MATHEMATICS PROJECT
Bhavya Khanna
XI A
CONIC SECTIONS
HISTORY
Thenames parabola and hyperbola are given by
APOLLONIUS.These curves are in fact, known as
CONIC SECTIONS or more commonly CONICS
because they can be obtained as intersections of a plane
with a double napped right circular cone. These curves
have a very wide range of application in fields such as
planetary motion, design of telescopes and reflectors in
flash lights and automobile headlights, etc.
SECTIONS OF A
CONE
Let l be a fixed verticalline and m
beanother line intersecting it at a
fixed point V and inclined to it at an
l m
angle α.
Suppose we rotate the line m
around the line l in such a way that
the angle α remains constant.
V
Then the surface generated is a
double-napped right circular hollow
cone herein after referred as cone
and extending indefinitely far in
both directions.
The point V is called the vertex;
The line l is the axis of the cone.
The rotating line m is called a generator
of the cone. The vertex separates the cone
into two parts called nappes.
If we take the intersection of a plane with
a cone, the section so obtained is called a
conic section.
Thus, conic sections are the curves
obtained by intersecting a right circular
cone by a plane.
Let ß be the angle made by the
intersecting plane with the vertical axis.
The intersection of the plane can take place
in any axis.
CONIC SECTION
When aright circular cone isintersected by a plane, the curves obtained
areknown as conic sections.
If the plane which cuts the cone is parallel the generator, then the conic
section obtained is called PARABOLA.
When the plane which cuts the cone is not parallel to the generator, then
the conic section obtained is called an ELLIPSE.
When the plane which cuts the cone is parallel to the axis, then the conic
section is called HYPERBOLA .
Conic Sections
When the planecutsthenappe(otherthan the vertex) of the cone, we
have the following situations :
(a) When β = 90º, the section is a
circle.
(b) When α < β < 90º, the section is
an ellipse.
(c) When β = α; the section is a
parabola
(d) When 0 ≤ β < α; the plane cuts
through both the nappes and the
curves of intersection is a hyperbola
When the plane cuts at the vertex of the cone, we have the
following different cases:
(a) When α < β ≤ 90o, then the
section is a point
(b) When β = α, the plane contains a
generator of the cone and the
section is a straight line. It is the
degenerated case of a parabola.
CIRCLE
Circle
A Circle is the setofallpointsinaplanethat are equidistant
from a fixed pointintheplane.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the
distance from the centre to a point on the circle is called the
radius of the circle
EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
Given C (h, k) be the centre and r the radius of circle. Let P(x,
y) be any point on the circle. Then, by the definition, | CP | =
r . By the distance formula,
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
PARABOLA
Parabola
A parabola is thesetofallpointsinaplanethatare equidistant
from a fixed lineandafixedpoint(noton the line)in the plane.
A line through the focus
and perpendicular to the
directrix is called the axis
of the parabola. The point
of intersection of the
parabola with the axis is
called the vertex of the
The fixed line is called the parabola.
directrix of the parabola and
the fixed point F is called the
focus .(‘Para’ means ‘for’ and
‘bola’ means ‘throwing’, i.e., the
shape described when you
throw a ball in the air).
STANDARD EQUATION
OF PARABOLA
Let Fbe the focus and l the
directrix. l Y
Let FM be perpendicular to the
directrix and bisect FM at the point
O. X’ X
M O
F (a,0)
ProduceMOto X.
By the definition of parabola, the
mid-point O is on the parabola and Y’
is called the vertex of the parabola.
Take O as origin, OX as x-axis and OY perpendicular to it as the y-
axis.
Let the distance from the directrix to the focus be 2a.
Then, the coordinates of the focus are (a, 0), and the equation of
the directrix is x + a = 0.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the
parabola such that PF = PB, ... (1)
where PB is perpendicular to l.
l Y
The coordinates of B are (– a, y).
By the distance formula, we have
(-a, y) B P
M (x,y) PF = (x – a)2 + y2 and PB = (x + a)2
X’ X Since PF = PB, we have
O
F (a,0) (x – a)2 + y2 = (x + a)2
x = -a
x2 – 2ax + a2 + y2 = x2 + 2ax + a2
Y’
y2 = 4ax ( a > 0). …(2)
And so, P(x, y) lies on the parabola.
Or
,
LATUS RECTUM
Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segmentperpendicular to
the axis of the parabola, through the focus and whose end
points lie on the parabola.
To find the Length of the latus
rectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax. l Y A
By the definition of the parabola, C
AF = AC.
But AC = FM = 2a X’ X
Hence AF = 2a. M O F (a, 0)
And since the parabola is symmetric with
respect to x-axis AF = FB and so
AB = Length of the latus rectum = 4a.
