RPS PUBLIC SCHOOL, DADRI

(An English Medium Co-educational School)

Class – 10th Digital Library
UNIT-3: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example: - In a stationary shop, detailed records of
the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several
files; we would use database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These
database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer system

Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software package with computer
programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows different user
application programs to concurrently access the same database. Some of the DBMS are Oracle, IBM DB2, and
Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Advantages of Database:-
Reduces Data Redundancy: no chance of encountering duplicate data
Sharing of Data: The users of the database can share the data among themselves
Data Integrity: Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent in the database
Data Security: Only authorized users are allowed to access the database and their identity is authenticated
using a username and password
Privacy: The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a database according to
its privacy constraints
Backup and Recovery: Database Management System automatically takes care of backup and recovery.
Data Consistency: Data Consistency means there should be multiple mismatching copies of the same data.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field. Relational is suitable
for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the
DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers are accessed through command line or graphic
user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data
access is referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS: - A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system that is based
on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples
(rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is a relational
database.

Database Concepts: - Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing information.
1. Item: - Item is about which information is stored in the database.
2. Field: - Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
3. Record: - Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your database about one of the items.
4. Value: - Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while adding information to your
database.

For example, Database: Employee

Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Address Emp_Designa Emp_Contact Emp_Salary

tion No

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs. 50000

Item: Employee
Field: Emp_Code, Emp_Name, Emp_Address, Emp_Designation, Emp_ContactNo, Emp_Salary
Record:

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654321 Rs. 50,000

5. Key Field: - Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record. E.g. E001 which is unique to every
employee

Important Question: - How data is organized in a RDBMS?

Ans: - In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

TABLE: - A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal
rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.

COLUMNS OR FIELD: - A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table.
For E.g. Emp_Code, Emp_Name, Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES: - A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each row in a table
represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.

DATA TYPES: - Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store in the database.

Categories of data types: - Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-
1. Numeric Types
2. Alphanumeric Types
3. Binary Types
4. Date Time
5. Other variable Types
NUMERIC TYPES: - They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data type’s available are-
1. Boolean (Yes / No) 6. Numeric
2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal
3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real
4. Integer 9. Float
5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different data types available in alphanumeric types are
1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)
2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)
3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)
4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisons are not case sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-
Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing photos, music files or (in
general file of any format) etc.
The list of different data types available in Binary types are:-
1. LongVarBinary (Image)
2. Binary (Binary (fix)
3. VarBinary (Binary)

DATE TIME:-
Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the table of a database. It
can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.
The list of different data types available in Date Time type are:-
1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
2. Time (Store hour, minute and second information)
3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

PRIMARY KEY: - A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These keys are also indexed in
the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY: - The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a
column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

Note: - The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK (Primary Key) Attributes to be
copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK (Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it: one, parent, PK (Primary Key); many, child, FK (Foreign Key)

There are two types of languages:-

1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DATA DEFINITION/ DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that define the different
structures in a database. DDL statements create, modify and remove database objects such as tables, indexes
and users.

Common DDL Statements are:-

1. Create: - Used to create database objects.
2. Alter: - Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop: - Used to delete database objects.

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: - It is a standard for commands that enables users to access and manipulate
data in a database.

Common DML Statements are:-

1. SELECT: - Used for retrieval of information from the database.
2. INSERT: - Used for insertion of new information into the database.
3. DELETE: - Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE: - Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-
1. Procedural: - The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.
2. Non Procedural: - The user only specifies what data is needed.

Note: - A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query Language.)

Below database as an example, to show you how to write commands…

Employee_Info

Empl Employ Emergency Count

PhoneNumber Address City
oyeeID eeName ContactName ry

01 Shanay Abhin 98987656 Oberoi Mumbai India

a ay 12 Street 23

Marathalli

02 Anay Soum 94321567 House No Delhi India

ya 83 23

03 Preeti Roha 97642345 Queens Bangalo India

Road 45 r
n 19
e
CREATE: To create Table
CREATE TABLE Employee_Info

DROP: To Delete
DROP DATABASE Employee (complete information present in the database will be lost)
DROP TABLE TableName (complete information present in the table will be lost)

TRUNCATE Table Employee_Info (your information will be lost, but not the table)

ALTER: This statement is used to add, delete, and modify columns in an existing table
ALTER TABLE Employee_Info ADD BloodGroup varchar (255);

INSERT: This statement is used to insert new records into the table.
INSERT INTO Employee_Info
VALUES ('02', 'Anay','Soumya', '9432156783', 'Marathalli House No 23', 'Delhi', 'India');

UPDATE: This statement is used to modify the records already present in the table
UPDATE Employee_Info SET EmployeeName='Aahana', City= 'Ahmedabad' WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

DELETE: This statement is used to delete the existing records in a table

DELETE FROM Employee_Info WHERE EmployeeName='Preeti';

SELECT: This statement is used to select data from a database and the data returned is stored in a result table,
called the result- set.
SELECT EmployeeID, EmployeeName FROM Employee_Info;

(*) is used to select all from the table SELECT * FROM Employee_Info;