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1.Read through the following extract from prescribed text and write short answe1.

SUBJECT-PHYSICS UNIT-7 CLASS-XII DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

I. Answer within Two/ three sentences. 2 marks each

1. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation and identify the symbols used in it.
1 2
A. mvmax = hf−w0
2

w0 =h f0
2 1
where 2mvmax = Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons.

h= Planck's constant
f = frequency of the incident light.
w0= work function (Threshold energy)
f0 = Threshold frequency = Minimum frequency of incident light that just causes photo-emission.
2. Explain briefly about wave particle duality.
A. According to de Broglie, a material particle in motion is associated with a wave called matter wave.
According to him the wavelength (𝜆) associated with such a particle is given by
h h h
𝜆 = p = mV =
√2mEk

where h = Planck's constant

m = mass of a particle moving with velocity
V and kinetic Energy, Ek .
So according to de Broglie, matter like energy, has both particle and wave nature.
Depending on the external conditions of the experiment the particle or wave aspect is prominent.

II. Answer within six sentences

3.Mention the limitations or deficiencies of the Bohr's atomic model.
A. Bohr's atomic model failed to explain
(i) actual orbits which are elliptical
(ii) the wave nature of electrons
(iii) the spectra of multielectron atoms.

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(iv) the fine structure of the spectral lines of hydrogen atom.
4. What happens to the energy and number of photoelectrons if
(a) frequency and intensity of incident light is kept constant but target material is changed
(b) the intensity of light is changed keeping the target and frequency of light constant.
A. (a) Since intensity of incident light is kept 1560s constant the number of electrons ejected per second does
not change.
But the K.E. = changes because
21 hc
Ek = 2mvmax = − w0
𝜆

w0 changes with the change of target material.

(b) When the intensity of incident light is changed the number of photoelectrons ejected per second changes
but the kinetic energy of electrons does not change.
5.What will happen to the number of photoelectrons ejected per second and the speed of fastest electrons
when the wavelength of incident light (a) increases and (b) decreases.
A. We know
1 2
mvmax = hf – w0 = hf – hf0
2

1 1
= hc (𝜆 − 𝜆 )
0

(a) As λ increases Vmax decreases, then becomes zero and finally photoemission stops for λ = 𝜆0
1 1
If = 𝜆 , i. e = 𝜆 = 𝜆0
𝜆 0

1 1
And 𝜆 < 𝜆 , i.e. 𝜆 > 𝜆0
0

Where 𝜆0 = Threshold wavelength.

1 1
(b) If λ decreases > 𝜆 > 𝜆
0

there will be photoemission and Vmax increases.

For both the cases the number electrons ejected per second does not change. Because the number of
electrons ejected depends directly on the intensity of incident light.
6. Mention at least two important properties of de-Broglie waves.
A.(1) The wavelength of de-Broglie waves is given by
h h h
𝜆 = p = mV =
√2mEk

where h = Planck's constant

m = mass of a particle moving with velocity V and kinetic Energy, E k
2
(2) Velocity of matter waves is
c2
u= V
Where c = velocity of electro-magnetic waves
= velocity of light
V= velocity of the particle.
(i)If V = Vmax = c then
u = c = minimum
(ii) If v = 0 means the particle is rest, then
u=∞ = maximum.

Hence c ≤ u ≤ ∞ That means wave velocity of particles can be more than c.

III. Solve the following problems 2 marks each

1. Threshold wavelength for a metal is 6000 A°. What is the threshold frequency?
A. Threshold frequency
c 3×108
F0 = 𝜆 = 6000×10-10
0

= 5×1014 Hertz.
2.Calculate the energy associated with a photon of wavelength 5000 A°, in eV.
A. We know
hc 6.6×10-34 ×3×108
E= hf = =
𝜆 5000×10-10

or, E = 3.96 × 10-19 Joules

3.96×10-19
[In electron volt E = 1.6×10-19

or, E=2.475 eV.]

