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Genbio Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive biology review covering key topics such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology, human body systems, and evolution. It outlines the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, details the functions of various cell organelles, and explains macromolecules and enzyme functions. Additionally, it addresses genetic principles, ecological interactions, and human body systems, concluding with concepts of evolution and classification.

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nathandimayuga198
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16 views3 pages

Genbio Reviewer

The document is a comprehensive biology review covering key topics such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology, human body systems, and evolution. It outlines the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, details the functions of various cell organelles, and explains macromolecules and enzyme functions. Additionally, it addresses genetic principles, ecological interactions, and human body systems, concluding with concepts of evolution and classification.

Uploaded by

nathandimayuga198
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📚 Biology Reviewer

🧬 I. Cell Biology
A. Cell Types

●​ Prokaryotes: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria)​

●​ Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus (e.g., plant, animal cells)​

B. Cell Organelles
Organelle Function

Nucleus Controls cell activities

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell (ATP production)

Ribosomes Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER/SER) Protein & lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins

Lysosomes Breaks down waste

Chloroplasts Photosynthesis (plants only)

Cell membrane Regulates entry/exit of substances

Cell wall Provides structure (plants only)

🧪 II. Biochemistry
A. Macromolecules
●​ Carbohydrates: Energy source (glucose, starch)​

●​ Proteins: Enzymes, structure (amino acids)​

●​ Lipids: Energy storage, membranes (fats, oils)​

●​ Nucleic Acids: Genetic material (DNA, RNA)​

B. Enzymes

●​ Speed up chemical reactions​

●​ Affected by temperature, pH, and concentration​

🌱 III. Genetics
A. DNA & RNA

●​ DNA: Double helix, contains genetic code (A, T, C, G)​

●​ RNA: Single-stranded, used in protein synthesis (A, U, C, G)​

B. Mendelian Genetics

●​ Dominant vs Recessive​

●​ Genotype vs Phenotype​

●​ Punnett Squares: Predicts offspring traits​

🌍 IV. Ecology
A. Levels of Organization

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere


B. Interactions

●​ Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism​

●​ Food Chain/Web: Energy flow​

●​ Trophic Levels: Producer → Primary consumer → Secondary...​

🧠 V. Human Body Systems


System Key Functions

Circulatory Transports oxygen, nutrients

Respiratory Gas exchange (lungs)

Digestive Breaks down food

Nervous Sends electrical signals (brain,


nerves)

Musculoskeletal Support, movement

Immune Fights pathogens

Reproductive Produces offspring

🌡 VI. Evolution & Classification


●​ Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest​

●​ Speciation: Formation of new species​

●​ Binomial Nomenclature: Genus + species (e.g., Homo sapiens)​

●​ Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera​

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