Scribd
Upload
3 views12 pages

Lecture-2 Line Coding

The document provides a detailed guide on generating Unipolar Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) and Unipolar Return-to-Zero (RZ) signals from a binary sequence using MATLAB. It outlines the steps to define the binary sequence, set parameters, initialize the signal, generate the signal through loops, create a time axis, and plot the final signal with annotations. Complete MATLAB code is included for both NRZ and RZ signal generation.

Uploaded by

roy5th.6th
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views12 pages

Lecture-2 Line Coding

The document provides a detailed guide on generating Unipolar Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) and Unipolar Return-to-Zero (RZ) signals from a binary sequence using MATLAB. It outlines the steps to define the binary sequence, set parameters, initialize the signal, generate the signal through loops, create a time axis, and plot the final signal with annotations. Complete MATLAB code is included for both NRZ and RZ signal generation.

Uploaded by

roy5th.6th
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Unipolar Line Coding

❑ Unipolar NRZ

Steps
➢ Define the binary sequence and parameters (bit duration and sampling rate).
➢ Create a time array for one bit and initialize an empty signal array.
➢ Use a loop to append a constant signal for each bit (high for 1, low for 0).
➢ Create a time axis for the entire signal.
➢ Plot the signal and add labels to make it easy to interpret.
Step 1: Define the Binary Sequence
binary_sequence = [1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]; % Example sequence

✓ This is the input sequence of bits you want to encode in the Unipolar NRZ format.
✓ Each 1 will be represented by a high signal (e.g., 1), and each 0 by a low signal (e.g., 0).
✓ Replace this array with your desired binary data.

Step 2: Set Parameters


bit_duration = 1;
sampling_rate = 1000;
t_bit = linspace(0, bit_duration, sampling_rate);

✓ bit_duration: The time duration for each bit (e.g., 1 second).


✓ sampling_rate: The number of points to represent each second. A higher sampling rate gives smoother plots.
✓ t_bit: Creates a time array for one bit. This helps in defining the signal's shape for a single bit.

Step 3: Initialize the Signal


nrz_signal = [];

✓ nrz_signal: This will store the final signal. Initially, it’s empty and will be filled bit by bit.
Step 4: Loop Through Each Bit to Generate the Signal
for bit = binary_sequence
if bit == 1
% For bit '1', the signal is at a high level (e.g., 1)
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal, ones(1, length(t_bit))];
else
% For bit '0', the signal is at a low level (e.g., 0)
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal, zeros(1, length(t_bit))];
end
End

✓ Loop through each bit in binary_sequence.


✓ If the bit is 1, append a high-level signal (array of ones) to nrz_signal.
✓ If the bit is 0, append a low-level signal (array of zeros) to nrz_signal.
✓ The use of ones and zeros ensures the signal has a constant level for the duration of each bit.

Step 5: Create the Time Axis


total_time = length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration;
time_axis = linspace(0, total_time, length(nrz_signal));

✓ total_time: Calculate the total duration of the signal by multiplying the number of bits by bit_duration.
✓ time_axis: Create a time array that spans the entire signal, ensuring proper alignment for plotting.
Step 6: Plot the Signal
figure;
plot(time_axis, nrz_signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unipolar Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) Signal');
grid on;

✓ plot: Plots the NRZ signal against the time axis.


✓ ylim: Limits the y-axis to make the plot easier to interpret.
✓ Labels (xlabel, ylabel, title) and grid are added for clarity.

Step 7: Annotate the Binary Sequence


binary_labels = arrayfun(@num2str, binary_sequence, 'UniformOutput', false);
for i = 1:length(binary_sequence)
text((i-0.5)*bit_duration, 1.2, binary_labels{i}, 'FontSize', 12, 'HorizontalAlignment', 'center');
end

✓ arrayfun: Converts each bit to a string so you can use it as a label.


✓ text: Places the bit value above each corresponding bit in the plot.
Complete Code:
clc;clear all;close all;
binary_sequence = [1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0];
bit_duration = 1;
sampling_rate = 1000;
t_bit = linspace(0, bit_duration, sampling_rate);
nrz_signal = [];

for bit = binary_sequence


if bit == 1
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal, ones(1, length(t_bit))];
else
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal, zeros(1, length(t_bit))];
end
end

total_time = length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration;


time_axis = linspace(0, total_time, length(nrz_signal));

figure;
plot(time_axis, nrz_signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unipolar Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) Signal');
grid on;

binary_labels = arrayfun(@num2str, binary_sequence, 'UniformOutput', false);


for i = 1:length(binary_sequence)
text((i-0.5)*bit_duration, 1.2, binary_labels{i}, 'FontSize', 12, 'HorizontalAlignment', 'center');
end
Unipolar RZ
1. Define the Binary Sequence
binary_sequence = [1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0];

✓ Input the binary data you want to encode in Unipolar RZ format.


✓ Modify this sequence to test with different binary values.

2. Set Parameters
bit_duration = 1;
sampling_rate = 1000;
t_bit = linspace(0, bit_duration, sampling_rate);

✓ bit_duration: Time allocated to each bit in the signal.


✓ sampling_rate: Determines the resolution of the signal.
✓ t_bit: Creates a time vector for one bit.

3. Initialize the Signal


rz_signal = [];

✓ An empty array to store the entire Unipolar RZ signal.


4. Generate the RZ Signal
for bit = binary_sequence
if bit == 1
rz_high = [ones(1, length(t_bit)/2), zeros(1, length(t_bit)/2)];
else
rz_high = zeros(1, length(t_bit));
end
rz_signal = [rz_signal, rz_high];
end

✓ Loop through each bit in the binary sequence:


✓ For 1: High level for the first half, then return to zero.
✓ For 0: Always low level.
✓ Append the generated signal for each bit to the final signal array.

5. Create the Time Axis


total_time = length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration;
time_axis = linspace(0, total_time, length(rz_signal));

✓ Compute the total duration of the signal.


✓ Create a time array for plotting the entire signal.
6. Plot the RZ Signal
figure;
plot(time_axis, rz_signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5, 1.5]); % Adjust y-axis limits for better visibility
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unipolar Return-to-Zero (RZ) Signal');
grid on;

✓ Plot the signal against the time axis.


✓ Use ylim to control the range of the y-axis for clear visualization.

7. Annotate the Binary Sequence


binary_labels = arrayfun(@num2str, binary_sequence, 'UniformOutput', false);
for i = 1:length(binary_sequence)
text((i-0.5)*bit_duration, 1.2, binary_labels{i}, 'FontSize', 12, 'HorizontalAlignment', 'center');
end

✓ Add text above each bit interval to show the corresponding binary value.
Complte Code:
clc;clear all;close all;
binary_sequence = [1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0];
bit_duration = 1;
sampling_rate = 1000;
t_bit = linspace(0, bit_duration, sampling_rate);
rz_signal = [];

for bit = binary_sequence


if bit == 1
rz_high = [ones(1, length(t_bit)/2), zeros(1, length(t_bit)/2)];
else
rz_high = zeros(1, length(t_bit));
end
rz_signal = [rz_signal, rz_high];
end

total_time = length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration;


time_axis = linspace(0, total_time, length(rz_signal));

figure;
plot(time_axis, rz_signal, 'LineWidth', 2);
ylim([-0.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unipolar Return-to-Zero (RZ) Signal');
grid on;

binary_labels = arrayfun(@num2str, binary_sequence, 'UniformOutput', false);


for i = 1:length(binary_sequence)
text((i-0.5)*bit_duration, 1.2, binary_labels{i}, 'FontSize', 12, 'HorizontalAlignment', 'center');
end
Thank You!

You might also like