ORAL ANATOMY - Nasiolabial sulcus – Groove that runs

upward from the commissures of the mouth

to the ala of the nose.
FACIAL LANDMARKS
- Labial commissures – angle of the lips or
corners of the mouth.

- Tubercle of the lip – mid portion of the

upper lip that has a small tissue projection.

- Labiomental groove – space below the

lower lip. Area that separates the lower lip
and the chin.

- Vermillion border – border of the lip or lip

line. Where the skin and lips meet.

- Vermillion zone – The reddish portion of

the lips.
- Nasion – the mid line junction of the eye
(bridge of the nose) LANDMARKS OF THE TONGUE

- Inner canthus of the eye– The inner

corner of the eye.

- Outer canthus of the eye – The outer

corner of the eye.

- Tragus – Triangle portion cartilage in front

of the ear

- Nasal septum – Vertical separation of the

nasal cavity.

- Naris – or Nostril, opening of the nose.

- Ala of the nose – Wing of the nose or

outer edge of the nostrils

- Philtrum – v shape below the nose, the

middle part of the mustache area.
 - Median sulcus - Slight depression in the
middle of the dorsum of the tongue running
from the tip to the base of the tongue.

- Ventral surface - The underside of the

tongue.

Landmarks in the Oral Cavity

- Apex of the tongue - The tip of the

tongue.

- Circumvallate papillae - Two v-shaped

rows of larger, flat, cup shaped papillae on
the posterior dorsum of the tongue. Each
contains taste buds.
Oral Tissues and Structures
- Landmarks of the oral tissues include the
- Dorsal surface - The top surface of the
palate, tongue, cheeks and floor of the
tongue.
mouth. It is significant to recognize the
normal appearance of these structures
- Filiform papillae - Fine, small, cone
during an intraoral examination of the
shaped papillae covering most of the
patient.
dorsum of the tongue. They are responsible
for giving the tongue its texture and are
- Fauces - Passageway from oral cavity to
responsible for the sensation of touch.
pharynx.

- Foliate papillae - These papillae are

- Frenum - Raised folds of tissue that
large, red and leaf-like. They are located on
extend from the alveolar and the buccal and
the posterior, lateral surfaces of the tongue.
labial mucosa.
They contain some taste buds.
- Gingiva - Mucosal tissue surrounding
- Fungiform papillae - Deep red in color
portions of the maxillary and mandibular
and are distributed over the dorsum of the
teeth and bone.
tongue. Each one of these mushroom
shaped papillae contains a taste bud.
- Hard palate - Anterior portion of the palate - Submandibular gland - Located near the
which is formed by the processes of the inferior border of the mandible in the
maxilla. submandibular fossa.

- Incisive papilla - A tissue projection that - Tonsils - Lymphoid tissue located in the
covers the incisive foramen on the anterior oral pharynx.
of the hard palate, just behind the maxillary
central incisors. - Uvula - A non-bony, muscular projection
that hangs from the midline at the posterior
- Maxillary tuberosity - A bulge of bone of the soft palate.
posterior to the most posterior maxillary
molar. - Vestibule - Space between the maxillary
or mandibular teeth, gingiva, cheeks and
- Maxillary/Mandibular tori - Normal bony lips.
enlargements that can occur either on the
maxilla or mandible. - Wharton's duct - Salivary duct opening
on either side of the lingual frenum on the
- Mucosa - Mucous membrane lines the ventral surface of the tongue.
oral cavity. It can be highly keratinized (such
as what covers the hard palate), or lightly
keratinized (such as what covers the floor of
the mouth and the alveolar processes) or DENTITION
thinly keratinized (such as what covers the
cheeks and inner surfaces of the lips). 1.​ PRIMARY (Deciduous, Milk Teeth,
Baby Teeth)
- Palatine rugae - Firm ridges of tissues on
the hard palate.

- Parotid papilla - Slight fold of tissue that

covers the opening to the parotid gland on
the buccal mucosa adjacent to maxillary first
molar

- Pillars of Fauces - Two arches of muscle

tissue that defines the fauces.

