Heat transfer (0542-3620)

Lecturer: Alexander Gelfgat, Assistant: Yakov Nezhihovski

Duration: 3 hours
Allowed aiding material: list of formulae + notebook
All solution steps need to be explained, and the final answers should be expressed in the terms of the
question. If you think there is a need for additional assumptions, please explicitly mention them.
Good luck !

Question 1 (33 points)

A stainless-steel rod with conductivity 𝑘 = 15.1 W⁄(m ⋅ K) and length 𝐿 = 100 mm has an
equilateral triangular cross section (its three sides have the same length). The rod is attached
between two isothermal heat sinks at 𝑇𝑜 = 50℃. The rod perimeter is 𝑃 = 5 mm. When an
unknown fluid at 𝑇∞ = 23℃ is in cross flow over the rod, the temperature in the middle of the
rod (𝑥 = 𝐿⁄2) of the rod midway between its two ends is measured to be 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 25℃. It can
be assumed that the system in a steady-state, the temperature is nearly uniform over the cross
section, the radiation is negligible, and the convection coefficient is uniform.
a. (17 points) Determine the
value of the convection heat 𝑇∞ = 23℃
transfer coefficient. ℎ =?
b. (16 points) Determine the
𝐿 = 100 mm
rate of heat loss from the
rod.
𝑥

Question 2 (33 points)

A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water from 20 to 80℃ using
hot oil. The oil enters the heat exchanger at 160℃ and exists it at 140℃. The thin-walled inner
tube has a diameter of 𝐷𝑖 = 20 mm, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
500 W⁄(m2 K) . The exchanger is designed for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 W.
a. (9 points) What is the length of the heat exchanger?

After three years of operation, the exchanger’s performance is decreased because of build-up
of a dirt layer on the tube surface. As result the water outlet temperature is only 65℃ for the
same fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures.
b. (6 points) What are the corresponding values of the heat transfer rate?
c. (6 points) What is the outlet temperature of the oil
d. (6 points) The thickness and of the dirt layer is unknown, but it can be represented by an
additional by an additional heat transfer resistance. What is the overall heat transfer
coefficient in this case?
e. (6 points) What is the additional resistance of the dirt layer?

‫ בין‬,‫ בכל דרך שהיא‬,‫ לאחסן מאגר מידע‬,‫ לשדר‬,‫ להקליט‬,‫ לצלם‬,‫ אין להעתיק‬,‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‬
.‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‬
Question 3 (34 points)
A long rod heater with 𝜖1 = 0.8 is maintained at
𝑇1 = 500K and is concentrically placed near a half- Reflector
𝜖2 = 0.2
cylinder reflector (𝜖2 = 0.2, 𝑇2 = 300K). The
𝑇2 = 300𝐾
diameter of the rod is 7.5 cm, and the diameter of
the reflector is 50 cm. The system is located in outer
space. In this question only radiative heat transfer is
considered.
Rod (heater)
𝜖1 = 0.8
𝑇1 = 500𝐾

a. (8 points) Find all the view factors using this

given view factor:

2 𝑟1 2 𝑟1 −1 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐹22 √
= 1 − [ 1 − ( ) + sin ( )]
𝜋 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2

𝑟1

b. (10 points) Draw the equivalent thermal circuit for the system and label all resistances and
net heat rates (currents).
c. (10 points) Calculate the radiant heat per unit length of the heater rod.
d. (6 points) Compare heat rate from (c) with the one which would be radiated by the rod if it
were used without the reflector?

Bonus question for entitled students only (group C) – 10 points

When a thermometer is placed in a very large room it indicates its temperature rather than the
air temperature. If we assume that there is a good insulation between the thermometer and the
walls than the thermometer is heated by the air through convection, but it also dissipates energy
by radiation.
Consider a very small thermometer that shows a temperature of 20℃ and the temprature of the
room’s walls is known to be 5℃. The thermometer is exposed to air with a convection
coefficient ℎ = 10 W⁄(m2 K). The thermometer has a emissivity of 0.9. What is the actual
temperature of the air 𝑇∞ ? It can be assumed that room is in a steady state, the view factor of
the thermometer on itself is 0, and the walls of the room are not insulated.

