cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf

Training Guideline on Core Humanitarian Standard

संक टबाट प्रभावित

ब्यवि तथा समुदायहरू

NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CENTER NEPAL (NDRC)

JUNE 2021
k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfsf] ;Gb{edf
g]kfn e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, r6\of+Ë, dfxfdf/L, xfjfx'/L, cl;gf, ;8s b'3{6gf, xjfO{ b' 3{6gf h:tf
k|fs[lts / dfgj ;[lht k|sf]ksf 36gfx? ;do ;dodf x'g] ub{5 h;n] w]/} wghgsf] Iflt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnosf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljut @ jif{ @)!& / @)!* sf] tYof+s nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf]
eg] ljkb\af6 em08} (^* hgf dflg;x?sf] d[ To' x'g] u/]sf], @&@%% 3/ kl/jf/ k|efljt ePsf] / em08} & c/j
hltsf] cfly{s Iflt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L k|To]s jif{ dflg;x? k|efljt x'g] / pgLx?nfO{ dfgljo ;xof]u ug'{kg]{
oyf{y /x]sf] 5. dfgljo ;xof]u ;Gb{ edf cGt/fli6«o :t/df ljleGg dfkb08x? -:km]o/, cfwf/e"t dfgljo
dfkb08_ tof/ ePsf 5g\ / ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/ kl/dfh{g klg x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL dfkb08 cg';f/ dfgljo
;xof]usf sfo{x? ;j} /fi6«n] ;+r fng ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5.
cfwf/e't dfgljo dfkb08 ;Gb{ edf dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{/t ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?nfO{ 1fg
tyf ;Lksf] clej[l4 ug'{ h?/L /x]sf] 5 / dfgljo dfkb08nfO{ ;j} tx ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo
;/sf/n, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, lglh ;+:yf ;j}n] u'0f:tl/o agfpg'
kg]{ ;fy} pQm sfo{sf] pQ/bfloTj lng'kb{5 . o;} cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ /flv cfwf/e"t dfgljo sfo{df ;j}sf]
;dfg a'emfO{ / Ps?ktf sfod /xf]; \ eGg] p4]Zon] of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] lgb]{lzsf ljz]if u/]/
kl/dflh{t x'b} cfPsf] :km]o/ dfkb08 / cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ # lbgsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] 5 eg] hDdf !@ j6f ;qx? /flvPsf] 5 . h;dWo]
@ j6f ;qx? cf}krfl/s z'ef/De / ;dfkg ug]{ /x]sf] 5 eg] !) j6f ;qx? ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s cEof; ug]{
p4]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;q of]hgf, ;qsfnflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx? / ;qsfnflu k|:t'tLsf
:nfO8x? /flvPsf] 5 . cWoog ;fdfu|Lx? g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+l3o dfldnf / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] tof/
u/]sf] :yfgLo txsf]nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd Go'gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf, :km]o/ lstfj,
cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08, u[x dGqfnosf] j]j;fO6,af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;qsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ >Job[Zo
;fdfu|Lx?, pbfx/0fx?, k|Zgx? klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ :km]o/ dfkb08sf]nflu Jojxfl/s cEof;
g} ug]{ u/L of]hgf ul/Psf] 5 h;n] ljkb\sf] ;dodf k|ltsfo{sf] sfo{ ubf{ ;xh x'g] ljZjf; /flvPsf] 5.
pQm lgb]{lzsfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go' gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf ;j} ljifox?nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g
ljz]if u/]/ dfgljo dfkb08nfO{ dfq s]lGb|t u/]/ lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . lj:t[t ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tof/ u/]sf cGo lgb]{lzsfx?sf] klg cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgljo dfkb08df sfo{/t hf] sf]xLnfO{ of] lgb]{lzsfn]
;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cEof;sf] qmddf of] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] k|of]ustf{x?af6
k[i7kf]if0f, ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

1
ljifo ;"rL k]h g+
cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd / k|lzIf0fsf] z'ef/De #–$
g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go'gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] sfo{x? %–@)
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"g, gLlt, /0fgLlt / dfkb08 ;DjlGw Joj:yfx? @!–#!
dfgljo dfkb08sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; qmd #@–#(
cffwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08sf ( k|ltj4tfx? $)–$&
:km]o/ dfkb08 $*–%*
Sni6/ cjwf/0ff %(–^&
:km]o/sf] Jojxfl/s cEof;jf/] tof/L ^*–^(
:km]o/sf] Jojxfl/s cEof; &)–&!
:km]o/ dfkb08 / e08f/0f :ynsf] cjnf]sg &@–&#
k|lzIf0fsf] d'Nof+‹sg / ;dfkg &$–&%
;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;"rL &^
yk hfgsf/Lsf]nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] k':tsx? / >f]tx? &&

2
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M !
;do () ldg]6
ljifo M z'ef/De, kl/ro, p2]Zo, ck]Iff ;+sng, ;d'x dfGotf, lk| 6]i6

;fwf/0f p2]Zo M o; ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx? k|lzIf0fsf] p2]Zo af/] k|i6 x'g]5g\ .

lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx? M

• Ps cfk;df kl/lrt x'g]5g\ .
• k|lzIf0f cjlwdf 5nkmn ul/g] d'Vo ljifoj:t'sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg]5g\ .
• ljifoj:t' jf/]df k"j{ hfgsf/Lsf] cj:yf pknAw x'g]5 .

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• k|lzIf0fsf] z'ef/De
• k|lzIf0fsf] p2]Zo
• kl/ro
• ck]Iff ;+sng
• k|lzIf0fsf ljifoj:t'x?, cfwf/e"t lgodx?, lhDd]jf/L cflb
• k|lzIf0f k"j{ hfgsf/L

l;sfO{ ljlw k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{

k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk cjlw ;fdfu|L

lqmofsnfk ! M z'ef/De dGtJo

• ;xefuLx? / cltlyx?sf] cfzg u|x0f;Fu} sfo{qmdsf] @% ldg]6 d]6fsf8{, Jofg/,
z'ef/De ug'{xf];\ .
• :jfut ;lxt sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zoaf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf]; \ .
• k|d'v cltlyaf6 Aofg/ k9L sfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s z'ef/De
ug'xf];\ .
• cltlyx?af6 sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf dGtJosf
nflu cg'/f]w ug'xf];\ .
• sfo{qmdsf] cWoIfaf6 z'ef/De dGtJo ;lxt ;q lj;h{gsf
nflu cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .
lqmofsnfk @ M kl/ro JolQmut
• ;a} ;xefuL, ;xhstf{ -k|lzIfs_ / cGo pkl:yt k|:t'tL !% ldg]6
JolQmx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] gfd, 7]ufgf, kb, ;fy} s'g} klg ljkb
kb{f s] s:tf sfo{ ug'{eof] eGg] ;DjGwL ;+lIfKt
sfo{cg'ej ;lxt cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg nufpg'xf];\ .

3
lqmofsnfk # M ck]Iff ;+sng JolQmut
• ;xefuLx?nfO{ k|lzIf0faf6 ul/Psf] ck]IffnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]vg !% ldg]6 d]6fsf8{, dfs{/,
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . k'; lkg,
• d]6fsf8{x?nfO{ Ps Ps u/L k9\b} a|fpg k]k/ jf af]8{df Un' :6Ls,
6fF:g'xf];\ . dfl:su 6]k,
a|fpg k]k/
• cfPsf ck]IffnfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf cf;o ePsf sf8{nfO{ Ps}
7fpdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• k|lzIf0fsf] ljifoj:t' / ;xefuLsf] ck]Iff ldnfg ug{'xf]; \ .
• ;xefuLx?af6 cfPsf ck]Iffx? s] slt xb;Dd o;
k|lzIf0fn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 eGg] k|i6 kfg'{xf]; .
lqmofsnfk $ M ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L
• ;xefuLx?n] NofPsf ck]Iffx?nfO{ ldnfg ub}{ k|lzIf0fdf % ldg]6 a|fpg k]k/,
5nkmn ul/g] ljifoj:t'x? hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; . dfs{/, Go"hlk|G6
k]k/
lqmofsnfk % M ;d'x dfGotf, lhDd]jf/L cflb 5nkmn
• k|lzIf0f k|efjsf/Ltfsf] nflu x/]s lbgsf] k|lzIf0f % ldg]6 a|fpg k]k/,
cjlwdf ;d"x dfGotfnfO{ ;xefuLx?;+u 5nkmn u/L dfs{/, Go"hlk|G6
Go"hlk|G6df n]vL kfngf ug{ nufpg'xf]; . k]k/,
• cfjZostf k/]df ljleGg lhDd]jf/L af8kmf8 -l/kf]l6ª, ;do kfj/KjfOG6 :nfO
Joj:yfks, dgf]/~hgstf{ cflb_ u/fpg'xf]; \ . 8
lqmofsnfk ^ M k|lzIf0f k"j{ hfgsf/L lk| 6]i6
• ;xefuLx?nfO{ cu|Ld ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] lk| 6]i6 kmf/fd !) ldg]6 lk| 6]i6 kmf/fd
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . kmf/fd
• pQm kmf/fd s;/L eg]{ ;a}nfO{ :ki6 kfg'xf]; \ .
• ;a} ;xefuLx?af6 kmf/fd ;+sng u/L ;s]kl5 o;af6
cfPsf] glthfnfO{ xfdL k|lzIf0fsf] cGtdf ul/g] kZrft
hfgsf/Lsf] glthf;Fu t'ngf ug]{5f}+ eGg' xf]; .
lqmofsnfk & M k|lzIf0fsf] ;fwf/0f p2]Zo, lglb{i6 p2]Zox?, k|lzIf0f k|:t'tL
ljlw / k|lzIf0f tflnsf !) a|fpg k]k/,
• k|lzIfsn] k|lzIf0fsf] af/]df lkm\nk rf6{df tof/ kf/]sf] ldg]6 km\nLk rf6{,
k|lzIf0fsf] ;fwf/0f p2]Zo, lglb{i6 p2]Zo af/] atfpg'xf]; . k|lzIf0f tflnsf
• k|lzIf0fsf ljlwx? hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|lzIf0f tflnsfsf] hfgsf/L tyf tflnsf ljt/0f ug'{xf]; \ .
lqmofsnfk * M ;q ;+If]kLs/0f / cu|;DjGw
• ;du| k|lzIf0f ;xeflutfd"ns 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9\g] s'/fsf] % ldg]6
cjut\ u/fpg'xf]; .
• cfufdL ;q ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ul/g] sfo{x? s] s] x'g eGg] af/]d
x'g] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

