ALLEN Mathematics HandBook

FUNCTION

1. DEFINITION:
Ii to every value (considered as real unless othorwise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to a set A,
here
comesponds one and only one finite vahuo of the mantity u which belong to set B, then y is said to be a
functiorn of Xand written as f: AR - v y is called argument or independent variable and y is
called dependent variable.
Pictorially f(x) = y
input output
yis called the inmage of x and x is the pre-image of y,
under mapping 1.
Every function f: A ’B satisfies the following
(i) fc A xB
conditions.
(iü) vaeA 3 beBsuch that (a,b) ef and
(iüi) If (a.b) ef & (a, c) ef b=c
2. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A ’ B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of 'f.
The set of allf images of elements of A is known as the range of f. Thus
Domain of f = (x | xe A, (x, f(x)) ef}
Range of f = (f(x) I x e A, f(x) eB}
Range is a subset of co-domain.
3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTION:
(a) Polynomial function :
Ifa function 'f is called by fx) = ax + ajx+ a,xn+ ....+ a,-1X + an where n is anon negative integer
and an. a,,a,....a, are real numbers and ao 0, then fis called a polynomial function of degree n.
Note :
) A
polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function. i.e. f(x) = ax, a =0
() Thereare four polynomial functions, satisfying the relation ; f(x). f(1/×) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are
(a) f(x) = x? + 1, n e N
(b) fx) = 1- xn, n e N
(c) f(x) = 0
(d) f(x) = 2
(ii) Dornain of apolynomial function is R
(iv) Range of odd degree polynomial is R whereas range of an even degree polynomial is never R
(b) Algebraic function :
Afunction f iscalled an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations (such as
addition. subtraction,multiplication, division, and taking radicals) starting with polynomials.
(c) Rational function :
g(x)
fomm y = fx
Arational function is a function of the h(x)
where go) & h) are polynomials & hx) = 0,

Domain : R-{x I h(x)=0)

algebraic function.
Any rational function is automatically an

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Mathematics HandBook
ALLR
tunction. The
() Exponential and Logarithmic Function :called an
Afunction f(x) = aa > 0), a 1, x eR is function, i.e. gx)=
log, x.
exponential
(Functions
innverse c
the exponential function is called the logarithmic graphs are as shown. are mirror
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other &their
image of each other about the line y - x)
Domain of a is R Range R
Domain of log,x 0s R' Range R

(0,1)
p a , a <0,1)
f(x)-a, a>1 (0,0

(1,0) (1,0)
y - x .

gx)-logx

|s(x)-logx
(e) Absolute value function :
It is defined as : y = Ix| y=-X y=X

x >0
-X if X<0
Also defined as max{x, -x}
Domain : R Range : [0, o)
1
Note : f(x)= Domain : R-{0} Range :R+
Properties of modulus function :
For any x, y, a e R.
(i) lx| >0 (i) lxl = |-xl
Ixl
(ii) lxyl = Ixl lyl (iv)

(v) lxl = a+ x = t a, a > 0

l a x aor xs-a. where a is positive.
(vii) lx
(viüi) lxl sa=xe a, a]. where ais positive
(x) lxl> lyl x >y'
(3) ||xl-y|slx+ylslxl+lyl
Note that (a)l xI+lyHx+ yl ’ xy >0
(b)l x|+ lyHx-yl ’ xy s0
() Signum function:
Signum functiony= sgn (x)
y=1
is defined as follows
1 for x>0
,x 0 0 for x=0
y=x y = Sgn x
|0,x =0 1 for x <0
Domain :R y = 1
Range: (-1, 0, 1)

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 Mathematics HandBook
(g) Greatest
The integer= or step up function:
functiony f(x) - (x] is
integer less than or equal to called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest
X x. Note that for:
-2,-1) -2
graph of y - Ixl
-1,0) -1 2
[0,1) 1
|1,2) 1
Domain : R 3-2!-1! Þ
-1
Range :1 2

Properties of
greatest integer function :
() x - l<(x] sX 3
< (x] + 1, 0 <x- (x]
<1
(ii) [x +y] = |[x] +lyl . (xl +lyle|0, 1)
lIx]+ly]+ 1, (x) +yle(l, 2)
(ii) [x] + [-x] = 0, xeI
|-1, x ¢I
(iv) (x} + (-x} = 0, xe I
1, x¢ I
1
Note : f(x) =
[x]
Domain : R-(0, 1) Range : (xlx= 1
nel-{O}}
n
(h) Fractional part function :
It is defined as : g(x) = (x} = X - [x] e.g.

