Spring

2024

MAT 350
Engineering Mathematics
Lesson -2
• Variable Separable with
modelling
• Exact ODE

Mohammad Sahadet Hossain, PhD

Professor
Department of Mathematics and Physics
North South University
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
2 Separable Equations:
Chapter 2.2
A first-order differential equation of the form
dy
 g ( x ) h( y )
dx
is said to be separable or to have separable variables, and the
equation is called separable equation.

Examples:

(1)

(2)

(3)
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
3 Separable Equations:

Solution Technique: When a first order ODE is separable

variables, the solution can be found by integration, such that
p ( y )dy  g ( x)dx, where p(y)=1/ h(y)

 p( y)dy   g ( x)dx  c
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
4

SOLUTION: Dividing by (1+x)y, we can write

dy dx

y (1  x)
from which it follows that
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
5 Separable Equations:

Solve

Solution: We obtain by side-changing

This means the ODE is separable. Then by integration,

If an initial condition y(0)=1 in introduced with the ODE, then we find the
value of the constant c, which gives c=1.
1
y
(x  2)e  x  1
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:

Using identity , and integrating by parts

The solution is:

7
Exercise 2.2, Zill

Solution: Hints

Integrating both sides,

Substituting the initial condition

8
+
 Solve:
9
(e y  1) 2 e  y dx  (e x  1)3 e  x dy  0
10
Exercise: 2.2
Page-51
Problem#7,9,11,13,15,18,24,25,36
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:

11 Reduction to Separable Form:

Certain non-separable ODEs can be made separable by transformations that

introduce for y a new unknown function.

Suppose,

Here, f is any (differentiable) function of y/x. The form of such an ODE

suggests that we substitute
u=y/x
Thus , and
,
Substituting into the above ODE gives,

Use method of
Sep. Vari., and
back
substitute
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations: Reduction to Separable Form:

12

Solution: We

Now substituting, u=y/x, and

or

Separable
13 Integrating,

Taking exponents on both sides,

Note: Multiply both sides of the solution by

x2 ,

Thus,
 Reference Book: 2
14
 Separable Equations:
MODELLING: Population Dynamics (Chapter-3.1)
15

In Malthusian model , if P(t) denotes the total population at time t, then this
assumption can be expressed as

where k is a constant of proportionality .

1
dP  k dt (separable variables )
P
Integrating, ln P  kt  c

P  P0 e kt , where P0 = ec
Separable Equations: Population Dynamics

16
In a primary experiment, let the population of insects be N 0. At time t=4 hours, the
population is seen to be 2N0.
If the growth rate of the insects is proportional to the population of insects at certain
time, how many hours later the population of the insects will be 8 times of the current
population?
Solution:
Here, N0 is the population at time t=0.
At time t=4 hours, the population is seen to be
2N0.
Hence,
2N 0  N 0e
k.4

ln2
or, e 4k
2 or , 4k  ln 2, k   0.173
4
Hence, required time (T) for the population of the insects will
be 8 times of the current population is,
8N 0  N 0e 0.173T
ln8
e 0.173T
 8, T   12.01  12H
0.173
Separable Equations: Population Dynamics

17
 Carbon Dating About 1950, a team
18 of scientists at the University of
Chicago led by the chemist Willard
Libby devised a method using a
radioactive isotope of carbon as a means
of determining the approximate ages of
carbonaceous fossilized matter.
This is the theory of carbon
dating, which is based on the fact
that the radioisotope carbon-14 is
produced in the atmosphere by the
action of cosmic radiation on
nitrogen-14.

For his work, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1960. Libby’s method has
been used to date wooden furniture found in Egyptian tombs, the woven flax wrappings of
the Dead Sea Scrolls, a recently discovered copy of the Gnostic Gospel of Judas written on
papyrus, and the cloth of the enigmatic Shroud of Turin. See Figure beside.
 In physics the half-life is a measure of the stability of a radioactive
substance. The half-life is simply the time it takes for one-half of the
19
atoms in an initial amount A0 to disintegrate, or transmute, into the atoms
of another element.

Problem

For C-14, half-life is approximately 5730 years

20

Separable
Variable
21
Separable Equations: Heating Office Building (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

22 Suppose that in winter the daytime temperature in a certain office

building is maintained at 70°F. The heating is shut off at 10 P.M. and
turned on again at 6 A.M.
On a certain day the temperature inside the building at 2 A.M. was
found to be 65°F. Consider that the outside temperature varies
between 50°F to 40°F by this time period. What was the temperature
inside the building when the heat was turned on at 6 A.M.?

Solution: Let T(t) be the temperature inside the building and T m be the
outside temperature (we consider here Tout is the average of 50°F to 40°F,
that is Tm = 45°F

General
solution
Separable Equations: Heating Office Building (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

23
Particular solution: We choose 10 P.M. to be t=0. Then the given initial
condition is T(0)=70 and yields a particular solution, call it T p . By substitution

We use T(4)=65, where t=4 is 2 A.M

Particular
solution
24

First-order differential
equation:

EXACT EQUATIONS
(Chp-
(Chp- 2.4)
2.4)
First-order differential equation: EXACT EQUATIONS

Definition: A first-order differential equation of the form

is said to be an exact equation if the expression on the left-hand side is

an exact differential.

A differential expression M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy is an exact differential in

a region R of the xy-plane if it corresponds to the differential of some
function f (x, y) defined in R.

Criterion for an Exact Differential:

First-order differential equation: EXACT EQUATIONS

(1)

Solution Technique:
dM dN
Consider M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy= 0, and = holds true.
dy dx
Let a function f be the solution of (1), such that

(2)

We can find f by integrating M(x, y) with respect to x while

holding y constant:

(3)

where the arbitrary function g(y) is the “constant” of

integration.
First-order differential equation: EXACT EQUATIONS

Now differentiate (3) with respect to y

and assume that

Hence,
(4)

Finally, integrate (4) with respect to y and substitute the result in (3).
The implicit solution of the equation is f (x, y) = c.
28

Thus the equation is exact.

The solution f(x,y) is given by

 First-order differential equation: EXACT
EQUATIONS

The partial derivative of the above f(x,y) with respect to y equal to N(x, y).

So, the solution is

Note: The explicit form of the solution is

easily seen to be y c(1 x2) and is defined on any interval not
containing either x =1 or x= -1.
First-order differential equation: EXACT EQUATIONS
Exercise
30 2.4 (Zill)

Solution: Hints

Therefore,

Hence,
First-order differential equation: EXACT EQUATIONS

HW:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
 Exercise: 2.4
32
Porb#
11,12,13,17,18,21,22,15,27,28e