‫ בין‬,‫ בכל דרך שהיא‬,‫ לאחסן מאגר מידע‬,‫ לשדר‬,‫ להקליט‬,‫ לצלם‬,‫ אין להעתיק‬,‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‬
.‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‬
 Solution
Question 1:
a. Due to symmetry, the plane at 𝑥 = 𝐿/2 has zero heat flux, that is, it is adiabatic. Therefore, the rod
can be treated as two fins of length 𝐿𝑓 = 𝐿/2 with adiabatic tips. The temperature distribution is:
cosh (𝑚(𝐿𝑓 − 𝑥))
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝜃𝑤
cosh(𝑚𝐿𝑓 )
Evaluating this at the midpoint, 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑓 , we can write:
1 1 𝜃𝑏 1 50 − 23 1
𝜃mid = 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑚= cosh−1 ( )= cosh−1 ( ) = 65.9
cosh 𝑚𝐿𝑓 𝑤 𝐿𝑓 𝜃mid 0.05 25 − 23 m
3.296
cosh(𝑥) = 0.5(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) ≈ 0.5𝑒 𝑥 for large 𝑥, 0.5𝑒 𝑥 = 13.5 ≥ 𝑥 = ln(27) ≈ 3.296, 0.05
= 65.9

√3 𝑠2 √3 𝑃 2
The area of an equilateral triangle is related to the length of a side, 𝑠, is 𝐴𝑐 = 4
= ( )
4 3

ℎ𝑃 ℎ𝑃 36ℎ 𝑘√3𝑃 2 15.1 ⋅ √3 ⋅ 0.005 W

𝑚=√ = =√ ⟹ ℎ= 𝑚 = (65.9)2 = 15.8 2
𝑘𝐴 √√3 𝑃 2
√3𝑃 36 36 m K
( )
4 3

b. The rate of heat loss from the rod is twice that of half a rod:
√3 𝑃2 36ℎ
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2𝑄𝑤 = 2√ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝜃𝑤 tanh(𝑚𝐿𝑓 ) = 2√ℎ𝑃𝑘 𝜃𝑤 tanh (√ 𝐿𝑓 )
4 9 √3𝑃

√3 3 36ℎ
=√ ℎ𝑃 𝑘𝜃𝑤 tanh (√ 𝐿𝑓 )
9 √3𝑃

√3 36 ⋅ 15.8
=√ 15.8 ⋅ 0.0053 15.1(50 − 23) tanh (√ 0.05) = 0.0644 W
9 √3 ⋅ 0.005

‫ בין‬,‫ בכל דרך שהיא‬,‫ לאחסן מאגר מידע‬,‫ לשדר‬,‫ להקליט‬,‫ לצלם‬,‫ אין להעתיק‬,‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‬
.‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‬
Question 2:
a. In parallel heat exchanger with:
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝑈𝜋𝐷𝐿Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 → 𝐿 =
𝑈𝜋𝐷Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ) − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) (160 − 80) − (140 − 20)
Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = = 98.65℃
𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 160 − 80
ln (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) ln (140 − 20)
ℎ,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
3000
𝐿= = 0.967 m
500 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 10−3 ⋅ 98.65
b.
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 ) = 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )

Q 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) 80 − 20

= = = 1.33
Q 3 𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) 65 − 20
3

Q 𝑄
= 1.33 → 𝑄3 = = 2250 W
Q3 1.33
c.
Q 𝑚̇𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 ) 160 − 140
= = = 1.33
Q 3 𝑚̇𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 ) 160 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 3
3