X (x}
graph of y = (x)
-2,-1) x+2
-1,0) X+1
(0,1) X

(1,2) X-1

Domain :R Range : (0,1) Period:1

1 Domain : R-1 Range : (1, «)
Note : f(x)=
() ldentity function :
xeA is called the jidentity
The function f :A ’Adefined by t(x) = x V
function on A and is denoted by Ia:
) Constant function :
function it every element of A
f: A B is said to be constant y=C
I :A B;t(x) = c, Vxe A ce
has the same f image in B. Thus
function.
B is constant
Range: (c)
Domain : R
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Mathematics HandBook ALL
)
Trigonometric
)
functions :
Sine functlon : f(x) sin x
Domain :R Range : 1, 1, period 2r
(H) Cosine
function f(x) = cos x
:
Domain :R Range : |-1, 1], period 2r
(ti) Tangent functton : fx) =
tan x
Domain (2n +1)r
2
Range : R, period n
(iv) Cosecant function : f(x) = cosec x
Domain
:R-xlx =nn, n eI}
Range :R -1, 1), period 2r
(v) Secant
function : fx) = sec x
Domain:R -(xlx =(2n + 1) n/2:nel)
Range R --1, 1), period 2r
:
(vi) Cotangent function : f(x) = cot x
Domain : R -(xlx = nn, n el}
Range : R, period
) Inverse Trigonometric function :
() f(x) = sinl x Domain : -1, 1] Range : 2'2
(ii) f(x) = cos x Domain:-1, 1] Range : [0, n]
(iüi) f(x) = tan-' x Domain : R
Range : 2'2)
(iv) f(x) = cotl x Domain : R Range : (0, )
(v) f(x)= cosec'x Domain : R-1,1) Range :
2'2-10
(v) fx) = secl x Domain :R-+1,1) Range :(0,]
4. EQUAL ORIDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two function f & gare said to be equal if :
(a) The domain of f = the domain of g
(b) The range of f = range of g and
(c) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their
5. common domain (i.e. should
ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS: graph)
have the same
If f & g are real valued functions of x with
domain set A, B
follows:
(a) (f + glx) = f(x) ± glx), domain in each case is A o R
respectively, f + g. f- g. (f ..g) &(t)as
(b) (f glx) = fx).g(x), domain is A n B

(c) f(x) domain AnB - (x I glx) = 0}

glx)

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ALEN
6.
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
(a)
Mathematics HandBook
One-One function
A
(Injective
function A ’ Bis said to be mapping)
f:
of Ahave a
:
different f images in B. Thus forone-one function
f(x)* f(x,).
or injective mapping if different elements
x, A&
Xy E ffx,), fxz) e B,fx,)=fxy) X =Xy or
Note: xË *Xg
(i) Any
continuous function
is one-one which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain
(") T a function is one one, any line narallel to
(iii) x-axis cuts the araph of the
Non-monotonic
function
(b) Many-one function:
can also be
injective.
function at atrnost one point

A function f: A ’ B is
said to be a many one
same f image in B. function if twO or more elements of A have the
Thus f : A ’ B is many one if a
x,, Xo ¬ A, f(x;) = f(xg) but
Note : If acontinuous function has local XË # X2
atleast one line parallel to x-axis maximnum or local minimum, then fx) is many-one because
will intersect the graph of function
Total number of functions atleast twice.
= number of one-one functions + number of many-one function
(c) Onto function (Surjective) :
If range = co-domain, then f(x) is onto.
(d) Into function :
If f: A ’ B is such that there exists atleast one element in
co-domain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.
Note :
(1) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping. The bijective furnctions are also
named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(i) If aset Acontains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from A’A is
nn & out of it n! are one one and rest are many one.
(iüi) If f :R ’Ris apolynomial
(a) Of even degree, then it willneither be injective nor surjective.
(b) Of odd degree, then it will always be surjective, no general comment can be given on its injectivity.
7. cOMPOsITEOF UNIFORMLY &NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTION :
Letf:A-B&g:B-Che two functions. Then thefunction gof : A-’C defined by(gof )() - gftw) VxeA
functions f & a.
is called the composite of the two
Hence in gof(x) the range of '1 must be a subset of the domain of 'g'. x > g ¯ )