3.Calculate the wavelength of a photon of energy 10 eV.
hc
A. We know E= 𝜆
hc
Or, λ = E

6.6×10-34 ×3×108
= 10×1.6×10-19

or, λ = 12.375 × 10-8m

or, λ = 1237.5 × 10-8m
or, λ = 1237.5A°

3
4. The frequency of a radiation is 6x1014 Hz. Calculate the energy per photon of this radiation
(h=6.24 x 10-34J.S)
A. We know that E = hf
= (6.24 x 10-34) J.S. x 6 x 1014 Hz.
E = 37.44 x 10-20 Joules.
Actually, E = nhf
Where n = number of photons.
Now energy per photon is
E
=hf=37.44 x 10-20 Joules
h

5.Calculate the number of photons emitted from the red line (6560A°) of hydrogen of energy 0.1 Joule
[Use standard data]
A. We know
nhf
E = nhf = 𝜆

Where n = number of Photons emitted.

𝜆E 6560×10-10 ×10-1
Hence, n = hc = 6.62×10-34×3×108

or, n = 33.031 × 1016 photons

6. Radiation of wavelength 5000A° incidents on a metal surface to just cause photo emission. Calculate the
work function of the metal.
A. Work function of the metal,
hc
W= 𝜆
0

6.6×10-34 ×3×108
= 5000×10-10

= 3.96×10-19 joule
3.96×10-19
= 1.6×10-19

W =2.475 eV
7. Calculate the maximum kinetic ho energy of the emitted photo electrons if the incident radiation on the
metal surface is of 8000A°. [ Take W = 1.2eV ]
1 hc
A. Maximum K.E is 2 mv2 = ( 𝜆 − W)

hc 6.6×10-34 ×3×108
Now =
𝜆 8000×10-10
4
 = 2.475× 10-19 Joule
2.475×10-19
=( ) eV
1.6×10-19

= 1.547 eV
1 hc
So, 2 mv2 = − W = (1.547−1.200) eV
𝜆

= 0.347 eV
= 0.347 x 1.6 × 10-19 Joule
= 0.5552 × 10-19 Joule
8. Find the deBroglie wavelength of electrons which are accelerated by 10,00 volts.
A. The kinetic energy is
Ek = e V = 1.6 x 10-19 x 1000
= 1.6x 10-16 Joule
h h h
Now λ = p = mV =
√2mEk

6.62×10-34
or, λ = 1
(2×9.1×10-31 ×1.6×10-16 )2

or, λ = 0.123A°
9.The work function of a metal is 1.2eV. Calculate the threshold wavelength.
A. We know that
Work function
hc
W = hf0 = 𝜆
0

Where the threshold wavelength, o is given by

hc
𝜆0 = W

6.62×10-34 ×3×108 Joule.m

= 1.2×1.6×10-19 Joule

or, 𝜆0 = 10,312.5× 10 -10 m

or, λ = 10,312.5 A°
1
10. The figure shows v2 versus 𝜆 graph for photoelectrons emitted from a surface where vm is the maximum
speed of electrons and 𝜆 is the wavelength of incident radiation. Using this graph and Einstein's photoelectric
equation, obtain the expression for Planck's constant and work function of the surface.

5
A. Einstein's photoelectric equation is
1
mv 2m = hv − 𝜙0 ( 𝜃0 = work function, h= planck’s constant)
2
1 hc
Or, mv 2m = − 𝜙0
2 𝜆
2hc 1 2𝜙0
v 2m = ×𝜆−
m m
1
Hence v 2m ~ 𝜆 graph is a straight line having .

v2m 2hc
Slope = 1 =
m
𝜆

⇒ Planck's constant,
m m
h = slope × (2c) = 2c tan𝜃
2𝜙0
Intercept, OP = m
m
⇒ Work function 𝜙0 = × Intercept, OP
2

11. How will the De Broglie wavelength associated with an electron be affected when the (i) velocity of the
electron decreases ? and (ii) accelerating potential is increased? Justify your answer.
A. de Broglie relation is
h h h h
λ = mv = p = =
√2mk √2m eV

V= velocity
V = accelerating potential
1
(i) If velocity (v) of the electron decreases, de Broglie wavelength (λ) increases since λ α .
v
1
(ii) If accelerating potential (V)is increased, de Broglie wavelength (λ) decreases since λ α i.e λ is inversely
√V
proportional to square root of accelerating potential.
12. How would the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface change if (i) the frequency of the
incident radiation were increased ? and (ii) the intensity of incident radiation were decreased? Justify your
answers.
A.(i) Stopping potential (V) increases with increase in frequency (V) of incident radiation since eV = hv where
e = charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant.