160 − 140
𝑇ℎ,𝑜 3 = 160 − = 145 ℃
1.33
d.
(𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 )3 − (𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )3 (160 − 65) − (145 − 20)
Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷,3 = = = 109.31℃
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 160 − 65
ln ( ℎ,𝑖 ) ln (
145 − 20
)
𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 3

𝑄3 2250
𝑈3 = = = 338 W/m2 K
𝜋𝐷𝐿Δ𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷,3 𝜋 ⋅ 0.02 ⋅ 0.967 ⋅ 109.31

e.
1 1 −1
𝑈=( + )
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
−1
1 1
𝑈3 = ( + + 𝑅3′′ )
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 1 1 W
𝑅3′′ = − = − = 9.59 ⋅ 10−4 2
𝑈3 𝑈 338 500 m K

.f
Question 3:
a. Naming the rod as 1, the environment as 3 and the reflector as 2.
1
𝐹13 = 𝐹12 = , 𝐹11 = 0
2

2 𝑟1 2 𝑟1 −1 𝑟1 2 7.5 2 7.5 −1 7.5

𝐹22 = 𝐹33 √
= 1 − [√1 − ( ) + sin ( )] = 1 − [ 1 − ( ) + sin ( )]
𝜋 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝜋 50 50 50
= 0.356
‫ בין‬,‫ בכל דרך שהיא‬,‫ לאחסן מאגר מידע‬,‫ לשדר‬,‫ להקליט‬,‫ לצלם‬,‫ אין להעתיק‬,‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‬
.‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‬
 ‫‪𝐴3 2‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪𝐴1‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬
‫𝜋 = ‪= 𝜋𝑟3‬‬ ‫‪= 78.5 cm‬‬ ‫𝜋‪= 2𝜋𝑟1 = 2‬‬ ‫‪= 23.6 cm‬‬
‫𝐿‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝐿‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝐴1‬‬
‫‪𝐹31 = 𝐹21 = 𝐹13‬‬ ‫‪= 0.15‬‬ ‫‪𝐹32 = 𝐹23 = 1 − 𝐹13 − 𝐹33 = 0.494‬‬
‫‪𝐴3‬‬

‫‪b.‬‬ ‫‪Because the environment (3) is black:‬‬ ‫‪1 − 𝜀2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪𝜀2 𝐴2‬‬ ‫‪𝐴2 𝐹23‬‬
‫‪𝑒𝑏2‬‬ ‫‪𝐵2‬‬ ‫‪𝑒𝑏3‬‬
‫→ ‪𝑄2‬‬ ‫‪← 𝑄3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝐴1 𝐹12‬‬ ‫‪𝐴1 𝐹13‬‬