- Soft palate - Posterior portion of the

palate. This is non-bony and is comprised of
soft tissue.
- Central incisors – teeth nearest midline
- Sublingual folds - Small folds of tissue in - Lateral incisors
the floor of the mouth that cover the - Canines
openings to the smaller ducts of the - 1st and 2nd Molars
sublingual salivary gland. - Total of 20 deciduous teeth
Functions of the primary teeth: - Contributes to a person’s appearance
a) Help provide nutrition.
c) PREMOLARS (Bicuspids)
b) Help make speech possible. - Chewing or mastication
- Maintains the vertical dimensions of the
c) Aid in the normal development of the jaw face
bones and facial muscles. - Assists the canines in shearing or cutting
food morsels
d) Add to attractive appearance. - Support corners of the mouth and cheeks

e) Reserve space for the permanent teeth d) MOLARS

and help guide them into position. - Chewing or mastication
- Maintains the vertical dimension of the
face
2. PERMANENT (Secondary Teeth, - Important in maintain continuity within the
dental arches

Anatomical differences between

deciduous and permanent teeth:
- M-D Diameter of the crowns of 1 tooth are
wider compared to their crown length that 2
teeth.
- Roots of 1 anterior tooth are narrower and
longer in relation to their crowns that the
permanent teeth.
- The roots of the 1 molar are longer and
more slenderer and flare more.
- Cervical ridges of deciduous teeth are
more pronounced.
- Cervical portions of the crowns and roots
Succedaneous teeth (except molars))
of primary molars are slenderer
- Mastication
mesiodistally.
- Speech
- Buccal and lingual surfaces of primary
- Esthetics
molars are flatter above the cervical
curvatures which narrows the occlusal table.
TYPES OF TEETH:
- 1 tooth are whiter in appearance.
a) INCISORS (central and lateral)
- To cut food
NOTATION
- For speech
TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEM
- Supports the face and lips
- Short cut
- Maintain esthetic appearance)
- Use to easily communicate with another
dentist
b) CANINES (Cuspids)
- Easier recording
- Helps support lips and facial muscle
- Cut, pierce or shear foods into morsels
- MIDLINE– divides each arch; separates - Recommended by the ADA (
right & left side - Primary dentition utilizes upper case
- MAXILLARY – upper arch alphabets
- MANDIBULAR – lower arch - Permanent uses number 1 to 32
- USE “#” IN NAMING
3 Types of Notation System:
3. FDI (Federation Denture
1. Palmer Notation System Internationale)

- Introduced by Adolph Zsigmondy of

Vienna in 1861 - 2-digit system that has been adopted by
- Originally for permanent dentition WHO and IADR.
- Modified it for the primary dentition in - Uses numbers for both deciduous and
1874. permanent dentition.
- Also called as ZSIGMONDY SYSTEM - The first digit indicates the quadrant and
the second indicates the tooth within the
Characteristics: quadrant.
Deciduous Permanent: 1, 2, 3, 4
- Uses CAPITAL LETTERS ( ABCDE ) Deciduous: 5, 6, 7, 8
Permanent
- Uses numbers ( 12345678 )
PROXIMAL SURFACE
2. Universal Notation System -​ The surfaces of the teeth facing
toward adjoining teeth in the same
dental arch.
CONTACT AREA
-​ The area of the mesial or distal
surface of a tooth that touches its
neighbor in the arch.
DENTIN TRIANGULAR RIDGE
-​ The main bulk of the composition of -​ Descend from the tips of the cusps
the tooth, which is clear in a cross of molars and premolars toward the
section of a tooth. central part of the occlusal surface.
They are so named because the
CUSP slopes of each side of the ridge are
-​ Is an elevation or mound on the inclined to resemble two sides of a
crown portion of a tooth making up a triangle.
divisional part of the occlusal
surface. FOSSA
-​ Is an irregular depression or
MARGINAL RIDGE concavity are on the lingual surface
-​ Are the rounded borders of the of incisors
enamel that form the mesial and
distal s of premolars and molars, as SULCUS
well as the mesial and distal margins -​ Is a long depression or valley in the
of the and canine. surface of a tooth between ridges
meet at an angle.
TUBERCLE
-​ Is a smaller elevation on some DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVE
portion of the crown produced by an -​ Is a shallow groove or line between
extra formation of enamel. These the primary parts of the crown or
are deviations from the typical form. root.