6
(ii) Stopping potential does not change even if intensity of incident radiation decreases because maximum
Kinetic energy of emitted electrons does not depend on intensity of incident radiation.
13. Plot a graph showing the variation of photo electric current, as a function of anode potential for two light
beams having the same frequency but different intensities I1 and I2 (I1 > I2). Mention its important features.
A. The variation of photoelectric current with anode (collector) potential for same frequency but different
intensities is shown in the figure.

3 MARKS EACH
14. Calculate the stopping potential if the wavelength of incident radiation is 4000 A° and work function of
emitter is 2.415 eV.
A. From Einstein's photoelectric equation
1 hc
mv2 = ( 𝜆 − W)
2

Also mv2= eV0

where V0 = stopping potential
and e = electronic charge.
hc
So, eV0 = ( 𝜆 ) − W

hc 6.6×10-34 ×3×108
Now, =
𝜆 4000×10-10

= 4.95 x 10-19 Joule

4.95×10-19
= eV
1.6×10-19

= 3.094 eV.
Hence eV0 = (3.094−W) eV
= (3.094−2.475) eV
= 0.619×1.6 × 10-19 Joule
0.619×1.6×10-19 Joule
So, V0 = 1.6×10-19 Coul

=0.619 volts = Stopping potential

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15. The velocity of photoelectrons is 106 m/s when light of 4000A° falls on the metal surface. Calculate the
work function of the metal.
A. From the Einstein's photoelectric equation we have
1 hc
mv2 = ( 𝜆 − W)
2

So work function,
hc 1
W= − 2 mv2
𝜆

6.6×10-34 ×3×108 1
=( )− (9.1 × 10-31 )(106 )2
4000×10-10 2

= 4.95 x 10-19 Joule — 4.55 x 10-19 Joule

0.4×10-19
or, W = 0.4 x 10-19 Joule = 1.6×10-19
W =.025 eV or,
16. A particle is associated with a de Broglie wave of wavelength 1.2 nm. The kinetic energy of the particle is
made four times. Calculate the new value of the wavelength of the wave.
h 1
A. d Broglie wavelength (𝜆) ie 𝜆 𝛼
√2m √Ek

𝜆 E
Hence 𝜆1 = √Ek2
2 k1

1.2nm 4E
Or, = √ E k2 = 2
𝜆2 k1

1.2nm
Or, λ2 = = 0.6 nm
2

Hence when Kinetic energy is made 4 times de Broglie wavelength is halved.

500
17. Calculate the wavelength of de Broglie waves associated with a proton having (1.673)eV energy.How will
the wavelength be affected for an alpha particle having the same energy.
h
A. Hints: de Broglie wavelength, λ =
√2m Ek

500
Given Ek = (1.673)eV

Since the mass of alpha particle is 4 times that of a proton, de Broglie wavelength will be halved.
18.(a) A particle of mass m and charge is accelerated through a potential difference V. Plot a graph of de
Broglie wavelength λ associated with it as a function of V.
(b) Calculate the energy acquired by and de Broglie wavelength associated with, and electron accelerated
through a potential difference of 400 V.
h 1
A.(a)de Broglie wavelength, λ = i. e λ α
√2m qV √V

8
The graph of λ versus V is shown here.

(b) Energy acquired by electron Ek = eV = 1.6 x 10C-19 x 400 V = 6.4 x 10-17 Joule
de Broglie wavelength,
h h
λ = mv =
√2m Ek

6.62×10-34
= √2×9.1×10-31 m
×6.4×10-37

19. (a) The figure shows de Broglie wavelength (λ) for two particles A and B having same charges but different
1
masses as a function of , where V is the potential through which the particles are accelerated.
√V

(i) Which of them is heavier and why?

(ii) What does the slope of the line represent?
(b) Calculate the momentum of an electron having de Broglie wavelength of 3.0 A°
h 1 1
A. (a) Since de Broglie wavelength, λ = 𝑖. 𝑒 λ α and λ α
√2m eV √V √m
1
Hence curve B represents heavier mass since λ α
√m

h
(ii) The slope of the line represents ( )
√2me

h
(b) de Broglie wavelength, λ = P(momentum)

hence
h 6.63×10-34
P=𝜆 = = 2.21 x 10-24 kg m/s
3×10-10