‫‪𝐵1‬‬

‫‪1 − 𝜀1‬‬
‫‪𝜀1 𝐴1‬‬
‫‪𝑒𝑏1‬‬

‫↑‬
‫‪𝑄1‬‬
‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪𝑒𝑏2 − 𝐵2‬‬ ‫⏞𝑒 ‪𝐵2 − 𝐵1 𝐵2 −‬‬ ‫‪𝑏3‬‬ ‫‪𝜎𝑇24 − 𝐵2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⟹‬ ‫‪= 𝐵2 (𝐹21 + 𝐹23 ) − 𝐹21 𝐵1‬‬
‫‪1 − 𝜀2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 − 𝜀2‬‬
‫‪𝜀2 𝐴2‬‬ ‫‪𝐴2 𝐹21‬‬ ‫‪𝐴2 𝐹23‬‬ ‫‪𝜀2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝜀2‬‬ ‫‪𝜀2‬‬
‫= ‪𝐵1‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫( ‪𝜎𝑇24 − 𝐵2‬‬ ‫‪+ 𝐹21 + 𝐹23 )] = 5.96𝐵2 − 1.66𝑒𝑏2‬‬
‫‪𝐹21 1 − 𝜀2‬‬ ‫‪1 − 𝜀2‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪𝑒𝑏1 − 𝐵1‬‬ ‫⏞𝑒 ‪𝐵1 − 𝐵2 𝐵1 −‬‬ ‫‪𝑏3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1 − 𝜀1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝜀1 𝐴1‬‬ ‫‪𝐴1 𝐹12‬‬ ‫‪𝐴1 𝐹13‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝜀1‬‬ ‫‪𝜀1‬‬
‫= ‪𝐵2‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫( ‪𝜎𝑇14 − 𝐵1‬‬ ‫‪+ 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 )] = 0.28𝑒𝑏2 + 0.14𝑒𝑏1‬‬
‫‪𝐹12 1 − 𝜀1‬‬ ‫‪1 − 𝜀1‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪= 0.28 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅ 10−8 ⋅ 3004 + 0.14 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅ 10−8 ⋅ 12004 = 614.41‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪𝐵1 = 2896.44‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪𝑄1 1 𝑒𝑏1 − 𝐵1‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 61007‬‬
‫𝐿‬ ‫‪𝐿 1 − 𝜀1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪𝜀1 𝐴1‬‬
‫‪Solution without electic analogy:‬‬
‫‪𝐵1 = 𝜀1 𝑒𝑏1 + (1 − 𝜀1 )(𝐹12 𝐵2 + 𝐹13 𝑒𝑏3 ),‬‬ ‫) ‪𝐵2 = 𝜀2 𝑒𝑏2 + (1 − 𝜀2 )(𝐹21 𝐵1 + 𝐹23 𝑒𝑏3‬‬
‫] ‪𝐵1 = 𝜀1 𝑒𝑏1 + (1 − 𝜀1 )[𝐹12 𝜀2 𝑒𝑏2 + 𝐹12 (1 − 𝜀2 )(𝐹21 𝐵1 + 𝐹23 𝑒𝑏3 ) + 𝐹13 𝑒𝑏3‬‬
‫] ‪𝜀1 𝑒𝑏1 + (1 − 𝜀1 )[𝐹12 𝜀2 𝑒𝑏2 + (1 − 𝜀2 )𝐹12 𝐹23 𝑒𝑏3 + 𝐹13 𝑒𝑏3‬‬
‫= ‪𝐵1‬‬
‫‪1 − (1 − 𝜀1 )(1 − 𝜀2 )𝐹12 𝐹21‬‬
‫‪𝑄1‬‬
‫) ‪= 𝐹12 (𝐵1 − 𝐵2 ) + 𝐹13 (𝐵1 − 𝑒𝑏3‬‬
‫‪𝐴1‬‬

‫‪d. Without reflector everything from 1 radiates to 2:‬‬

‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‪ ,‬אין להעתיק‪ ,‬לצלם‪ ,‬להקליט‪ ,‬לשדר‪ ,‬לאחסן מאגר מידע‪ ,‬בכל דרך שהיא‪ ,‬בין‬
‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‪.‬‬
 𝑄1,𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴1 W
= 𝜖1 𝜎 (𝑇14 − 𝑇34 ) = 0.8 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅ 10−8 ⋅ 0.236(12004 ) = 22,198
𝐿 𝐿 m
Demonstrating that the reflector is effective in reflecting most of the radiation that goes leftwards
back to the environment on the right.

Bonus question:
Heat balance taking into account 𝑇∞ > 𝑇𝑡 , 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 < 𝑇𝑡 :
−ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝜀𝜎𝐴(𝑇𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
4 )
𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑡4 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
4 )
𝑇∞ = 𝑇𝑡 + = 300.17𝐾
ℎ

‫ בין‬,‫ בכל דרך שהיא‬,‫ לאחסן מאגר מידע‬,‫ לשדר‬,‫ להקליט‬,‫ לצלם‬,‫ אין להעתיק‬,‫כל הזכויות שמורות © מבלי לפגוע באמור לעיל‬
.‫מכנית ובין אלקטרונית או בכל דרך אחרת כל חלק שהוא מטופס הבחינה‬