Properties of composite functions:

functions is not commutative i.e. qof foo
(a) In general composite of
(foaloh
assoClative 1.e. it I, g. h are three tunctions such that folgoh) &
b) The composite of functions 1s(fog)oh.
folgoh) =
are defined, then that gof is defined
composite of two bijections is a bijection 1.e. if t &g are two bijections such
(c) The bijection.
then gof is also a
then f is one-one but g may not be one-one.
(d) If gof is orne-one function
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Mathematics HandBook AR
8. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS
variable, twl
of
Afunction is said to be Tespect to any set
hOOqeheous
the same degrece with respet to those variabBes. t)
Symbolically if, fix,
For examples 5x2 +3y2 XV is homogenous in x & y.
f(x, y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
BOUNDED FUNCTION :
a finite
quantity.
Afunction is said to be bounded if lf(x)| s M, where Mis
10. IMPICIT & EXPUCIT FUNCTION:
e
an equation not soved for the donondent variable is caled a 0npicit Tuction.
A TUnction detined by t e i zabe
y=ldefines y as an innlicit function of x. If vhas been expressed mi
eeqduon x +
then it is called an Explicit function.
11. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
exists a unique funcion g: B sch ihat
Let i : A’B be a one-one &onto function. then their
f(x) =y g(y) = x, vxE A &y e B. Then a is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = fl: B’ A = (f(x), ×) l(x, f(x)) e fl
Properties of inverse function :
(a) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(b) If f :A ’ B is abijection & g: B ’ Ais the inverse of f, then fog - Ip and o
I, & Ip are identity functions on the sets A & Brespectively. If fof = |, then fis inverse of it
(c) The inverse of a bijection is also abijection.
( ff& aare two bijections f :A ’ B, g : B ’C& gof ex0st, then the inverse of got atso xists
(gof) f 'og
le) Since fa) -biland only if r(b)=a, the point (a, b) is on the graph of 'fif and onlv if the oit,oo
the araph of f l. But we get the point(b, a) from (a, b) by reflecting about the lie o
eneral f(x) = x
In gen f(x) - f (x).

(
t . . . . . . . .

V-Í(x)
ola, b)

The graph of f is oblaied by reflecting the graph of f about the line y

:
12. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

If afunction is such that whenever 'x' is in it's domain '-x is also in it's domain & il satis{ies
f(-x) = f(x), then it is an even function
function
and if f(-x) =f(x), then it is an odd
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ALLEN Mathematics HandBook
Note :
A function
may neither be odd nor even
() Inverse of an even
function is not defined, as it is many one function.
(m) vey even uncthon is symmetric about the
uavis & overy odd function is syrnmetric about the orgn.
(tv) Every Tuncthon which has '-x' in it's
sum of an even & an odd donmain uhernovor 'v' is in it's domain, can be
expressed as Te
function.
e.g. f(x) (x) + {x) 4
f(x) - f(-x)
2 2
EVEN ODD
(v) he only function which is defined on the entire number
lineR even and odd at the sarne time is f(x) =0
(vi) If f(X) and gx) both are even or both are odd then the
function fx). ax). will be even but if any one of
them is odd & other is even, then f.g will
be odd.
13. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number TT >0) called the period of the
function
such that f(x + T) =f(x) = fx - T), for all values of x within the domain of f(x) and least positive T if
exist called fundamental period.
Note :
Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(i) Every constant function is periodic, with no fundamental period.
(iüi) f f(x) has a period T & gk) also has a period T then it does not mean that fx) + gx) must have
a period T. e.g. f(x) = Isin xl+lcos xl (here period means fundamental period).
(iv) If f(x) has period p and gx) has periodq, then one of the period of f(x) +gk) will be LCM of p & a.
However it may not be fundamental period.