CINGULUM PIT
-​ (Latin word for "girdle") is the lingual -​ Are small pinpoint depressions
lobe of an anterior tooth. It makes up located at the junction of
the bulk of the cervical third of the developmental grooves terminals of
lingual surface. Its convexity those grooves.
mesiodistally resembles a girdle
encircling lingual surface at the LINE ANGLE
cervical third third. -​ Is formed by the junction of two
surfaces and derives its name from
RIDGE the combination of the two surfaces
-​ Is any linear elevation on the surface that join.
of a tooth and is named according to
its location.
DENTAL PULP
Is a connective tissue organ containing a
number of structures, lymphatic system, and
nerves. Its primary function is to form the
dentin of the tooth.
TOOTH SURFACE DIVISION INTRO THIRDS, LINE,
ANGLE & POINT ANGLE

HORIZONTAL DIVISION:
-​ Cervical
-​ Middle
-​ Occlusal (or incisal) third

LONGITUDINAL DIVISION:
-​ Facial
-​ Middle
-​ Lingual third
-​ Mesial
-​ Middle
-​ Distal third

1.​ PROXIMAL - Tooth has two

proximal surfaces, one that is LINE ANGLES OF ANTERIOR TEETH
oriented toward the midline of the -​ LABIOINCISAL
dental arch and another that is -​ LINGUOINCISAL
oriented away from the midline of -​ MESIOLINGUAL
the arch -​ DISTOLINGUAL
a) MESIAL - Closest to the midline of the -​ MESIOLABIAL
arch. -​ DISTOLABIAL
b) DISTAL - Oriented away from the
midline of the arch. LINE ANGLES OF POSTERIOR TEETH
• MESIOOCCLUSAL • LINGUOOCCLUSAL
2.​ FACIAL - The facial is the surface of • MESIOLINGUAL • DISTOLINGUAL
a tooth that "faces" toward the lips or • MESIOBUCCAL • DISTOBUCCAL
cheeks. • BUCCOOCCLUSAL • DISTOOCCLUSAL
a) LABIAL - surface of an anterior tooth
that faces toward the lips
b) BUCCAL - a posterior tooth that
faces toward the cheek.
c) LINGUAL - a tooth facing toward the
tongue is called the lingual.

3.​ INCISAL - Surface towards the

cutting edge of an anterior tooth.

4.​ OCCLUSAL - Towards the chewing

surface of a posterior tooth
POINT ANGLE OF ANTERIOR TEETH
First Evidence of 3-4 months
• MESIOLABIOINCISAL
Calcification
• MESIOLINGUOINCISAL
• DISTOLABIOINCISAL Crown 4-5 years
• BISTOLINGUOINCISAL Completion

POINT ANGLE OF POSTERIOR TEETH Eruption 7-8 years

• MESIOLINGUOOCCLUSAL
Root Completion 10 years
• MESIOBUCCOOCCLUSAL
• DISTOLINGUOOCCLUSAL
• DISTOBUCCOOCCLUSAL\
Labial Aspect
-​ crown of the average central
incisor will be 10 to 11 mm long
from the highest point on the
cervical line to the lowest point on
the incisal edge

​
PERMANENT MAXILLARY CENTRAL
INCISOR

• maxillary central incisor is the widest -​

mesiodistally of any of the anterior teeth
• labial face is less convex than that of CROWN
the maxillary lateral incisor or canine, Mesial outline: - slightly convex
which gives the central incisor a Distal outline : - is more convex
squared or rectangular appearance than the mesial outline, with the
• crown nearly always looks symmetrical crest of curvature higher toward
and regularly formed the cervical line.
• mesial incisal angle is relatively sharp, Incisal outline: regular and
the distal incisal angle rounded straight in a mesiodistal direction
• enamel surface is relatively smooth after the tooth has been in
function long enough to obliterate
the mamelons.
 Cervical outline: - Semicircular Between the marginal ridges, below the
direction with the curvature cingulum, a shallow concavity is present
rootwise, from the point at which called the lingual fossa
the root outline joins the crown o Crown calibration at the two labial line
mesially to the point at which the angles is greater than the calibration at
root outline joins the crown the two lingual line angles
distally. o Lingual portion of the root is narrower
than the labial portion.
ROOT o mesial side of this triangle is slightly
labial aspect: longer than the distal side
-​ cone-shaped, in most
instances with a relatively
blunt apex
-​ outline mesially and
distally is regular

Lingual Aspect
lingual outline:
-​ of the maxillary central incisor is
the reverse of that found on the
labial aspect

Cervical outline: - below the cervical

line a smooth convexity is to be found;
this is called the cingulum

o Mesially and distally confluent with the

cingulum are the marginal ridges.