SECTION 1
Q1. The PH of a solution is given as 6, what is the concentration of a hydroxyl ion
(OH-)?
(a) 0.000001
(b) 106
(c) 10-6
(d) 10-8
(e) 108
Q2. The percentage transmittance of solution whose OD = 0.7 is:
(a) 20%
(b) 40%
(c) 30%
(d) 50%
(e) 10%
Q3. 10 ml of 0.1 M NaOH neutralizes 5 ml of HCl the concentration of the acid is
therefore:
(a) 2 M
(b) 0.2 M
(c) 0.1 M
(d) 0.02 M
(e) 0.5 M
Q4. Water, which is prepared by Still apparatus, is:
(a) Sterile but has soluble salts
(b) Sterile and free from water soluble salts
(c) Not sterile but free from soluble salts
(d) Sterile and free from insoluble salts.
(e) Sterile only.
Q5. In flame photometry, specimen is sprayed into the burner by:
(a) Monochromator
(b) Photodetector
(c) Nebulizer
(d) Capillary tube
(e) Atomizer
Q6. Thin layer chromatography techniques is based on which principles:
(a) Partition and Adsorption
(b) Partition and Gel-filtration
(c) Gel-filtration and ion-exchange
(d) Absorption and Gel-filtration
(e) Absorption and Ion-exchange
Q7. Tetrabromophenol blue is an indicator used in:
(a) Clinitest
(b) Clinistix
(c) Albustix
(d) Ictostix
(e) Azostix
Q8. To make 8 ml of a 1 in 200 serum dilution, you need:
(a) 1 ml of serum
(b) 0.04 ml of serum
(c) 8 ml of serum
(d) 0.4 ml of serum
(e) 0.02 ml of serum
Q9. In pre-hepatic jaundice, indirect Bilirubin in serum is:
(a) Low
(b) Normal
(c) High
(d) Nil
(e) Not affected
Q10. In Schales and Schales method for Cl- ion determination, the indicator used in
the titration is:
(a) Diphenyl carbazone
(b) Phenolphthalein
(c) Phenol red
(d) Methyl red
(e) Neutral red
Q11. The common tests for detecting glucose, fructose and lactose in urine is/are:
(a) Clinistix
(b) Methylamine
(c) Osazone test
(d) Clinitest
(e) Benedict reagent
Q12. The following are ketone bodies formed as a result of loss of carbon dioxide?
(a) Aceto-acetic acid
(b) Acetone
(c) Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
(d) Β – hydroxybutyric acid
(e) Ketones
Q13. Phenistix is a paper strip for detecting:
(a) Ketonaemia
(b) Salicylates and phenylepyruvic acid
(c) Beta-hydroxybutyric acid and salicylates
(d) Acetone and Acetoacetic acid
(e) Acetone and β- hydroxybutyric acid
Q14. Proteins are coagulated by heat in a slightly acid medium. Which acid is
commonly used?
(a) 5% acetic acid
(b) 5% aceto-acetic acid
(c) 5% sulphosalicyclic acid
(d) 3% sulphosalicyclic acid
(e) Conc. nitric acid
Q15. Esbach’s test is used to detect:
(a) Protein in urine
(b) Glucose in urine
(c) Ketones in urine
(d) Bence-Junes protein
(e) Salicylates in urine
Q16. Which of these products is/are structurally the same as stercobilinogen:
(a) Stercobilin
(b) Urobilinogen
(c) Indirect bilirubin
(d) Direct bilirubin
(e) Urobilin
Q17. Which of the following are characteristics of direct bilirubin, which assist in
its estimation in serum?
(a) Conjugated
(b) Non-toxicity
(c) Water solubility
(d) Alcohol insoluble
(e) Alcohol soluble
Q18. Liebermann – Burchard method measures:-
(a) Triglyceride
(b) Cholesterol
(c) Lipids
(d) Steroids
(e) Proteins
Q19. Which of the following hormones are involved in gastric juice secretion?