4
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M@
ljifo M ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg leq ul/g] d'Vo ^ j6f sfo{x?sf] jf/]df 1fgsf]
clej[lWb ug]{
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– g]kfndf ljkb hf]lvdsf] cj:yf jf/] atfpg ;Sg]5g\
– ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] d'Vo ^ sfo{x? jtfpg ;Sg]5g\
– ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf] km/s 5\'6\ofpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf
• ljkb Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg
• ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb Joj:yfkgdf km/s

k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO{ ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L

ljlw cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 !) ld u[x dGqfnon] tof/ u/]sf]
• u[x dGqfnon] tof/ u/]sf] ljkb\ ;DjlGw ;f] cBfjlws lel8of]
lel8of] b]fvfpg'xf];
• o; lel8of]df s] b] Vg'x'G5 egL ;fdfGo 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld p2]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• ;xefuLnfO{ tkfO{x?n] g]kfn ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] pQ/
lx;fjn] s:tf] 5 egL k|Zg ug{'xf];
• ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf hjfkmnfO{ a|fpg k]k/df
l6Kb} hfg'xf]; .
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .

5
 lqmofsnfk $M n3 @) :nfO8
;xefuLnfO{ g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf jf/] k|jrg ldg]6
atfpg'xf];\ / ljkbsf] cj:yf cfO/xG5 o:tf] ljkb\sf]
cj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 egL
atfpg'xf];\
;xefuLx?nfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg
sf] :nfO8 b]vfpg'xf]; h:df ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf $ j6f /f]syfd, cNkLs/0f, cg's"ng /
k"j{tof/L / ljkb Joj:yfkgdf k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ /
k'gnf{e u/L ^ j6f d'Vo sfo{x? pbfx/0f ;lxt
jtfpg'xf]; . k"j{tof/L ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
Joj:yfkg b'j}sf] c+u xf] egL jtfpg'xf]; \
lqmofsnfk %M ;xefuLx?nfO{ ^ ;d'xdf ljefhg #) ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
ug{xf];\
• ;d'x ! nfO{ /f]syfddf s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 < ;d'x
• ;d'x @ nfO{ cNkLs/0fdf s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 < cEof;
• ;d'x # nfO{ cg's"ngdf s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 <
• ;d'x $ nfO{ k"j{tof/Ldf s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 <
• ;d'x % nfO{ k|ltsfo{df s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 <
• ;d'x ^ nfO{ k'gnf{edf s] s] sfo{x? x'G5 <

;d'x ;xefuLnfO{ !, @, #, $, % , ^ eGg

nufO{ agfpg ;lsG5 .
lqmofsnfk ^M ;dx'n] tof/ ul/;s]kl5 k|:t't :nfO8 !)
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;f] / n3' ldg]6
k|jrg
lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' # ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6
;f/f+;df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] k|jrg
^ j6f sfo{nfO{ jtfpg'xf];
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg lSjh @ ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M k|ltsfo{df ul/g] sfo{x? s] s] x'g <
k|Zg @ M cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/Lsf] Ps j6f pbfx/0f
lbg'xf];\ <
k|Zg # M Build, Back, Better eg]sf] s] xf] <
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn % ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
dfgljo l;4fGt / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf]
P]ltxfl;s kIf jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5f} egL
atfpg] /
cWoog ;fdu|L ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];
6
 z];g @ sfnflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?

;q @M g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] sfo{x ?
g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf
g]kfn k|fs[lts tyf dfgj ;[lht jx'k|sf]kx?af6 k|efljt b]zx? dWo] kb{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnon] tof/
u/]sf] g]kfn ljkb\ k|ltj]bg @)!& cg';f/ *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;+Vof af9L, klx/f], xfjfx'/L, cl;gf,
cfunfuL, e"sDk / lxdtfn ljikmf]6g h:tf k|sf]kx?sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ ;fy} g]kfn ljZjdf @) cf}+ ljkb\
;+s6f;Gg /fi6« leq kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} pQm k|ltj]bgn] ef}ulEf{s k|sf]ksf b[li6sf]0fn] ljZjsf hf]lvdk"0f{ @!
zx/x? dWo] dfgj k|efjsf b[li6n] sf7df08f} pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] zx/ elgPsf] 5 .

u[x dGqfnosf] j]j;fO6df /flvPsf] g]kfnsf] hf]lvd kfZj{lrq cg';f/ g]kfn lxdfno >[+vnfdf cjl:yt ePsf
sf/0f, ofxf+sf] e"jgf]6 / hnjfo"sf] cj:yfn] ubf{ ljkbsf] pRr hf]lvdd /x]sf] b]z xf] . o;sf ;fy} g]kfndf
jUg] ^))) ;fgfltgf vf]nf tyf gbLgfnfx?, @#!% lxdtfnx? dWo] !% j6f km''6g ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf], ;lqmo
e"slDko lr/fx?df cjl:yt /x]sf] / clwsf+z le/fnf] hldgx? /x]sf sf/0f k|sf]ksf] 36gfn] ljkbsf] cj:yf
;[hgf ug{ ;Sg] hf]lvd pRr /x]sf] 5 .
▪ Ef"sDkLo hf]lvddf !! cf}+ :yfgdf 1 -klxnf]df cf/d]lgof_
▪ af9Lsf] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf #) cf}+ :yfgdf 1 -klxnf]df e]g] h'onf_
▪ Hfnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] hf]lvddf rf}yf}+ :yfgdf 2 -klxnf]df a+ufnfb]z_
▪ r6\of+‹sf] hf]lvddf % cf}+ :yfgdf 3
▪ ;du|df ljZjdf g]kfn @) cf}+ hf]lvd :yfgdf 4
▪ hnjfo" kl/jt{gn] ubf{ tfkqmd j[lWb h;n] lxdtfn km'6]/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd $) k|ltztn] a9fPsf] 5
▪ lxp+sf] ;+lrlt @$ b]lv @( k|ltztn] 36]sf] h;n] kfgLsf] pknJwtfdf k|efj 6
▪ lj= ;+= @)^% ;fndf r}t b]lv ebf};Dd g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdL If]q emf8f kvfnfsf]
dxfdf/Laf6 k|efljt eof] . sl/a @*@ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP . !( lhNnfdf emf8f kvfnfsf] c;/
b]lvof] . hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf dfq sl/a !@%)) AolQm k|efljt eP eg] !@* hgfn] Hofg u'dfP .
o:t} ¿s'ddf $^ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP 7
▪ lj= ;+= @)&! cflZjg @* ut] g]kfnsf] dgfª / d':tfª lhNnf l:yt cGgk"0f{ / wf}nflu/L j/k/sf]
If]qdf lxdkft ;Fu} >[+vnfj2 lxdklx/f] uof] . lxdkft / lxdklx/f]sf] sf/0f @! hgf kbofqL ;lxt
slDtdf $# JolQmx¿sf] d[To' eof] 8
▪ g]kfnsf] && lhNnfx¿dWo] $) lhNnfdf v8]/Lsf] sf/0fn] vfBfGgsf] cefj 8

1A Global Report Reducing Disaster Risk, UNDP/BCPR

2, Nepal Disaster Report 2017, German watch Mapple Croft report 2011
3. You tube speech by Lightening Expert Shree Ram Sharma
4. Nepal Disaster Report 2017
5. SnfOd]6 P08 8]Enkd]G6 gn]h g]6js{Ù g]kfn OG;]K;g l/kf]6{ km/ Osglds PgfnfOl;; km/ SnfOd]6 r]Gh ODKofS6;\ -@)!@_,
6. SnfOd]6 P08 8]Enkd]G6 gn]h g]6js{Ù g]kfn OG;]K;g l/kf]6{ km/ Osglds PgfnfOl;; km/ SnfOd]6 r]Gh ODKofS6;\ -@)!@_
7 National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategic Action Plan 2018-2030,
8. National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategic Action Plan 2018-2030,