Y B
PARABOLA OF THE TYPE, y2=-4ax , a>0
CHARACTRISTICS
Focus (-a,0)
Equation of the axis isy= 0
Equation of the directrix is x-a= 0
Length of the latus rectum = 4a units
PARABOLA OF THE TYPE , x2=4ay , a>0
CHARACTRISTICS
Focus (0,a)
Equation of the axis is x= 0
Equation of the directrix is y+a= 0
Length of the latus rectum = 4a units
PARABOLA OF THE TYPE , x2=-4ay , a>0
CHARACTRISTICS
Focus (0,-a)
Equation of the axis isx= 0
Equation of the directrix is y-a= 0
Length of the latus rectum = 4a units
ELLIPSE
Ellipse
An ellipse isthe set ofall points in aplane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points in theplane is a constant.
P2 P3
P1
Focus Focus
F1 F2
P1F1 + P1F2 = P2F1 + P2F2 = P3F1 +
P3F2
The two fixed points are called the foci (plural of ‘focus’) of the
ellipse.
The mid point of the line segment joining the foci is called the
centre of the ellipse.
The line segment through the foci of the ellipse is called the
major axis.
The line segment through the centre and perpendicular to the
major axis is called the minor axis.
The end points of the major axis are called the vertices of the
ellipse.
We denote the length of the major axis by 2a, the length of the
minor axis by 2b and the distance between the foci by 2ae (2c).
Thus the length of the semi major axis is a and that of the semi
minor axis is b.
STANDARD EQUATION OF THE ELLIPSE:-
Let F1 and F2 be the foci and 0 be the mid-point of the
line segment F1 , F2. let 0 be the origin and the line from
0 through F1 be the positive s-axis and through F2 as
the negative axis. Let the line through 0 perpendicular
to the x-axis be the y-axis. Let the coordinates of F1 and
F2 be F1(ae,0) and F2(-ae,0). Let P(x,y) be any point on
the ellipse. Such that sum of the distance from P to the
two foci be 2a.
By definition of the ellipse,
PF1+PF2= constant
PF1+PF2=2a
= 2a
Squaring both the sides,
x2+2xae+a2e2+y2=4a2-4a +y2 +(x-ae)2+y2
x2+2xae+a2e2=4a2-4a +x2-2xae+a2e2
4xae=4a2-4a
4a(xe)= 4a [a- ]
=a-xe
Squaring again,
x2-2xae+a2e2+y2= a2-2xae+x2e2
(x2-x2e2)+y2= a2-a2e2
x2(1-e2)+y2= a2(1-e)2
,where b2= a2(1- e2)
HereABandCDarethelatusrectum
Let AF1= k(say)
Therefore, (ae,k)
SinceA(ae,k)lieson ,
b2=a2(1-e2)
Therefore, length of the latus rectum = units
ECCENTRICIT Y:-
The eccentricityofanellipseistheratioofthe distance from the
centeroftheellipsetooneofthefociandtoone of the vertices of the
ellipseandisdenotedby ‘e’.
Ellipse of the type:
(Major axis along y-axis )
Vertex (0,±a)
Foci(0, ± ae)
Length of the minor
axis =2a
Length of the latus
rectum = units
HYPERBOLA
THE HYPERBOLA
The plane that intersects the cone is
parallel to the axis of symmetry of
the cone.
HYPERBOLA :-
A hyperbola is the set of all the points in a plane the
difference of whose distance from two fixed points in the
plane is the constant.
The two fixed points are called the foci of the hyperbola
The mid-point of the line segment joining the foci is
called the centre of the hyperbola.
The line through the foci is called the TRANSVERSE
AXIS and the line through the centre and perpendicular t
the transverse axis is called the CONJUGATE AXIS.
The points at which the hyperbola intersects the
transverse axis are called the VERTEX of the hyperbola.
Distance between two foci =2ae. Length of the transver
axis =2a and the length of the conjugate axis =2b.
STANDARD EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA:-
Let F1 and F2 be the foci 0 be the mid-point of the line
segment F1 ,F2. Let 0 be the origin and the line through 0
through F1 be the positive x-axis and through F2 be the
negative x-axis. The line through 0 perpendicular to x-ax
be the y-axis. Let the coordinates of F1 and F2 be F1(ae, 0
and F2(-ae, 0).
Let P(x,y) be any point on the hyperbola, such that
PF2-PF1 =2a
PF2 =2a+PF1
(x+ae)2+y2=4a2+4a
+ (x-ae)2+y2
x2+2xae+a2e2 =4a2+4a +x2-2xae+a2e2
4xae-4a2 =4a
4a(xe-a) =4a
(xe-a)2 =(x-ae)2+y2
x2e2-2xae+a2=x2-2xae+a2e2+y2
(x2e2-x2)-y2 =a2e2-a2
x2(e2-1)-y2 =a2(e2-1)
,where b2 =a2(e2-1)
HYPERBOLA OF THE TYPE
Vertices (0, ±a)
Foci (0, ±ae)
THANK YOU
Thank you for
your kind
attention. This
power point
presentation was
created by
Bhavya Khanna
class XI
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