1) 2 yt ot Resliing into PF oR In rl - Qinx = XC. yt! In yet -Inx7=d yt \ A where D+ 2C- (406-9 9-44 a \n y= s\n & > AG-1) a aye x7(yt!) Gr Get Where PD = In E- Sinde the denominators are ih yas & fat on both sides, ct imp?” ce? tl) 1 reat the numgratoys meet 2 Solving hemagencs DES A DE of the form f (x.y) Ge sy) is called q — horno aa J BE If each term of 400.4) and Gees is of the came deg ree“Cpower Examples od = 2xy + yt a ees In this case we put _y=Va VO) +2 dv dz. and + Ee a te rel zV 4 x dv dx. (Conse each x+2 term) x let y= Vex - Vix dv ea dae ay = dx = E+ 3Ve_ = Vtx dv dec Vitxcdy + x/ Cigav)! de z Vtxedy - 1 tay dx ‘Separating —the— variables Covecting Uke terms. dv = = I+ay jac Separating the Variables . ln (4 8v) = In e 46 2 but ys Ve hence Vey x (142 = |njim tc ss Bx ty. -L In 2 let ye Vx dy =v + dc x dy dx - Replace terms; Vie dts da Ntx dvb da ae Vc Viw2 Sx*4 x Vx 37 V a2 Bx? + FV Vitsedy = +? avtv2) dx x? (34v) Vtx dv = avev3 2. dx 24tv- = dv = aveyi- y dx stv = aviv? sve y? 34v, I = dv = 9 x dv x ew Differertal Equatons t Ithese are DEs of ty. t PY-=1o a ° and Q are — function where f only or constants. 44 this the fore fe Solve ot DE, he us the intefeg factor TF). given by S pax lp = VE As iF is maultipled on both sides ani Xs Converts the LHS into a derivative of a product (Product nyle) Solve the equation dy + Sy= dx Qx le Bie: co Mis &the form | ay +py= 9 da aa ala | Ire a pes! | Qele" _ 5Sde iF i= @vFt s le Estas =e ze = eS, e2t sm 52 eat Ay + 5ye*tze@xe x Be e dy + Sye°*s Me J [enplicit function - has more than one terms toe?) 4 oc ylt By” 33 - pee Bec + (product rle) + ley 23 bx tx dy + ley ses Le x (oe tu (ye) fel alee e™4c electeacie le J = eSe* dy 4 py eles = glee a Spdc\ _ Spdic Le ( e Qe dx "1 fafge™) =feer as gers 4 Soe aa VF \F Y(IF) =f Q (iF) +¢ Pe, Ye lFee Qi =|) 63} Sedz (Yr de e [R25 YF) = OCF) te e =| a (e+) _dy tye (x +\)- dx dg ped |e et Gen) aa pe tbl @ +0 aunt = xt dx (xt) Pel a= €t!) aaa le = esede S Yeu dx In (eet) a0. = 1S = 241 ¥(5) =Je (We), tic). let Ye el F = |o Ing=In Fine FE In y = In er Simplication of EF where F is a function of © Taking loge on beth sides But | In_e |= loge el In y hence y (etl) =f) Gt) wo de yleti) =S@+? dx te = oer? dw te 3 e+0y = GsBre 3 et aa erica arora dus Say 437 dx Ee slag yl ty scx? form opt ef y= qe2® + bex My) edy 4 3yc0 dz? dx a jd a pM Ls] md eat cond whe So M N Now ‘ae. je et oe ifr pr Gxtt 3x7y (ax7y - 3x?y* = Sy*)ay =o Slubon eM an. ox ' Since | duuatin | Fe CT DIF FERENT/AL EQUATIONS is formed by dire its solition™ withod other process - =0 is aid t be an x dod A it satisfies the folowing DE ition am: an = padial derivative of ¥ ax m wrt y and partial devintie. of N urt ve Qm denotes the Aitferestial 4 coefficient “of, om wrt _y Keeping = | constant an dx differential coefficient of N wrt 2c keeping y constant - Evangles dn 1s the Wve the PE 2— gay?) de + = Sate 3x'y - dey* = Ox3y - 3x 2y*- Sy? Mo= 6xy- Gy" %y Cx7y- Gry” on am = the given a a ' J exact DE: the solution is given by 5 2 6) ay) Sie S (ot 63x29" any? )de + S- Syh dye bgecd + Baty? - 22547 of S 3 2 =] dye | + ¢- S el [4 } | lets) ts a reg laay iy Ar Gwe the DE Gi- = 4 + Aecy dy =o. Ms y2- 2" = Qxy am = 2% deo = BN oy ay 8x hence equation an = % is an exact DE- x Glution i& given bys SM ace +S Germs of N aowithout x) dy =. JGr-=)4x + Jody =C. S ey? - x") dx ay x3 =e. 3 3t Solve -the 0€ aes Qayt gyre A (x?+ dye ?*) dy 1(P xy 4oyre” S i N= x4 /Qye>* am = | ey au aN oN Beds ty et S ney vary, Aj Soe leg i ay | 2 (oq ey) Leto Sade + Germs of N without ly « c) x (S05 «-4) = Lar tageren fagernr re | (¢Sde She de , 4 saeg (18 ne Cat SEPA gigle|. |obd-tsds log” 6 f BAmpeayhe rng, e ; cy Hegel ec ay a € x Vic Seay 9e™)as +f(oyerlayed | © aa4 tt) xbye ot =¢ On m ali plyng the given DE by Ve nlstgpask ee we gets EQUATION REDOUBLE To IEXACT ST ‘A EQUATIONS - cae 2y dx + @ log x~y)4y =0 Sometimes a DE which fc not exact may become ¢o on J2 a [ss at FS _|multipleston bya suitle ‘Hos called “the lntegration 2y log x= ye ec 2 Case 2: a 4 l an - am Ne Maa = Bee ate] | BS Ba 9 fee cow Sey flex), then 1p = efter “$ ig teh 1 @ SO Sdve the DE @ : Golie wh Spc Ix log x- xy) dy 4 yd = C °g =xy) dy 4 2ydzx xo. (44 99) de + Gays 4 ayt tx) Mr 2y Mz yt N= doe logx - ay, aitey 3S Nias ort ait xy? 4 Qyt ~4e a : aM = yp +a BS ad a : a ae = a7 Ape Wh} faxes) 42log x - Ui fsxl lass 5 M yt 2 -3 $42 ay Os. Bosse A ta) ay SHY felt rd { : er t9s- eB 4 ays & On mattiplicgtion by the given | equation’, we gt ug 94 4 (aps 2 yt-tx)dy ° y ‘yt aot --$s)4y if | Gey iene (ae hs co oy i t Qyriac 2 \ ae ty eC. = ) TASK 5 Golve the DE) | (-y?) dx +(2x9)44 =0. | Solve xithe+d=0 Here fuctvrisation fai ls We ty the quadratic formule we abt Spree aa a= ~bt Vor tac 2a bac 9 discriminant: see oh t [P= axa) 2 xe ott J-20 2 Fee = Jaox-1 Esa Q z= rt+2fSi og a= -4-2457 2 2 The sobrtions are complex umbers Solving 2°4 order bes the undetermined Method - This method applies the prince ot judicious guess ing. asin coefficiertas Homegenous DES. +b dy +cy =O. Example a+ _ +3y-o, PS lemertar function ( tr) oe oe “sti lliary equation (yj yr? + 4m + D0 AE mit im +3 =9 (+1, +3) fot) (m+a)=o- mtl=0 oR m43=0 m= ~t Ok. Me. Since m, and ma are distinct no. [roots |eolutions then the solution of the ODE js hen the Yoots of an ODE we Histinct , then the solution of the ODE is given by, ye Aet™| 4[ Be Mr re ivhen [mi and tah are the leane. ye he SF i+ Be =! eRe elt Be] 2 ar, t+ Ydul y ty tol oe | | | chee 3 Tepeated, tre the solution fae-™™ + Bxe=F¥ also (At Bx)e"~ } J?y +4dy + Sy =0 ‘eet [da tty ac= 5 b= + Hebti-iee ipsa Qa | v= et 2 -(bxix5) | 2 t ae i-th Woe xs ht dee Sr 2 x| FW dale Phi x = ~2ig% p | Hence the solution is q || complex number: Wher the root of an OOF are epmpex no. ie m= a tbj then the solution ig J Y= O% feos bx 48cin bx) gd: Gane (Aos x +Bsin x) Sette ay tO dere AE m?