(a) Renin
(b) Pepsin
(c) Sucrose
(d) Trypsin
(e) Insulin
Q20. In paper electrophoresis, the serum protein is usually presented as:
(a) 4 bands
(b) 5 bands
(c) 6 bands
(d) 7 bands
(e) 8 bands
Q21. Lambert’s Law relates transmitted light from a coloured solution to:
(a) Thickness of the solution
(b) Concentration of the solution
(c) Extinction of the solution
(d) Blank of the solution
(e) Specific gravity of the solution
Q22. Diazo reagent is composed of:
(a) Conc. Sulphuric acid
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Sodium Nitrate
(d) 4-aminophenazone
(e) sulphosalicyclic acid
Q23. Mohr’s indicator is:
(a) Ferric chloride
(b) Ferric Alum
(c) Potassium Dichromate
(d) Potassium chromate
(e) Ammonium thiocynate
Q24. The major extra cellular anion of the body is/are:
(a) Chloride
(b) Potassium
(c) Sodium
(d) Bicarbonates
(e) Calcium
Q25. Clinical condition caused by Hyperventilation is:
(a) Metabolic acidosis
(b) Metabolic alkalosis
(c) Respiratory acidosis
(d) Respiratory alkalosis
(e) Hyperglycaemia
Q26. Serum/plasma bicarbonate may be estimated by:
(a) Titrimetric method
(b) Turbidmetric method
(c) Colorimetric method
(d) Enzymatic method
(e) Photometric method
Q27. Amylase estimation may be used in diagnosis of:
(a) Acute pancreatitis
(b) Nephritic syndrome
(c) Salivary gland disorders
(d) Gastric disorders
(e) Hepatitis
Q28. The two diagnostically useful transaminases are:
(a) Glutamate oxalocetate transaminase
(b) Glutamate Pyruvate transaminase
(c) Oxoglutarate Pyruvate
(d) Aspartate aminoferase
(e) Alanine amino-oxalocetate
Q29. When glucose and copper II solution react in an alkaline medium:
(a) The glucose is oxidized
(b) The copper II ions are reduced
(c) The glucose is reduced
(d) The glucose becomes an alkali
(e) A black/blue colour develops
Q30. Uric acid is the end product of:
(a) Nucleic acid metabolism
(b) Rbc metabolism
(c) Protein metabolism
(d) Purine metabolism
(e) Wbc metabolism
Q31. Heller’s test utilizes:
(a) Conc. HCl
(b) Conc. H2SO4
(c) Conc. HNO3
(d) Conc. CH3COOH
(e) Conc. Ammonia
Q32. Reduction of biliverdin yields:
(a) Indirect Bilirubin
(b) Direct Bilirubin
(c) Urobilinogen
(d) Stercobilinogen
(e) Glucoronic acid
SECTION 1I
1. Describe in detail the formation of Bilirubin and its derivatives
(20 marks)
2. Briefly describe the following:
(a) Bence-Jones proteins (5 marks)
(b) Peptide Bonds (5 marks)
(c) Functions of CSF (List five) (5 marks)
(d) Why sucrose is non-reducing (5 marks)
3. State the principles of the following estimation methods
(i) Diacetyl monoxime for urea
(ii) Schales and schales for chlorides
(iii) Jaffe’s reaction for creatinine
(iv) Meuleman’s test for CSF protein
(v) Urinary Amylase
(20 marks)
MARKING KEY 02
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. C, E
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. D, E
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. B
19. E
20. B
21. A
22. B, C
23. D
24. A
25. D
26. A
27. A, C
28. A, B
29. A, B
30. A, D
31. C
32. A
MARKING KEY ESSAY
1. Red blood cell break due to
- life span
- haematological disorders – Blood transfusion, sickle cell, anaemia,
cerebral haemorrhage, HDNB 2.0mk
Haemoglobin broken down by cells of RES.
- Spleen
- Liver
- Bone marrow 2.0mk
- Biliverdin formed (green pigment). 2.0mk
- Biliverdin reduced to bilirubin which is indirect 2.0mk
- Indirect bilirubin is protein bound, water insoluble, alcohol soluble,
not conjugated, alcohol soluble, toxic. 2.0mk
- Indirect bilirubin carried to liver where it conjugates into direct
bilirubin (bilirubin glucuronide). 2.0mk
- Direct bilirubin is water soluble, non-toxic, not protein bound and
is conjugated. 2.0mk
- Direct bilirubin is passed into the gall bladder. 2.0mk
- In the duodenum is converted into stercobilinogen. 1.0mk
Some passes into blood stream from duodenum then urine and is referred as
urobilinogen. 1.0mk
When stercobilinogen is passed out through stool is converted by atmospheric
oxygen to stercobilin. 1.0mk
Urobilinogen passed in urine is converted by atmospheric oxygen to urobilin.
1.0mk
2. Bence-Jones protein.
Rare type of protein (abnormal)
Has a lower molecular weight then normal protein. 1.0mk
Appears in urine in patients with multiple myeloma . 1.0mk
Has peculiar property to ppt at temperatures between 400 c and 600 c. 1.0mk
Re- ppt at temp below 400 c and above 600 c. 1.0mk
One method of determination. 1.0mk
E.g. Harrison test (boiling method),
Bradshaw’s test.
(b) Peptide bond
Are linkages of amino acids 1.0mk
Formed when amino group and carboxyl group condenses together
loosing H2O molecule. 1.0mk
Are basis for estimation of proteins due to their property reacting with
cupric ions to yield a purple colour. 1.0mk
Bonds are assumed to be equally distributed so the number of peptide
bonds is directly proportional to the amount of protein present. 1.0mk
Structure of the Peptide bond 1.0mk
(c ) (i) Supports and protects the delicate brain and spinal cord
(ii) Acts as a cushion and absorber
(iii) Regulate contents of cranium
(iv) Keeps brain and spine cord moist
(v) Medium for interchange of metabolites
Each 1mk=5mks
(d) Why sucrose is non reducing:
- That it does not contain free reducing group 1.0mk
- That the reducing groups reacts during the formation of sucrose.
1.0mk
- That the reducing groups of its constituents glucose1.0mk and
fructose 1.0mk are utilized in the formation of the molecule
through 1, 2 glucosidic linkage. 1.0mk
3. Principles:
(i) Urea reacts with diacetyl monoxime at high temperature is an
acid medium in the present of cadmium and thiosemic
carbazide to form a red colour.
(ii) Chlorides react with mercuric nitrate to form unionised
mercuric chloride, excess mercuric nitrate reacts with diphenyl
carbazone to form a violet coloured compound.
(iii) Creatinine reacts with alkaline picrates solution to produce a
red coloured complex compound. The intensity of the red
colour is directly proportioned to the amount of creatinine.
(iv) Maulemann’s reagent precipitates protein to form turbidity,
which is proportional to amount of protein present.
(v) Amylase converts starch into sugar mainly maltose, excess
starch is estimated by addition of iodine solution to form blue-
black colour. The intensity of the blue colour inversely
proportional to the enzyme present.
Each 4.0mk