7
@)!& / @)!* g]kfndf ax'k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Iflt
qm=; k|sf]k k|sf]ksf d[To' 3fOt] k|efljt 3/sf] Iflt cfly{s Iflt
36gf kl/jf/

k'?if dlxnf hDDff cf+lzs k"0f{

1 af9L 418 128 55 183 61 16196 14424 286 60944400

2 klx/f] 483 96 65 161 182 1083 149 328 191662000

3 r6\of+‹ 432 87 72 160 551 618 23 14 14687000

4 cfunfuL 3973 74 76 150 557 6027 549 3234 6422638013

5 zLt nx/ 48 26 22 48 0 48 0 0 -

6 n]s nfUg] 45 37 4 41 6 46 0 0 -

7 eLif0f jiff{ 342 8 22 30 84 538 193 252 89415160

8 aGohGt' 141 14 8 22 69 280 136 8 4390150

cft+s
9 xfjfx'/L 254 7 12 19 84 1527 763 301 51447998

10 8'+uf 10 9 7 16 9 27 0 0 -
b'3{6gf
11 dxdf/L 22 11 4 15 1881 420 0 0 -

12 ;k{ 6f]sfO{ 18 7 7 14 5 18 0 0 -

13 xLd cf+wL 2 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 -

14 xLdklx/f] 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 -

15 cl;gf 3 0 0 0 0 127 2 0 457000

16 cGo 189 54 45 99 150 289 69 10 3181599

hDdf 6381 569 399 968 3639 27255 16308 4433 6,83,88,23,320

>f]t M g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnosf] j]j;fO{6 l8cf/cf/ kf]6{n

8
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] sfo{x?
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if u/]/ ^ j6f d'Vo sfo{x? ul/G5 . . ljkb\ x'g'cl3 ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug]{, ljkb\ e} xfn]df k| efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ / ljkb\n] Iflt k'/ofPsf ;+/rgfx?sf] Build,
Back, Better l;WbfGtsf] cfwf/df k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ Ifdtf ePdf dfq :yfgLo tx, k|b]z /
;+l3o ;/sf/ pTyfgzLn 5 eGg] k'i6L ub{5 cGoyf ;+s6f;Gg cj:yfdf 5 eGg] k|i6 x' G5 .

o;/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf /f]syfd, cNkLs/0f, cg's"ng / k"j{tof/L h:tf sfo{x?, ljkb\ e} xfn]df vf]h
tyf pWbf/ / /fxt / ljkb\ kZrft k'gn{fesf sfo{x? h:t} k'g:yf{kgf / k'glgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ug'{kb{5 . ;]08fO{
km|]djs{sf] rf/j6f k|fyldstfsf If]qx? klg oL ^ j6f sfo{x? leq kb{5g\ h:df hf]lvdjf/] ;j}n] j'emg' cfjZos
5, ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{ ljifout If]qx?df d'nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ nufgL ug]{ sfo{x? 5g\
eg] ljkb\ ePsf] cj:yfdf k| efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x? Build, Back, Better l;WbfGtsf] cfwf/df
ug'{kb{5

dflysf] 8fou|fddf k"j{tof/LnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg b'j}df b]vfOPsf] 5 o:sf] sf/0f
k"j{tof/Ln] ljkb\sf] hf]lvd klg sd u5{ / of] ljkb\sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf]nflu klg ul/G5 . h:t} olb xfdLn]
cf}ifwLx?sf] k"j{e08f/0f u/of} eg] ljkb\sf] ;dodf cf}ifwLsf] cefjn] x'g ;Sg] d[ To' tyf 3fOt] x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd
sd x'G5 eg] ljkb\ e} ;s]kl5 ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf]nflu klg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . To:t} k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;dod}
;"rgf lbg] ePsf]n] Iflt x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd sd ub{5 / ljkb\sf] ;dodf sfxf+ j:g], stfaf6 hfg] s;/L hfg]
h:tf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x? ;xh x'G5 .

9
!= ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg M (Disaster Risk Management)
Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to
prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to
the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses. UN ISDR 2017

gof+ hf]lvdnfO{ /f]Sg, klxnf g} ePsf hf]lvnfO{ 36fpg / jf+sL /x]sf] hf]lvdnfO{ Joj:yfkg
ug{sfnflu ljkb hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf gLltx? / /0fgLltx?sf] k|of]u h;n] hf]lvdsf] IfltnfO{
Go"lgs/0f ug{ / pTyfglzntf a9fpg of]ubfg k'/ofpb+5 .
@= ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (Disaster Risk Reduction)
Disaster risk reduction is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk
and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and
therefore to the achievement of sustainable development. UN ISDR 2017

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] d'Vo pWb]Zo gof+ hf]lvdnfO{ /f]Sg], klxnf g} ePsf hf]lvnfO{ 36fpg]
/ jf+sL /x]sf] hf]lvdnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ h;n] ;du|df pTyfglzntfnfO{ alnof] jgfp+5 / lbuf]
ljsf; k|fKtL ug{sfnflu of]ubfg k'/ofp+b5 .
#= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg (Disaster Management)
The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to
and recovering from disasters. UN ISDR 2017

ljkb\sf] k|ltsfo{sfnflu k"j{tof/L ug]{, ljkb\ ePdf k|ltsfo{ ug]{ / ljkb kZrft k'g:yf{kgfsf
pkfox? ;+ul7t ug]{ of]hgf jgfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ g} ljkb\ Joj:yfkg xf] .
#=! /f]syfd -lgjf/0f_M Prevention
Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks.' UN ISDR 2017

• clxn] cjl:yt /x]sf] hf]lvd / gof+ ljkbsf] hf]lvd x'g glbg] lqmofsnfkx? / pkfox?
Annotations: Prevention (i.e., disaster prevention) expresses the concept and intention to completely
avoid potential adverse impacts of hazardous events. While certain disaster risks cannot be eliminated,
prevention aims at reducing vulnerability and exposure in such contexts where, as a result, the risk of
disaster is removed. Examples include
• dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks,
• land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones,
• seismic engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any likely
earthquake and
• immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases. UN ISDR 2017

10
 :yfgLo txn] ug]{ /f]syfd ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x?
• :yfgLo txn] ug]{ /f]syfd ;DjlGw ug]{
sfo{x? Hf:t} af9L tyf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd
:yfgdf 3/x? jgfpg glbg] gLlt agfpg],
af9L tyf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd :yfgdf
ljwfnox? jgfpg glbg], af9L tyf
klx/f]sf] hf]lvd :yfgdf ePsf j:tLx?,
;+/rgfx? :yfgfGt/0f ug]{, sdhf]/
;+/rgfx? jgfpg glbg] , alnof
;+/rgfx? h:t} e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/x?
lgdf{0f ug]{, u'0f:tl/o ;fdfu|Lx? k|of]u eP
gePsf] cg'udg ug]{, kSsL t6jGwx?
lgdf{0f ug]{, dfxdf/L km}lng glbg vf]k
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{, e"pkof]u of]hgf
agfpg] lah'nLsf] tf/af6 cfunfuL x'g
;Sg] :yfgdf kfOkn] gf+uf] tf/nfO{ kfOkn] 5f]Kg] h:tf sfo{x? :yfgLo txn] ug'{kb{5 . o; lrqdf
e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 / e"sDk cfPtf klg 3/ elTsg ;Sg] ;+efjgf sd /x]sf] 5 .

#=@ cNkLs/0f : Mitigation

The lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event. UN ISDR 2017

• k|sf]k tyf tb\hGo ljkb\sf] k|lts"n c;/nfO sd ug]{ jf ;Lldt t'Nofpg] sfo{ljlw g} cNkLs/0f xf] .
• k|sf]ksf k|lts"n c;/x¿nfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]w ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf ljleGg /0fgLlt tyf
lqmofsnfkåf/f pNn]vgLo ?kdf sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

:yfgLo txn] ug]{ cNkLs/0f ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x?

• cNkLs/0fsf pkfox¿df O{l~hlgol/Ë k|ljlw tyf k|sf]k –k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f ;+/rgf agfpg] h:t} af9L
tyf klx/f] hfg] :yfgdf tf/hfnL cyjf jf+;sf]
7f]s/ nu fpg], jf]/fdf afn'jf e/]/ gbLs6fgnfO{
/f]Sg], j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, h:t} af6f] agfp+bf
jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug{kg], gbL lsgf/df
j[Iff/f]k0f / h}ljs t6jGw lgdf{0f ug]{, jg ;+/If0f
gLlt ckgfpg]] cflb sfo{ kb{5 . o; lrqdf j:tL

tyf hldgnfO{ hf]ufpgsf] nflu jf+;sf] 5]sjf/

nufP/ ljkbsf] c;/ sd ug{nfO{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k"0f{ ?kdf af9Lsf] c;/ /f]Sg g;lsP klg Iflt sd
eg] x'g ;S5 . o;} u/]/ csf]{ lrqdf klx/f]sf]
/f]syfdsf]nflu 5]sjf/ / j[Iff/f]k0fs]f sfo{ u/L

11
 ljkb\sf] c;/ sd ug{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf sfo{n] ljkb\sf] c;/ k"0f{ ?kdf /f]Sg g;s]klg Iflt
eg] pNn]Vo ?kdf sd ub{5 .

cNkLs/0fsf k|sf/x? M
;+/rgfut (Structural)M k|sf]ksf] k|lts'n c;/x? sd ug{ ul/g] ;+/rgfTds sfo{x? h:t} M
jfof]OlGhlgol/8= sfo{, klx/f] hfg] :yfgdf j[Iff/f]k0f cflb .