+7=0- x = bt Yb >-bac Qa = 0) (A cos Fag B sin Tis) y= er" (A cos Tt x + Bein 13 x). ( ye A cos Tt x + 8 cin TH x. a Solvin in homogenos ODE: , These. are of the form 2 +b cys £ &) aeeaane aay where f(x) #0. ODEs F(x) can be one of the fundies legarithmie function , -inverse function algebraic function, trigenometre | typer bebe function, 4 exponential ~ function or a const! Pe ee let ye =e Gerivtive of conetant). Or s50)t6c +74 6C=9 cmH this y= soln “Je ett + Be? + colton When x) | i constant a tie 2Be 2% 4 4 Be dtul - ls éy act d?y dAst at CE 4 PI Cearticater integral) - LHS 5 CE ej LHS) revime. fl qhe?* +4Be7* - 5 (she? 4 2Be% AE m?- Sm +6 =0 +6 (he ¢8e7* +4) ac=6 -3 5 be-5 -2 and3= + tBe?* -15 Ae ** - 10 Be **+ (m3) (m=a) = © m= 3 oR me? 6 A632 + GRer7= FIHE mz3 5 m2 i. , = a (Rh) YF Ae + Be** hence proven: 08 PTs! hae) | Aus) Diwhen fcr) is an ex Since F(z) = 2 4 y ire 2 consta i judicious 5 4 2 4 = s using judicious guessing on, +s a4dy -ae* AEl > im alt Vem 4 4G 90. acer 4a | g be Vt ft) (m 93). =O me ot geet + Bret PIyr Since f(x) {s an exponential; assume ya 2 Get < Gee f a certs cere ie =| kCe © + "56e dx 5 r 25Ce%* akihc taboleeat 302-88 F ie Bh Pome: tel wt (Bce 4) + 44(cee*)| | Equating the coeficients of =7, = poet ToCeSH + 4.605 respectively - $oceis Be? -3¢33 cel ~4Cx - 3Dx = 4x -4c- 3D=4 c=) -4(ei)- 3254 4.-3D=4 b= °o gcl-alp|-|3eer> a(-) = a) + seers =ai-|set-/5 -|ae¢43 EI y Ye -lx7+0x +) bi} de yb & - 274+! Li I 3) ad Boe J 3y.33° hence the general solution is || Ha x = Ags Be a HI ea i ting gif 2 AE a in*-j9n 73 Oc - m=!) 2+3- tet 3 (cx? 4 D2tt ap a~ . ot Agta + Be °* $(z-90- a¢z?- 3p0- 36 Ye + Show that = te + Be * - te _sblution of Ae hen f Cx igonornebs Solve the DE ty - 2 dy - y= 5 cos Ou ad dx y = Aes + Be = ince f(z) fs trigonometric nm assume Yee C cos 2x + B® cin ax YRC ms Qa t Din Ix dy =~ 2Cu 2x + 2D cos Dx dx 2 Ha = 4 Cee 2 ~ 4D cin axl x Subdtitukieg Inte “Dey = -4C as Ix-4Dein ay _ a(-2C sin 2x4 Des 2x) — 3B(C cs Ix + D sin 3 -4 Cocos Qa-4D sin Qa t+#C sin 2x - cos — par +-O-s\n Or 5 -7C cos Qu ~ FDSIN {ay ody dy > 3x74 be 5 dx AD os Ore 5 cos ~1C cog 2x A4O cos ~ 1D sin x +4C sin ft {4= Ac2* 4 Be-* 2 ~ 4D ws An -3BC cos Qa - 3040 2x az O sin Ox TWDsin 2e = 4C gin I ae -Swe on FCG 22tO sing, Yan- Sor a, “FC cos 2a HH/y ei 2x - Bac ~1C cos Ix IG C cos Dx = Sune 2, a ~ EE Coos Qu = Feo Ox =i WBAE=G ~65 CxS + 7 menvri4 d=\- y wa b= -y 1 la. 2+ T 4) cos) Dx |— a Rv 13 x Ye Sipe aL cos 2e—y on os \3 12 wa (NiTtA tL VAWE PROBEMS. i is an ODES agate with intial anditions Yh specifiec the lie of an unknown function wt. 9 given point - Cosider the OE lel) |.dy = 2-3 given | 4 4 hi ye when x =O condition can be uritten as (o) = + CS when zeO jyet i} dy = (6x -3) dx | ys a eed Sere (6x-3 dx -3x +c J ¥ Zmep Bq 4S but