(v) If fx) has period p, then f(x)-and Vf(x) (provided each one is defined over some non empty set)
also has a period p.
(vi) If f(x) has period T then flax + b) has aperiod T/a (a > ).
(vii) sinx |. lcosx I.Itanx l,l cotxI,I secx I & lcosecx are periodic function with neriod
(viii) sinx coshx, secx, cosec"x, are periodic function with period 2n when 'n' is odd or r uuhen n ie

even.

function with period .

(x) tanx, coshx are periodic
14. GENERAL:
and f is continuous function, then
If x, y are independent variables
ken x
(a) f(xy) = fx) + f(y) ’ f(x) =
(6) f(xy) = f(x). f(y) f(x) = x, n e R or f(x) = 0
’ f(x) = akx or f(x) = 0
(c) f(x + y) = fx). f(y) constant.
f(y) f(x) =kx, where k is a
(d) fx + y) = f(x) +
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Mathematics HandBook ALLE
15. SOME BASIC
FUNCTION & THEIR GRAPH :

(a) y = xn, where n e N

(b) y = xn t 1, wheren e N

1
(c) y = where n e N
-1

(d) y =
1
x2n

1
where n e N

1
1
A 1
X

(e) y = x2n where n e N

y= )
1
() y = xZn+], where n e N

2
y= x3

Note :y = xZ/3

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ALLEN Mathematics HandBook
g) y= log,x
when a > 1
y log olog,x
tnx when 0 < a < 1

log,n*
(h) y= a log, log,,
a > 1
0 <a <1

() Trigonometric functions :
Y4
y = sinx -L3r/2.1) (r/2,1)

a/2,-1) (3r/2,-1)

Y‘
(0,1)
y= COS X
r/20 /2 x
(,-1) (n,-1)

y = tan x
-3n/2 R/2 3r/2 X

y = COSeCK
MM
3n/2,1 (n/2,1)
y=l

/2,-1) (3a/2,-1).y=-1

X=-2 n X= x=2r

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Mathematics HandBook ALL

y-1

(2n,1) Jo. 1
V= Sec x
(n, 1) (n, 1) y=-1

V= Cot x

2 0)
X=-2r X=-t X=I X=2

D<0, D=0
) y = ax' + bx + c D>0

b D
vertex
2a 4a
\D>0
'D0
D<0

where D = b2 - 4ac

16. TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPH :

(a) when f (x) transforms to f (x) + k
if k > 0then shift graph of f (x) upward through k
if k <0then shift graph of f (x) downward through k
Examples :
,sinx+ 1

1. sinx
3n
,sinx-1

Ixl+2
lxl
0,2 Ix|-2
2..
-X

o,-2)
(b) f (x) transforms to f (x + k):
if k> 0 then shift graph of J «) through k towards left
if k< 0 then shift graph of *) through k towards rioht

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ALLEND Mathematics HandBook
Examples :
y=tx+1
A(0,1)
1.
1.0)
(1,0)

2.

(c) f (x) transforms to kf (x):

if k> l then stretch graph of f
(x) k times along yaxis
if 0 < k< 1then shrink graph of f
(x), k times along yaxis
Examples:
2cosx

-3n/2 cosx
3n/2 5r/2
COSX
2
(d) f(x) transforms to f (kx)
if k> l then shrink graph of f (x), 'k times along x-axis
if 0< k< 1then stretch graph of f (x), k' times along x-axis
Examples :

-2
T/23r2 2
sin 2x
sin Sinx

(e) f (x) transforns to f tx):

Take mirror image of the curve y = J (x) in yaxis as plane minor
Example :

1.

n-x) ln x

2.

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Mathematics HandBook ALLR
() f (x) transforms to -f (×) :
Take image of y - f(x) in the x axis as plane mirror
Examples :

(g) f(x) transforms to lf (x) |:

ane ror image (in a axis) of the portion of the oraph of f x) which lies below xaxis.
Examples :

Isinx |

tn x

(h) f (x) transforms to f(lxl):

Neglect the curve for x < 0 and take the image of curve for x > 0 about y-axis.
En x
fn lx

() y = f(«) transforms to lyl= f(x)

Remove the portion of graph which lies below xaxis &then take
mirror imaoe in yavis) of remaining
portion of graph
Examples :

-lx|
y -1lx

lyl= sinx

T lyl=1-lxl y=Sinx

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