Uf}/ ;+/rgfut (Non-Structural)M k|sf]ksf] c;/x? sd ug{ agfOg] gLlt lgodx?, hgr]tgfd'ns
sfo{qmdx?, tflnd uf]i7L , jfof]OlGhlgol/8= ;DjlGw tflnd cflb .

#=# cg"s'ng M Adaptation

æhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ ;Fu 3'nldn x'g;Sg] u/L cy{k"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ul/g]
sfo{x?.Æ

:yfgLo txn] cg's"ng ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x?

;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg], 8'jfg ;xg ;Sg] k|hftLsf] ljpljhgx? Nfufpg], l56f] pTkfbg lbg] s[ifL jfnL nufpg],
jfnL nufpg]
k|lqmofdff
kl/jt{g ug]{ ,
b'w 8fo/Lx?
ljsf; ug]{ ,
g+of ;Lkx?
lbg], pGgt
hftsf
kz'kfngsf]
ljsf; ug]{,
kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f tyf k'/fgf kf]v/Lsf] k'g{lgdf{0f, cfsfz] kfgLsf] ;+sng, v]/ uPsf] kfgLsf] k'g k|of]u ug]{,
hnjfo" cg';f/sf] v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfpg] cflb . o; lrqdf jiff{ts]f kfgL ;+sng ug{ Knfli6s kf]v/L lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 5 .

#=# k|ltsfo{ M (Response)

Actions taken directly before, during or immediately after a disaster in order to save
lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence
needs of the people affected. UN ISDR 2017
ljkb 36gf eO/x]sf] a]nf / tTsfn 36gf kZrft dflg;sf] hLjg/Iff ug{ dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x¿nfO{
Go"g ug{ / cfd gful/snfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'sf ;fy} k|efljt JolQm jf ;d'bfosf nflu cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf kl/k"tL{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{ cfktsfnLg ;]jfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs ;xfotfsf Joj:yfx¿
ug]{ sfo{ g} k|ltsfo{ xf] .

ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ d"ntM

 tTsfn Pj+ cNksfnLg cfjZoQmfx¿df s]lGb|t /xG5
 slxn]sflxF o;nfO{ æljkb\ /fxtÆ klg elgG5 .
 k|ltsfo{ r/0f / tTkZrftsf] k'gnf{e r/0f aLrdf 7ofSs} l;df/]vf sf]g{ ufx|f] 5 .
 h:tf] ls c:yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ h:tf k|ltsfo{sf ultljlwx¿ k'gnf{esf]
r/0fdf ;d]t sfof{lGjt x'G5g\ .
12
ljkb\ ePdf
▪ ;d'bfonfO{ ;fO/g, l;6\7L, jf :yfgLo hfgsf/L lbg] ljwL k|of]u u/]/ 5/–l5d]snfO{ klg ;'/lIft
:yfgdf hfg ;"rgf lbg'k5{ .
▪ cfktsflng emf]nf af]s]/ ;'/lIft 7f+pdf hfg'k5{ .
▪ ue{jtL dlxnf, ;'Ts]/L dlxnf, h]i7 gfuls, ckfu+tf ePsf JolQm, afn–aflnsf, /f]uL / czQm
dflg;nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u u/L ;'/lIft 7f+p tkm{ n}hfg'k5{ .
▪ k|sf]k ePsf] ;dodf k"j{tof/Lsf ;fdfg k|of]u u/L p4f/df nfUg'k5{ .
▪ x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ .
▪ cfktsflng /fxt ljt/0fdf s;}dfly e]befj gxf]; eg]/ Wofg lbg' k5{ .
▪ lkl8tnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] / w}o{ lbg] vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .
▪ l;ls:t la/fdLsf nflu 5'6\6} kfn jf sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfktsflng pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg'k5{ .
▪ k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] hg–wgsf] Ifltaf/] ;s];Dd l56f] ;'/Iff lgsfo, ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;xof]uL
;+3;+:yfnfO{ ;xL hfgsf/L lbP/ ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x ug'{k5{ .

:yfgLo txn] k|ltsfo{ ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x?

vf]h tyf pWbf/ ;DjlGw sfo{x? /fxt ;DjlGw sfo{x? ;+/If0f ;DjlGw
• ;'/Iff lgsfo;+u jf tflnd k|fKt • ljkb\af6 k|efljt ePsfx¿sf] • dlxnf, jfnjflnsf,
vf]h tyf p2f/ JolQm ;+u ;dGjo nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf - ckf+utf ePsf
u/L ljkb\df k/]sfx?nfO{ arfpg], vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, kfgL, JolQm / h]i7
pWbf/ ug]{ k|fylds pkrf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf, gful/ssf] ;+/If0fsf]
• e"sDk, af9L klx/f]af6 elTsPsf a;f]af;, ;'/Iff, dgf];fdflhs Joj:yf ldnfpg]
;+/rgfx?df k'l/Psfx?, jufPsfx?, k/fdz{ ;]jf_ sf ;fdfu|Lx? • dlxnf, jfnjflnsf,
cfunfuLdf k/]sfx? nfO{ vf]hL pknAw u/fpg] ckf+utf ePsf
u/]/ kQfnufO{ pgLx?sf] hLjg • /fxt ;fdfu|Lx? ljt/0f ubf{ JolQm / h]i7
/Iffsf]nflu ;'/lIft :yfgdf Nofpg] :km]o/ dfkb08 cg';f/ ljt/0f gful/ssf] b'Jo{jxf/,
• 3fOt]x?sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ / ug]{ ;fy} df};d cg';f/, pd]/ zf]if0f, j]rljvg,
l;ls:t 3fOt]x?nfO{ t'?Gt cg';f/, ckf+utf cg';f/, ;+:s[tL x'gaf6 hf]ufpg]
c:ktfn k'/ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] cg';f/ /fxt ;fdfu|L ljt/0f ug]{ •

13
 • d[tsx?sf] zj Joj:yfkg ug]{ / • /fxt ;fdfu|Lx? u'0f:tl/o, ldlt
d[ts kz'rf}kfofsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ g;lsPsf] / /fd|/L Kofls8=
• cj?Wb ;8sx? 8f]h/ k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] ljt/0f ug]{ ;fy} ljt/0f
v'nfpg] ul/Psf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]u s;/L
• ue{jtL, ;'Ts]/L dlxnf, jfnjflnsf, ug]{ eGg] jf/]df hgr]tgf
ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx? / h]i7 km}nfpg] . h:t} vfg]kfgL
gful/snfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ z'lWbs/0fsfnflu lko'if ljt/0f
vf]h tyf pWbf/ ug]{ u5f}{ eg] slt kfgLdf slt lko'if
/fVg'k5{ eGg] l;sfpg]
• c:yfoL l;sfO{ s]Gb|x? tof/ u/L
cfktsflng lzIff ;+rfng ug]{

#=# k"j{tof/L M (Preparedness)

The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and
recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. UN ISDR 2017
;+efljt jf xfnsf] k|sf]k 36gf cyjf k|sf]k cj:yfsf c;x¿sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg],
k|ltsfo{ ug{;Sg] / To;af6 k'gnf{e lng ;Sg] ;/sf/L lgsfo, k|ltsfo{ tyf k'gnf{edf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf,
;d'bfo / :jo+ JolQmx¿åf/f ljsl;t 1fg tyf Ifdtf .

d'Vo k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{x?

!= lg/Gt/ ;dGjo j}7s ;+rfng ug]{ M
• :yfgLo tyf j8f ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
• Sni6/ ;d'x :t/df

@= ;d'bfosf] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg

/ hnjfo" kl/jt{g cg's"ng hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf ug]{ /
gu/ tyf ufp gu/ kflnsf:t/df hf]lvdsf] klxrfg
ug]{

#= cfwf/e't dfkb08sf ljlwx? Tfyf lgltut

lgb]{lzsfx? gu/ tyf ufp+ gu/kflnsf+ :t/df 5g\
eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{ Hf:t} M
• ld/f / o;sf] kmd]{6
• :km]o/sf dfkb08x?
• cfO;L ;fdfu|Lx? / ;"rgf k|jfxsfnflu ;Gb]zx?
• ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sfnflu /fli6«o :t/sf lgb]{lzsfx?

$= ax' If]qut cfsl:ds of]hgf, ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / cwfjlws ub}{ n}hfg]
%= gu/ tyf ufp+kflnsf :t/df ePsf >f]t ;fwgx?sf] gSzf+sg ug]{ - cfly{s /sd, cfsl:ds ;dodf
k|bfg ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx? / dfgljo >f]t_ / cfjZostf cg';f/ e08f/0f ug]{
^= ;"rgf Joj:yfkg, If]qut sfo{qmdsf]nflu l4lto ;"rgfsf] ;+sng

14
&= k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf h8fg
*= Sni6/ ;d'x4f/f cfktsflng cj:yfdf ljt/0f ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ljkb k"j{ g} ;+sng / e08f/0f ug]{
• cfsl:ds cj:yfdf ljt/0f ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx? M vf2 / u}/ vf2
• ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;+rf/ ;fdfu|Lx?, kDkn]6,kf]:6/ / j|f];/

(= ljkb ;Dk{s JolQmx?sf] tnsf ljifodf Ifdtf clej[lWb tflnd

s= ljkb\ n]vfhf]vfsf ljlwx? -O/f,ld/f, l;P;l8P / lkl8PgP_
v= cfsl:ds k|ltsfo{sfnflu :km]o/ dfkb08x?
u= ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;+rf/ ;fdfu|Lx? / ;Gb]zx?
3= ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sfnflu /fli6«o :t/sf lgb]{lzsfx?
8= ;dGjo

!)= gd'gf cEof;, ;Lk ljsf; / ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd h:t} kf}8L v]Ng l;sfpg], e"sDk cfp+bf s;/L
;'/lIft /xg] tl/sf l;sfpg] . k|:t't lrqdf jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ ;fgf] pd]/df g} kf}8L v]nfpg l;sfPdf 8'jfg
x'g] If]qdf kl5 x'g ;Sg] IfltnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

:yfgLo txn] k"j{tof/L ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x?