yo) = Ll igs 4 3 Sag" Sect 4 order second order \vP Setve the yl + 2y [with Wale \ "+ Sys oO yO 6 | Nemogenous 5 m74+ 2m +570 5 2 q c b om RY gre CA as be Ale Us) LS =O (A cos 22 +Bsin 2x) but oH 4=07* (A cos 2x + B sin 2x) 4=e7* (A +0) i) += Aew* == (A cos O4 Bin ©) & i) 4=Aee 4=h. = e7* (4 cos 2x + Bain 2x), 4e-* cos 2x + Be* sin Ox. 4 ye 4 A ve © xasin 9x) +(os 2a x~4e" -8e7 * sin 2a + -4e7* cas Qe - 8e"* Q Be * Heo sin Qx~4e7* cos 2x) Keas 2x.) + (sin 2x x -Be™™ eos Ox - Be~* sin 2x). _ A dy jas ~ Be" sin Qe- 4°“ cos Qe + 2 e~* cos 2x - Be~* sin Qa- when x<0, y?=0. 6 O- 4e°? + 28° -0 6 =-44 28 \6=28 e e- 5. . yre™ (4 cos 2x + Ssin Rx) | NDARY. VE PROBIENIS PB) | A syctemn ef ODEs with Soliton an rivetive values \specitied at more than one points - Most commonly, the solution ond derivatives ave specified at just two points ( boundaries). Ming 9 Qpoint bourdany value - Example * Set the QvP below Y "4 ay =O with yl@)=1 yx) = 9 m?4+O042=0- m+ 250 m?=-2 m= Wj m= +195 [ye (A cos Bx +B sin 12 x) Ys A cas V2 x +B sin JO =x. =O, y=] \ = A cos O + Bon O A A=l Ye cos WS x + B sin-To x. Zz dls eat > Yzo- O= cs fa + B cin 43 1. 4 Bsin Re - Be ~ cos Rx tes Wr Sin Tarte Be ~cot Wa Yr cos Vo x - cot WK. sin V2 x TNT | | | ations for Seliag m:t) y Ae + Be™™ (0) ‘Ba dhe expansion for © iae | gwen by [Tee Cree Picts ee | of Wh ot at a! t of 2 3 5 LO efit x4) a2 + cet + oe | a! 3! n! hence therefore’, e () is watten_ad 4 + \ tale 27) te Big 3 Ya \s the sertoc | spbiti the Tbe Tp ete hh. dx? lhe eneral femat of an + Une Sd mae Factipn (ar4 order is mr be written b#iis. ag sees solution ‘ic ed Primari when het hin fds fle and glx) an constants es an of {he easiest examples of such 4 cases itys’ equation ; d2y paisas-| @ comer or thyeugh an openin slit thet ie phygicaly the ek size of , or even seller than the Ught 's wyve length- Caosider the homagencus equation pau + 9c) dy ¥q(z) y =O Peet ae where plz) and olynomials in & - en ts called an orcling the DE if Ge) aides not vanish for =A je that which makes y (x) rot equal 4p zero. But if r(x) vanishes for 2=A then x=A_ is calle a Singular point: are x=A Example ax) d?y 4% dy —ta)y =o. Cte ea ery - 242 x-0 NB ete are ¢+ dinary points lat = 94r° are aingilor point “the idea of series Solutions led ic the methods of — obtuning, ihe solution of a, DE of —xy-O h Re ; Which is used t jn ks to model defiacton of tsi which Occyte When light oalae ) pent of 4 iD ard 1a wi be ye Ay +bys = ayia bys where a constants The two infinite series and b are arbitrary are said tv be Uinearl detente if one is 4 multiple of th ether etherais ates art psd be Unearty independent Example, Solve the DE “yo xP y 20. Baty 8G Jue 4 "4 4, x! 44227 493234. An x w Since x = San ordinan point of (1) Fhe ae dy = a, + 9a. x 434,27 + dx 44 27+ Sagxty.. i) = Qa2+ Caxt Vaya? 4 Wg e+ (y) Ssbaeting © aed Cy) into (1) a; $a x + ay 2° 4 20s ac Fo 2° 4 Qx'4 agx* +93% aQsx* 4...) 