AISSCE:2024-25

To Verify Bernoulli’s
Theorem
NAME: BHARGAV SINGHA
CLASS: XI
ROLL NUMBER: 10
 SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

“Department of Physics”

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that BHARGAV SINGHA, a student of class XI has

successfully completed the research on the project under the guidance of Mr.
SOUMEN JANA, subject teacher during the year 2024-25 conducted by
SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.

Signature of Principal Signature of Assistant

PHYSICS Teacher
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project entitled “TO VERIFY BERNOULLI’S
THEOREM” has been developed successfully by me under the guidance of Mr.
Soumen Jana, Teacher at Dept. of Physics at Sudhir Memorial Institute, Tamluk
for the partial fulfilment of project (Practical Examination of Physics) conducted
by CBSE, New Delhi for the academic session of 2024-25.

I also declare that this project work has neither been submitted to any other board
nor published at any time by me in the past.

BHARGAV SINGHA
Roll no. 10
Class: XI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my Physics teacher Mr. SOUMEN JANA, whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and makes
it full proof success. His suggestions and his instruction have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a
lot.
 INDEX
PAGE NO.
SL NO DESCRIPTION
FROM TO

01 Aim of project

02 Introduction

03 Theory

04 Apparatus

05 Law

06 Conclusion

07 Bibliography

08 Signature Page
 AIM OF PROJECT

The Aim of the Project entitled “To Verify Bernoulli’s theorem”:

1. To demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging

pipe section.

2. The objective is to validate Bernoulli’s assumptions and theorem by

experimentally proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation
along a streamline always remains a constant
 INTRODUCTION

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a

fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in
the fluid's potential energy. The principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, as
mentioned before, who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Although
Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it
was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752.
The principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects
of irreversible processes(like turbulence) and non-adiabatic processes(e.g. heat
radiation) are small and can be neglected.

Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in

various forms of Bernoulli's equation; there are different forms of Bernoulli's
equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's equation is
valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows and gases moving at low
Mach number). More advanced forms may be applied to compressible flows at
higher Mach numbers.

Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy.

This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a
streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum
of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant. Thus an
increase in the speed of the fluid - implying an increase in its kinetic energy
(dynamic pressure) - occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its
potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is
flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all
streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure
and gravitational potential  g h) is the same everywhere.

Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's Second Law
of Motion. If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high
pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in
front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline.
Kkk

Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is
flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases
it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher
pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be
because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.
Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where
the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest.
 THEORY

The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and

elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net
frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained when the Euler’s
equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant density (incompressible)
fluid. The constant of integration (called the Bernoulli’s constant) varies from one
streamline to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady,
frictionless, incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, it has been proven to be a
very powerful tool for fluid mechanics.

Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and

gravitational potential energy of a fluid in a container.

The formula for Bernoulli’s principle is given as follows:

1
𝑃 + (𝜌𝑣 2) + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
Where P is pressure,  is the density of the fluid, 𝑣 id its velocity, g is the
acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the fluid from the ground.
 DERIVATION
Finding the Work Done on the fluid
First, we will calculate the work done (W1) on the fluid in the region BC.

Work done is

𝑊1 = 𝑃1𝐴1(𝑣1𝛥𝑡) = 𝑃1 𝛥𝑉

Moreover, if we consider the equation of continuity, the same volume of fluid will
pass through BC and DE. Therefore, work done by the fluid on right-hand side of
the pipe or DE region is

𝑊2 = 𝑃2 𝐴2(𝑣2 𝛥𝑡) = 𝑃2 𝛥𝑉

Thus, we can consider the work done on the fluid as – P2V. Therefore, the total
work done on the fluid is

𝑊1 − 𝑊2 = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝛥𝑉

The total work done helps to convert the gravitational potential energy and kinetic
energy of the fluid. Now, consider the fluid density as ρ and the mass passing
through the pipe as ∆m in the ∆t interval of time.

Hence, 𝛥𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴1 𝑣1𝛥𝑡 = 𝜌𝛥𝑉

Change in Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy

Now, we have to calculate the change in gravitational potential energy U,

𝛥𝑈 = 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑉 (ℎ2 − ℎ1)

Similarly, the change in K or kinetic energy can be written as,

1
𝛥𝐾 = ( ) 𝜌𝛥𝑉 (𝑣22 − 𝑣12)
2

Calculation of Bernoulli’s Equation

Applying work-energy theorem in the volume of the fluid, the equation will be
1
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝛥𝑉 = ( ) 𝜌𝛥𝑉 (𝑣22 − 𝑣12) + 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑉 (ℎ2 − ℎ1)
2
Dividing each term by V, we will obtain the equation
1
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) = ( ) 𝜌 (𝑣22 − 𝑣12) + 𝜌𝑔 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
2
Rearranging the equation will yield
1 1
𝑃1 + ( ) 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝑝𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + ( ) 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝑝𝑔ℎ2
2 2
The above equation is the Bernoulli’s equation. However, the 1 and 2 of both the
sides of the equation denotes two different points along the pipe. Thus, the general
equation can be written as:
1
𝑃 + ( ) 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝑝𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
 APPARATUS

Apparatus Required: Apparatus for the verification of Bernoulli’s theorem and

measuring tank with stop watch setup for measuring the actual flow rate.
 LAW

Bernoulli’s principle states that ‘The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid
comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated
with the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains
constant.’

Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of

energy.

A practical application of Bernoulli’s Principle is the venturi tube. The venturi

tube has an air inlet that narrows to a throat (constricted point) and an outlet
section that increases in diameter toward the rear. The diameter of the outlet is the
same as that of the inlet. The mass of air entering the tube must exactly equal the
mass exiting the tube. At the constriction, the speed must increase to allow the
same amount of air to pass in the same amount of time as in all other parts of the
tube. When the air speeds up, the pressure also decreases. Past the constriction,
the airflow slows and the pressure increases.

Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and

gravitational potential energy of a fluid in a container.

The formula for Bernoulli’s principle is given as follows:

1
𝑃 + (𝜌𝑣 2) + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
Where P is pressure,  is the density of the fluid, 𝑣 id its velocity, g is the
acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the fluid from the ground.
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful and learning experience for me while working on this project.

This project took me through various aspects of project and taught me about
research and findings. It also gave me real insight into this project topic. This
project was full of thrill and joy. I learnt a lot about problem solving and how to
deal with challenges.

Thank you for giving me this project. I enjoyed every bit of doing it.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing this project. I have taken help form the following
websites:

 https://www.scribd.com/document/432491132/Physics-Project-Class-11

 https://chat.deepseek.com/

 https://chat.openai.com/
 SIGNATURE PAGE

Signature of PRINCIPAL Signature of Assistant

PHYSICS Teacher