• :yfgLo txn] ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgf agfpg]
• j8f :tl/o ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt jgfpg]
• vf]h tyf pWbf/, k|fylds pkrf/, :jf:Yo pkrf/ cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg], kf}l8g ;Sg],
dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg], /fxt ljt/0f ug{ ;sg], ;+/If0f ;DjlGw tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm tof/
ug]{
• k|To]s j8fdf e08f/ u[x tof/ ug]{
cfjZos kg]{ vf]h tyf pWbf/sf
;fdfu|L h:t} 8f]/L, nfOkm Hofs]6,
lks, ;fj]n, 3g, jGr/f], kmfo/ jn,
/ vf2, u}/ vf2, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo
/ kf]if0f ;DjlGw /fxt ljt/0fsf
;fdfu|Lx? e08f/0f h:t} rfprfp,
lj:s'6, e'lhof, bfn, rfdn, g"g,
t]n, nQfsk8f, ksfpg]
ef+8fs'+8fx?, lko'if, cSjfuf8{,
Snf]l/g, km:6 P8 jS;, cflb
• ;j} ;fj{hlgs ejgx?df
cfktsflng cj:yfdf aflx/ lg:sg]
dfu{ / ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] :yfg
klxrfg u/L /fVg]
• e"sDk, cfunfuL, af9L, klx/f]sf] jf/]df gd'gf cEof; ug]{
• :km]o/ dfkb08 / ld/f ;DjlGw kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg]

15
#=# k'gnf{e (Recovery)
The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as well as economic, physical,
social, cultural and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-affected
community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and “build
back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. UN ISDR 2017
• ljkb\ k|efljt ;d'bfodf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx¿ Pj+ hLljsf] kfh{gsf pkfox¿ / dfWodx¿sf] ;+ej
eP;Ddsf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;'wf/ . o; cGtu{t hf]lvdsf sf/s tTjx¿sf] Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;x¿
;d]l6G5g\ .
• k'gjf{; tyf k'glg{df{0fsf k'gnf{e sfo{ cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf] cGTo;Fu} t'?Gt} z'? x'G5g\ . of] sfo{
k'gnf{esf] ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;xh Pj+ hg;xeflutfnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] to
ul/Psf k"j{jt /0fgLlt / gLltx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
• ljkbsf] ;dodf dflg;x?sf] lhljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/ tx;gx; ePsf] x'G5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfx?
eTs]sf], gi6 ePsf] x'g ;S5 . ;]jf ;'ljwfx? cj?Wb ePsf] x'G5 . cGgjfnLx?, ;+lrt vf2 kbfy{x?
gi6 ePsf x'G5g . To;}n] k'g{:yfkgf tyf k'g{lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ kb{5 .
• k'g{:yfkgf tyf k'g{lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf z'?b]lv g} h?/t kb{5 . k'g{nfesf
sfo{x? ubf{ lbuf] ljsf;, Ifdtf ljsf; / klxn]sf] eGbf cem /fd|f] u/L agfpg] sfo{ ug{ kb{5 .
Build, Back, Better sf] cjwf/0ff cGt{ut k'g{nfesf sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ kb{5 .

#=# k'gM:yf{kgf (Rehabilitation)

The restoration of basic services and facilities for the functioning of a community or a
society affected by a disaster. UN ISDR 2017
 dfgj hLjg tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? Hf:t} vfg]kfgL, ljh'nL, af6f], ;+rf/, oftfoft dd{t tyf gof+ lgdf{0f
u/L hglhjgnfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf
Nofpg ul/g] sfo{x? .
 ljkbkl5 ;d'bfosf] cj:yfnfO{
k"jf{cj:yfdf Nofpg ul/g] sfo{nfO{
k'g{:yfkgf elgG5 .
 o;df ;fdfGo Iflt ePsf] 3/sf] dd{t
;+Eff/, /f]huf/L jf cfo cfh{gsf] a}slNks
Joj:yf, ;fj{hflgs tyf lghL ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] dd{t ;+ef/ u/]/ k|of]uof]Uo
jgfpg] sfo{ kb{5g\ .
 dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ klg k'g{nfesf]
;dodf cfjZos kb{5 . k|:t't lrqdf
k|sf]ksf] sf/0f lj:yflkt kl/jf/x?nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ul/Psf] 5 .

#=# k'glgdf{0f (Reconstruction)

The medium- and long-term rebuilding and sustainable restoration of resilient critical
infrastructures, services, housing, facilities and livelihoods required for the full functioning
of a community or a society affected by a disaster, aligning with the principles of
sustainable development and “build back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk.
UN ISDR 2017

16
  ljkbaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] :yfoL lgdf{0f ug{ ;j} k|sf/sf
;]jf / cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfnfO{ k"0f{tof klxn]s}
cj:yfdf Nofpg / k|efljt If]qsf
dflg;x?nfO{ s[lif nufotsf cfly{s If]qdf
;xh ug{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ k'g{lgdf{0f elgG5
.
 ljkbaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfodf cfktsflng
;]jfx?sf] ;~rfng kZrft k'glgdf{0f sfo{
;~rfng ul/G5.
 k'glgdf{0f sfo{ eljiodf x'g ;Sg]
k|sf]ksf] c;/fnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL
;d'bfosf] klxn]sf] cj:yf eGbf Ps sbd
cuf8L a9]/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 . k|:t't lrqdf k|sf]kaf6 elTsPsf] 3/nfO{ klxn]sf] eGbf cem
jlnof] cjwf/0ff cGt{ut k'glgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5.

#=# Principle of Build, Back, Better

!= ljutsf cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] IfltnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug]{ jf x6fpg]
@= ;DjlGwt ;+:yfx? k|efljtx?n] rfx]sf] ;xof]usf]nflu lhDd]jf/ tyf hjfkmb]xL x'g}k5{
#= ljkbn] k|efljt ePsfx? g} lg0f{ostf{ x'g'k5{ M pgx?NffO{ s] rflxG5 , slt rflxG5, s;nfO{ rflxG5
$= :yflgo cy{tGq / lhljsf]kfh{g nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{
%= k'g{:yfkgf / k'g{lgdf{0f ubf{ ljljwtfnfO{ dxTj lbg'kb{5 , efiff, wd{, ;+:s[tL, k]zf
^= k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;se/ cfkmgf] :yflgo >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{ lbOg' kb{5.
& k'g{:yfkgf / k'g{lgdf{0f ubf{ eljiodf x'g ;Sg] k|sf]k / To;sf] hf]lvdnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ul/g' kb{5 . hf]lvd
sd ug]{ u/L lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .

:yfgLo txn] k"gnf{e ;DjlGw ug]{ sfo{x ?

• lau|]sf eTs]sf ;+/rgfx? h:t} ejg, ljwfno ejg, vfg]kfgL ;+/rgf, l;+rfO{ s'nf], ljw't u[x, af6]f
clb nfO{ cem /fd|f] jlnof] lgdf{0f ug]{ / gof+ hf]lvd x'g glbg]
• k|efljtx?sf]nflu lhljsf]kfh{g ;DjlGw ;Lkx? lbg] / cfocfh{g lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u u/fpg]
• k|efljtx?sf]nflu cg'bfg tyf qm[0f ;xof]u lbg]
• k|efljtx?sf] ljdf u/s]sf] 5 eg] ljdf /sd pknJw u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{
• k|efljtx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg txssf] dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] jf cf}ifwL
pkrf/df ;xof]u ug]{
• dlxnf, jfnjflnsf, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm / h]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

17
z];g @ sfnflu k|:t'tLsf :nfO8x?