40 Ay dx* at + qa ode + asx t agx? 4 2046 44 Bh ciaiibeO 4 Nobis = Pet lied bask ial i ae “i ig. Bendel es 24. + 43% +(2q4 x? +e x? oF (20058 +a xc 2)4@a x +4 3006 a) Equating the ceefficients +> ero 2a =O 9220 Gq3x = Ox 43 =O \Qqu 44 = 0. (Qa4 = -de W4 = -1.40 12 2045 +91=0 eel 4s= 20 Qs= -la, 20 42 + 20a¢g= 0 © + 20% =0 de=0. etc. Final soln KY 998 et = Goat art \2 20 J 5Aa tii lay xt a xs+ IQ 2o Ye ao(i- xh) +a, Coe aAy 19 30) Colp Ta foes Rey ta dy - ys EY 4S as Chaat pet bh yl #uy =o eames PARTIAL DIFFEPENTIAL Lava (ons NOTATION: ‘ ne denoted by The independent variables will be variable by x. The partial clifterentiol —coatficiente are Nensled a, follows: 24 2:Pi Siete go gz et, Bea iy Sieg ot ax a ax* Dy ox ay? on 4 4 BE ie Rhy Otel be Rad | Orme 4 zay , We +s Zyy ote op dx? Dx Oy 2y7 FORMING P DE« Can be done in two wagys * ) Eliminating arbitary constants Example Form 4 PDE fiom the eqn oe? ty? + (2-0)? sq? eho Gl Ela" WT be lib avbittary concent at and Te partially differen tiqng (D wrt x jwe get Qn 4 2(z-c) az =o. ox ty tZ-22¢ 46% 24? =() differentoting prtially wort x 2x4 92:82) - be az io 2x aoa Sz) 6 xt+@-d2z ie x+ be: Mae, @) since) P= aa differentiates 1) portintly. wrt ats dy + re st #0 ee |For ) x+(2-c) Pe =0.- fii | Ditlerentiating (partially wrt _y | y+a (z-¢) dz =0 ey .) gt @-<) g =o... ti thrincting «fom (3) > (| | fom @) z2-@ 2 x P. Wing this fatue of 2-6 it )iwe get | [eee | JP eq" ° tle a JR =x de =0 i} x y | Example mia PDE form z= f (2-y) inte Sourtion z= (&?-y*) 3 z= f{x°- fy* Herentating up + *q20 EXERCISE Fam a PPE from; z= ta) Gyre) a= ty +bx tayrab =yte iN] Etcnination of arbitrary _ J | | functions | EIG ] ze (= ty) se —je IfAes) “89D Be ag t ade ay ry de oy = 2 Inte ais | +22 22 bz = yde +21 oe ye 2-82-22) ox ay Rem pr oz a 22 oe 2y Z= pq. SOLVING PDEs 5 Solution by direction integration. Exam pli - iz] = xy ox 2y Subject 4p the condition z 2G.) = cos y Selation : ee aay Integ rating wet x, we obtain 35 = a y +) (x.0) =z] wrt Yee obtarn $+ fry ) dy + 9(x) x3, * 2ytt Ft g ()..() we +30)... (i) 4 where FU)= S4ey) 4y Bz +1 cos (0x+3y) +2 fe are? md yo in @] | ay tit Rasa) ++ AG) +6 gets x 0+ F(0) +9 =) Seer epee tka Bg the value of g(x) into i, Integrating Gy) wrt y we 5e ' ob n (ax43y)+x [oy dyt z= x2y* + Fy) +2*- F(0)...() 4 A Te ae Hie | sist fasta in Jog * + 7 Beye gt FQ) -FO) ae (ax 435) + by +e (y) Putting the Fett of Fly) in Wi), we obtain Solve 1 W p26 1G Zed x3y* + cos y-4 zee aa Ty et eer ps + x* - F (0) pratt 44 Glee). 2. x3 ytycos y — 1 y?- tao” | B2z = sin x sin _y & G x dy if scample 2. _ 3 lal wial f_lesd| 2 do Solve 932 = cas (ax + 3y) = ey ax*d au qs Goln Z= Sin e+ Qos x. 232 = cos (2x4 By) TT) dx ay Intecrating 0) wrk x 32 = 1 sin (24 + ay) +44) axey 2 pe (| Integeting (i) wrt ye V) 2 an coe ee + 24 a

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