g]k f df l k hf]lvdsf] c :yf g]kf df / df l f k sf] Ifl

; k|s f]k d o' f ] k| fl /sf] Ifl cfly s Ifl
kl/ f/
g]k f s l k k| fl ]z f] k' dl f h ff cf+lzs k0f
k| o]s f % f k|sf]k sf gf 'g ] f
k| o]s f s/ dflg; l sf]k gfdf k/ d o' 'g ] kl /f]
of+
f s k o hf]lvddf cf}+ :yfgdf cf f
f yf kl /f]sf] k|sf]k sf] hf]lvddf cf}+ :yfgdf z /
]s f g]
f fo kl/ gsf] k| f sf] hf]lvddf f}yf}+ :yfgdf f0f ff
;d |d f l df g]k f cf}+ hf]lvd :yfgdf oh ' cf +s
f f '/
h fo kl/ g ] f fk d l h; ] l d f ]/ k ' f sf] hf]lvd '+ f ' gf
k|l z ] f sf] d df/

g]k f sf] % lhN f d o] lhN fdf ]/vsf] sf/0f ] vf f gsf] c f ;k f]sf

d cf+
dkl /f]
ource eport , . limate and development knowledge network
cl;gf
co
h df

ource website, ortal

18
l k hf]lvd o g s/0f / o :yfkg /f]syfd

l k hf]l vd o g s/0f / o :yfkg

s k k|l /f] g

cNk s/0f cg's g

fl s kf]v/ cfsfz] kfg ;+s g

fof] l hlgol/ sfo

k of/ vf]h yf f/ / /f l /0f

19
 kg:yfkgf / kglgdf0f l k hf]lvd o g s/0f
l k hf]l vd o g s/0f gf ] d' g s'/f f ' g' k
l sf;sf sfd f gof+ yk hf]lvd 'g gl g]
kl ] g} sf] hf]lvd f f g] /
f+s / ]sf] hf]lvd f o :yfkg g] h:sf] fl k of/ g]
kg:yfkgf kglgdf0f
l k k| fl sf] fl lhl sf]kfhg sfo d
lg f/0f cNk s/0f k of/ / cg's gsf sfo f l k sf]
hf]lvd N ] o df fdf f g ;ls

h fo kl/ g cgs' g
l k o :yfkg
h fo' kl/ gsf gsf/f ds c;/ ; ' ld 'g; g]
/ cyk0f f f /0f l;hgf g l/g] sfo
l k sf] k|l sfosf fl k of/ g] l k df k|l sfo g] /
l k k f k'g:yfkgfsf kfo ;+ l g] of]hgf gf g] /
sfof og g] sfo g} l k o :yfkg f]

20
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;qM #
;doM () ldg]6
ljifo M ljkb Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw gLltut Joj:yf
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M o; ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / P]gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod, sfg"g, 9f+rfx? / dfkb08x?
atfpg ;Sg]5g\
lglb{i6 p2]Zox? M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw k|fjwfgx? atfpg ;Sg]5g\
2. :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g @)&$ df :yfgLo txsf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ jtfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$ df :yfgLo txsf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ jtfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
4. g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fxt dfkb08 ;DjlGw Joj:yfx? atfpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifox? M

▪ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljkb Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw Joj:yf
▪ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g @)&$ df ljkb Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw :yfgLo txsf] sfd,
st{Jo, clwsf/
▪ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$ / ljkb Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u
▪ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fxt dfkb08 ;DjlGw Joj:yfx?

l;sfO{ ;do
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
ljlw cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f k|Zg pQ/ !) ldg]6 kfj/KjfOG6 :nfO8
• ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ Logical exercise
b]vfpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• l;sfO af/]] :ki6 u/fpg'xf];\ .
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ldg]6 d]6f sf8{df ;qsf] gfd,
;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cjwL jtfpg'xf]; . k|:t'tL pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t'
n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|Zg pQ/ % ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/,
• ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw sfo{x? dfl:sË 6]k
ug{sf nflu s'g s'g P]g sfg"gx? Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5
egL 5nkmn rfpg'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx?af6 cfPsf s'/fx?nfO{ l6kf]6 ug'{xf]; .
• ;xefuLx?sf] ljrf/x?nfO{ dGyg ub}{ ljifoj:t'x?
cufl8 a9fpg'xf];\ .

21
lqmofsnfk $ M ;d'x sfo{ 5nkmn @% ;+ljwfg / P]g cg';f/
v08 s ldg]6 clwsf/, sfd, sTf{Jo
▪ k|To]s ;d'xdf % hgf x'g] ul/ ;xefuLx?nfO{ % n]lvPsf] cEof; kqx?
;d'xdf ljefhg ug'{ xf];\ / lgDgfg';f/ sfo{ lbg' xf];\ .
▪ klxnf] ;d'x nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw ePsf Joj:yfx?
▪ bf];|f] ;d'x nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g
@)&$ cg';f/ :yfgLo txn] ljkb Joj:yfkg /
dfgljo ;xof]u ;DjlGw ug{'kg]{ sfd, st{Jo
clwsf/x?
▪ t]>f] ;d'xn] ljkb\ hf]lvd GogLs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 ;DjlGw
Joj:yfkg
▪ rf}yf] ;d'xn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fxt ;DjlGw
dfkb08df ePsf Joj:yfx?
▪ kfrf} ;d'xnfO{ ===
▪ k|To]s ;d'xnfO{ cf cfkm\gf] ljifoa:t'df 5nkmn u/L
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / dfgljo ;xof]u
dfkb08 ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt sfg"gL k|fjwfg af/] k|i6
x'g cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .
▪ cfjZostf cg';f/ cf cfkm\gf] ;+lIfKt gf]6 klg l6Kg
cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ tfsL kl5 c?nfO{ ;f] ;DjGwdf
a'emfpg ;lsof];\ .
▪ k|lzIfsn] k|To]s ;d'xdf uP/ ;xefuLx?n] /fd|f];Fu
a'em]sf] xf] jf xf]Og r]s ug{'xf]; \ .
lqmofsnfk % M ;d'x @) ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/,
v08 v sfo{ / cEof; kq
▪ k|To]s ;xefuL cfcfkm\gf] ;d'xsf] ljifoj:t'df k|i6 5nkmn
eO{;s]kl5 k|To]s ;d' xjf6 Ps Ps hgf ;xefuL x'g]
u/L gofF % hgfsf] % ;d'x (Cross Group) k'gM
agfpg'xf];\ .
▪ x/]s gofF ;d'xdf k|To]s ;b:on] cfkm'n]
klxnf] ;d'xdf l;s]sf s'/fsf] j0f{g u/L
cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ ;f] ljifodf k|i6 kfg{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
▪ k|i6 kfbf{ ;xefuLx?n][ cWoog ;fdu|L k9]/ eGbf
cfkm'n] a'em]sf] s'/f ;f6f;f6 ug{ nufpg;xf];\ .
▪ o;/L eg]sf s'/fx? cGo ;xefux?n] cf cfkm\gf]
cEof; kqdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
▪ ;xhstf{n] k|To]s ;d'xdf uP/ ;xefuLx?n] /fd|f];Fu
a'em]sf] xf] jf xf]Og r]s ug{'xf]; \ .

22
lqmofsnfk ^M :nfO8 !% ldg]6
▪ o;/L cross group klg ;ls ;s]kl5 ;xefuLx?df k|:t'tL
cem} yk :ki6 ug{ k|Zgx? ug]{ h:t} ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
/ dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 ;DjlGw k|fjwfg
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g,
ljkb hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$, /fxt
dfkb08df sfx+ u/]sf] 5 eGg'xf];
▪ ;xhstf{n] tof/ u/]/ NofPsf] ljifosf] :nfO8
cfjZostf cg';f/ 5nkmn u/L yk k|i6 u/fpg] .
lqmofsnfk & M ;q d"Nof+sg k|Zg pQ/ % ldg]6 klxnf g} tof/ ul/Psf]
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zox? xfl;n eP ls k|Zgx?
ePgg\ eg]/ yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{
lgDg k|Zgx? ug'{xf]; .
▪ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]gdf ePsf # j6f
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ s] s]
x'g <
▪ ljkb hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g
cg';f/ :yfgLo ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] s]
s] ;fdfu|Lx? e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg'kb{5 <
lqmofsnfk * M cu| ;DaGw / cWoog ;fdu|L ljt/0f 5nkmn % ldg]6 ;qsf] p2]Zo tof/
▪ ;qsf] p2]Zo k'/f eof] ePg 5nkmn ug{xf]; . ul/Psf] :nfO8
▪ cWoog ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{xf]; .
▪ csf]{ ljifo ljz]if u/]/ dfgljo l;4fGt /
dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 ;DjlGw x'g]5 egL
atfpg''xf];

23
z];g # sf nflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?
ljkb Joj:yfkg / cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;DjlGw gLltut Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # sf] wf/f !^ df ;Ddfgk"j{s jf+Rg kfpg] xs ;'/lIft u/]sf] 5. ;j} g]kfnLn] h:tf];'s}
cj:yfdf klg ;Ddfgk"'j{s jf+Rg kfpg] p:sf] clwsf/ xf] . ljkb\sf] ;dodf klg ;j} gful/sn] ;Ddfgk"j{s
jf+Rg kfpg] / ;Ddfgk"j{s p4f/ / /fxt kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . bof, dfof efjn] s;}nfO{ klg /fxt lbg] sfo{
ug'{x'b}g / ljkb\sf] ;dodf /fxt kfpg' pgLx?sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] eGg] ;j}n] a'emg h?/L 5 .

o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgd} ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw sfo{ ug'{kg{] ljifox? /flvPsf] 5
. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f / Joj:yfkgdf ;j} :yfgLo tx, k|b]z / ;+l3o ;/sf/n] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ / ljkb\ hf]lvd
;DjlGw ;j}n] a'emg' kg]{, ljkb\sf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ ,ljkb\ ePdf k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ / ljkb\ kZrft k'g:yf{kgf
/ k'glg{df0fsf sfo{x? ug'{kg] eGg] ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;Gb{edf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * df Psn
clwsf/df ljkb\ ;DjlGw sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ljifo g+ @) df / cg';"rL ( sf] ;femf clwsf/ sf] g+ ( df :yfgLo tx,
k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/ ldn]/ ljkb\ ;DjlGw sfo{ug'{kg]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h'g o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/, ufp+kflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] clwsf/

!=! cg';"rL * M Psn clwsf/
1. gu/ k|x/L
2. ;xsf/L ;+:yf
3. Pkm=Pd= ;+rfng
4. :yfgLo s/ ;]jf z'Ns tyf b:t'/
5. :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg
6. :yfgLo tYof+s / clen]v ;+sng
7. :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf
8. cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff
9. cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{
10. :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf
11. :yfgLo ;8s, u|fld0f ;8s, s[ifL ;8s / l;+rfO{
12. ufp+ ;ef, gu/ ;ef, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg
13. :yfgLo clen]v Joj:yfkg
14. hUuf wgL bt{f k|df0f k"hf{ ljt/0f
15. s[ifL tyf kz'kfng , s[ifL pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo ;xsf/L
16. h]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, / czQmx?sf] Joj:yfkg
17. a]/f]huf/sf] tYof+s ;+sng
18. s[ifL k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f
19. vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljw't cfof]hgf, a}slNks phf{
20. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
21. hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f
22. efiff, ;+:s[tL / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;

24
!=@ cg';"rL ( M ;femf clwsf/
1. ;xsf/L
2. lzIff, v]ns'b / kqklqsf
3. :jf:Yo
4. s[ifL
5. ljw't, vfg]kfgL / l;+rfO{ h:tf ;]jfx?
6. ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf, tyf k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko{6g z'Ns
7. jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'?+uL, hnpkof]u, jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f, tyf h}ljs ljljwtf
8. vfgL tyf vlgh
9. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
10. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / u/LjL lgjf/0f
11. =JolQmut 36gf hGd, d[To', ljjfx / tYof+s
12. k'/ftTj, k|flrg :df/s / ;+u|fxno
13. ;'s'Djf;L Joj:yfkg
14. k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L
15. ;jf/L ;fwg c'gdtL

@= :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g @)&$ cg';f/ :yfgLo txsf] ljkb Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/x?
!= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw :yfgLo gLlt, sfg"g, dfkb08 of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / lgodg
@= :yfgLo:t/df ljkb k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf, k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL, vf]h tyf pWbf/, /fxt
;fdfu|Lsf] k"j{ e08f/0f, ljt/0f / ;dGjo
#= :yfgLo t6jGw, gbL / klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f tyf gbLsf] Joj:yfkg tyf lgodg
$= ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf] gSzf+sg tyf j:tLx?sf] klxrfg / :yfgfGt/0f
%= ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo ;d'bfo , ;+3 ;+:yf tyf gLlh If]q;+u ;xof]u, ;dGjo /
;xsfo{
^= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng / >f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng
&= ljkb hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ;DjlGw :yfgLo :t/sf] cfof]hgfsf] th'{df , sfof{Gjog, cg'udg /
lgodg
*= ljkb\ kZrft :yfgLo :t/sf] k'g:yf{kgf / k'glg{df0f(= :yfgLo :t/sf] ljkb ;DjlGw tYof+s
Joj:yfkg / cWoog cg';+wfg
!)= :yfgLo cfktsflng sfo{ ;+rfng k|0ffnL
!!= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng
!@= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw cGo sfo{

25
#= :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g
@)&$ cg';f/

!= :yfgLo ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

@= :yfgLo txdf ljkb Joj:yfkgsfnflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ nufpg]
#= ;DjlGwt ;j} kIfsf] ;+nUgtfdf ljkb Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg]
$= :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L, ;d'bfonfO{ ljkb Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg]
%= ejg cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/fpg]
^= j8f :t/df ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ ;ldlt u7g ug{ nufpg]
&= cfktsflng gd'gf cEof; ug{ ug]{, u/fpg]
*= ljkb k|efljt If]qdf p2f/ tyf /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug]{
(=ljkb Joj:yfkgdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf tyf Joj;flos k|lti7fgn] P]g adf]lhd sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg
ug]{
!)=:yfgLo txdf ljkb Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf k"j{ r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;+rfng ug]{ u/fpg]
!!=:yfgLo :t/df cfktsflng sfo{ ;+rfng s]Gb\sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug]{

$= ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!*–@)#) df ePsf d'Vo Joj:yfx?

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf @)!%–@)#) Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o dfu{bz{g ug]{ ljZjAofkL
b:tfj]h xf] eg] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @))( k|d'v /fli6«o dfu{bz{g xf] . ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogaf6
l;s]sf s'/fx? / klxrfg ul/Psf sdL sdhf]/Lx?, ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk, ;g\ @)!$ / @)!& sf] af9L / xfn}sf
cGo ljkb\x?af6 l;s]sf kf7x? xfd|f nflu Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{g x'g \ . oL ljifox?nfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf lnO{
tof/ ul/Psf] of] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ nlIft u/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
of] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu lgDg adf]lhdsf rf/ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx? / c7f/ k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{x?
to ul/Psf 5g\ .

s_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r
g]kfnnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft, cg's"lnt tyf pTyfgzLn /fi6«sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ lbuf] ljsf;df of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg] o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r /x]sf] 5 .

v_ ck]lIft kl/0ffd
ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' b/ tyf k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL Nofpg', hLljsf]kfh{g, :jf:Yo,
;DklQ, Joj;fo / ;d'bfodf x'g] hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{' o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] ck]lIft kl/0ffd
/xg] 5

u_ p2]Zo
k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\af6 hLjg tyf ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿, ef}lts
Pj+ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;Dkbfdf x'g] Ifltsf] pNn]Vo ¿kdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg
/0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg u/L cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ub{} ljkb\ hf]lvd
/f]syfd, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0fsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 u/L ljBdfg
ljkb\ hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0f / gofF hf]lvdsf] /f]syfd ug{' o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5

.
26
$=! = ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!* – @)#) k|fyldstfsf If]qx? / sfo{x?

s_ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q !M ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] 1fg

• k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !M k|sf]k cg';f/ hf]lvdsf] cfFsng

• k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ @M ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo
• k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ #M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf k|jfx / ;fem]bf/L
• k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ $M ljkb\ hf]lvd 1fgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4

v_ k|fyldstf k|f Kt If]q @ k|To]s ljifout If]q tyf ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yflgo txsf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joj:yfkg ug{ ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;gsf] ;zlQms/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ %M ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ ^M sfg"gL / lgods ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ &M ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ *M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf;dfj]zL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf

u_ k|fyldstf k|f Kt If]q #M pTyfglzntfsf] nflu lj:t[t hf]lvd hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs
nufgL dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ (M pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|j4{g

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !)M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !!M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|j4{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !@M hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4

3_ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q $M k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf cem} /fd|f] /
alnof] lgdf{0f sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !#M k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !$M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !%M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg k|jw{g
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !^M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/ k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !&M vf]h tyf p4f/ / cfkTsflng k|ltsfo{df Ifdtf clej[l4
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !*M k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cjwf/0ff k|jw{g

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljkb\ lkl8t p4f/ / /fxt ;DjlGw dfkb08 kl/dflh{t @)&&, ;ftf} z+;f]wg
• ljkb\df k/L d[To' ePdf ? @ nfv / ;f]xL kl/jf/sf] cGo JolQmsf] d[To'' ePsf k|lt JolQm yk ? !
nfv / kl/jf/sf sf]xL klg ;b:o lhljt g/x]df /fxt /sd pknJw x'g] 5}g
• ljkb\af6 3/, jxfn, cfjf; gi6 ePsf, vf2fGg, hUufhldg, k;n Joj:ffo ;d]t gf]S;fg e} tTsfn
u'hf/fsf]nflu k|lt kl/jf/ % hgf ;Dd ;b:o ePsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ? !%))) / % hgf eGbf a9L ;b:o
eP ? @)))) pknJw u/fpg] . ;+ ej eP;Dd 36gf:yndf g} pknJw u/fpg]

27
 • ljkb\sf sf/0f vf2fGg jf xfn j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] 3/ k'0f{ ?kdf gi6 ePdf jf gi6 geP klg vt/f
5 eGg] ePdf / gof+ :yfgdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ kg]{ ePdf :yfgLo txsf] l;kmfl/z / k|x/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df ? ! nfv ;Dd pknJw u/fpg]
• ljkb\sf] 36gfdf k/L 3fOt] x'g]x?nfO{ lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;/sf/L c:ktfndf pkrf/
u/fp+bf nfu]sf] vr{ lbg] / 3/ kms{gsf]nflu k|lt JolQm ? !))) / oftfoft vr{ pknJw u/fpg]
• ljkb\af6 Iflt ePsf] 3/ k'glg{df{0fsf]nflu k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lhNNff ag sfof{noaf6 ;x'lnot
b/df sf7 pknJw u/fpg]
• lkl8t kl/jf/sf ;b:odWo] s'g} PshgfnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg dg nfu]df pd]/ / cj:yfnfO{
ljrf/ u/L ;DjlGwt JolQmsf] vr{ :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lhNnf ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ >d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfno dfkm{t j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
• lhNNff ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] #) lbgleq ;"rgf kfPsf] 36gfsf] nflu dfq of] /fxt ;xof]u /sd
pknJw u/fpg]
g]kfn /]8qm;sf] u}/ vf2 ;fdfu|Lsf] dfkb08
qm=; ;fdfu|Lsf] gfd :f+Vof
! tf/kf]lng ! j6f
@ JNofGs]6 @ j6f
# ;f/L ! j6f
$ k'?ifn] nufpg] wf]tL ! j6f t/fO{sf]nflu dfq
% hLg sk8f % ld6/
^ lk|G6 u/]sf] sk8f & ld6/
& ;fwf sk8f ^ ld6/
* ef+8fs"+8f ! ;]6
( aflN6g ! j6f
!) 8f]/L !) ld6/

gf]6 M s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yf h:t} ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo, u}/ tyf cGt/fli6[o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, gLlh If]q, ;d'bfo
cflb ;j} ;+:yfx?n] k|bfg ul/g] p4f/ tyf /fxtsf ;]jfx? clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4ltsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 .
ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQmx? s]jn bofsf kfq x'g\ pgLx?nfO{ ;xof]usf] vf+rf] 5 / pgLx?nfO{ bfg ug]{, dfof
ug]{ eGg] efjgfnfO{ Tofu]/ pgLx? ljkb\sf] ;dodf p4f/ / /fxt kfpg] xsjfnf x'g \ / p4f/ / kfpg]
pgLx?sf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] efjgfn] dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x? ul/g' kb{5 . ljkb\ k|efljtx?nfO{ x]nf u/]/
k'/fgf ;fdfu|Lx? lbg], ldlt gf3]sf ;fdfgx? ljt/0f ug]{ / j:g cof]Uo :yfgdf a;f]jf; u/fpg] h:tf sfo{
ug{ x'b}g . pgLx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglzrt u/]sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s af+Rg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;]jfsf sfo{x? ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf P]g,
lgod, lgb]{lzsfx? klg cWoog ug'{kb{5 .

28
z];g # sfnflu k|:t'tLsf :nfO8x?

cg'; s cl sf/ cg'; s cl sf/

cg'; s cl sf/ cg'; s cl sf/

cg'; ;f f cl sf/ cg'; ;f f cl sf/

lzIff
; sf/ v] s /
;] f z'Ns : '/ g h+
k kl sf % l ' 0 hl/ fgf yf oh ' /f ' +
vfg]kfg /
k|fsl s f] f h kof]
l;+ f h: f
k|f /f]oN ko g f f /0f kof /0f
;] f
: f: o sf z'Ns yf h}l s
l l f

29
cg'; ;f f cl sf/ cg'; ;f f cl sf/
vfg
yf vlgh k'/f ;'s' f;
k|fl g o :yfkg
:df/s / k|fsl s
;+ |f o f] f
;fdflhs ol k|f /f]oN % ; f/
;'/Iff / / gf h d ;f g
lg f/0f d o' l f c'gd
/ of+s

:yfg o sf] l k o :yfkg ; l sfd :yfg o sf] l k o :yfkg ; l

s o / cl sf/ sfd s o / cl sf/
l k o :yfkg; l :yfg o: /df l k k % l k o :yfkgdf;+ k| ]z l k o :yfkg
:yfg o g l sfg g dfk 0 of/ yf k|l sfo of]h gf / :yfg o ;d' fo ;+ ;+:yf sf] fsf] :yfkgf yf
of]h gfsf] sfof og/ k ; gf k|0 ff vf]h yf yf g lh If] ;+ ; of] ;+ f g / f] ;f gsf]
lgodg f/ /f ;fdf | sf] k ;d o / ; sfo kl/ f g
0 f/0f l /0f / ;d o l k hf]lvd o lgs/0f l k k f :yfg o
; l :yfg o : /sf] : /sf] k'g:yfkgf /
:yfg o g / l k hf]lvd If] sf]
cfof]h gfsf] h'df sfof og k'glgdf0f
kl /f]s f] lgo 0f yf g sf] g zf+s g yf : sf]
cg' dg / lgodg
o :yfkg yf lgodg kl fg / :yfgf /0f

:yfg o sf] l k o :yfkg ; l sfd l k hf]lvd olgs/0f / o :yfkg ]g

s o / cl sf/ :yfg o l k o :yfkg of]hgf h'df / sfof og g]
:yfg o : /sf] l k :yfg o cfk sfl g :yfg o df l k o :yfkgsf fl h] l lgof]hg g f g]
; l of+s o :yfkg/ sfo ;+ f g k|0 ff ; l ; } kIfsf] ;+ g fdf l k o :yfkg ; sfo g]
/f g]
c oog cg'; + fg
:yfg o sf k fl sf/ sd f/ ;d' fo f l k o :yfkg
; df k|lzIf0f l g] o :yf ld f g]
;d' fodf cf fl/ l k l k o :yfkg; l g cf f/ ;+l fsf] kf gf /f g]
o :yfkg; l c o sfo
sfo dsf] ;+ f g

30
 l k hf]lvd olgs/0f /fl o /0fg l s of]hgf l k hf]lvd olgs/0f /fl o /0fg l s of]hgf
k|fylds fsf If] / sfo k|fylds fsf If] / sfo
k|f ylds fk|f If] l hf]
k l vdsf] fg k|f ylds f k|f If] k| o]s l fo If] yf ;+ o k|f ]l zs / :yflgo sfhf]l vd
fl l k
o :yfkg g l khf]l vd zf;gsf] ;zl s/0f
k|fylds fk|f sfo k|sf]k cg';f/ hf]lvdsf] cfs g
k|fylds fk|f sfo % ;+:yf ;+/ gf sf] :yfkgf +
k|fylds fk|f sfo ' k|sf]k hf]lvd cfs gsf] fl c / ;' s/0f
lgsfo ;d o k|fylds fk|f sfo sfgg / lgods ;+/ gfsf] l sf;
k|fylds fk|f sfo k| f sf/ l k k|fylds fk|f sfo l k hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] fl Ifd f
hf]lvd ; gf k| f / ;f ] f/ cl l ; sfo / ;f ] f/
k|fylds fk|f sfo l k hf]lvd fgsf fl Ifd f k|fylds fk|f sfo l k hf]lvd og s/0fdf;df ]z
cl l zf;gsf] ;'lgl f

l k hf]lvd olgs/0f /fl o /0fg l s of]hgf

k|fylds fsf If] / sfo g]kf ;/sf/sf] /f dfk 0
k|f ylds fk|f If] k| f sf/ k|l sfo / k'g f k'g :yfkgf yf k'gc lgdf
} /fd|0fdf
f] /
l of] lgdf 0f sf fl l k k of/ sf] ;' s/0f l k df k/ d o' df fv / ;f] kl/ f/sf] c o ol sf] d o'' sf k|l ol
k|fylds fk|f sfo k| f sf/ k|l sfosf fl l k k of/ sf] ;' s/0f yk fv / kl/ f/sf sf] klg ; :o lhl g/ ]df /f /sd k 'g] }g
k|fylds fk|f sfo l k k of/ sf] fl ' k|sf]k k ; gf k|0ff sf] l k f / f cf f; g sf vf f g h fhldg k; o :ffo ;d] gf] ;fg
l sf; } sf 'hf/fsf] fl k|l kl/ f/ % hgf ; d ; :o sf] kl/ f/ f % / %
k|fylds fk|f sfo % ;d' fodf cf fl/ l k hf]lvd o :yfkg k| g hgf f ; :o k /f g] ;+ ; d gf:y df g}
k|fylds fk|f sfo l k k of/ sf] fl ;+ f/ yf k|;f/ k|0ff ;' s/0f k /f g]
k|fylds fk|f sfo vf]h yf f/ / cfk sfl g k|l sfodf Ifd f cl l l k sf sf/0f vf f g f f ;f] f; l// ]sf] / k'0f kdf g df f g g
k|fylds fk|f sfo k'g f k'g :yfkgf / k'glgdf0fdf c /fd|f] / l of] klg v /f g] df / gof+ :yfgdf / lgdf0f g kg] df :yfg o sf] l;k fl/z
lgdf0f c f/0ff k| g / k| / sf] k|l ] gsf] cf f/df fv ; d k /f g]
l k sf] gfdf k/ f ] 'g] f lhN f l k o :yfkg ;ldl ] ;/sf/ c:k f df
k f/ /f + f f ]sf] v l l/l g] / ol / k sgsf] fl k|l ol
/ of fof v k /f g]

l f] l sf; If / l k hf]lvd o g s/0f / h fo

g]kf ;/sf/sf] /f dfk 0 kl/ g l sf] ;

l k f Ifl sf] / k'glgdf0fsf] fl k| l sfgg df]lhd l f] l sf; If

lhNNff g sfof o f ; 'l o /df sf k /f g]
lkl kl/ f/sf ; :od o] s'g} shgf f } ]lzs /f]h f/ df hfg
;]0 f k |]d s k]l/; ;+ f} f
dg f ]df d]/ / c :yf f l f/ / ; l ol sf] v
:yfg o l k o :yfkg ;ldl sf] l;k fl/;df lhN f l k
o :yfkg ;ldl sf] lg0fo cg';f/ d /f]h f/ yf ;fdflhs l k hf]lvd og s/0f / /fl o cg's g of]hgf
;'/Iff d f o dfk } ]lzs /f]h f/ df k f g] o :yf ld f g] o :yfkg /fl o of]hgf
lhNNff l k o :yfkg ;ldl ] l gl ; gf kf sf] gfsf]
fl df of] /f ; of] /sd k /f g]

31
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M$
ljifo M dfgljo l;4fGt / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] P]ltxfl;s kIf ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] P]ltxfl;s kIf jf/]df hfgsf/L lbg]
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– dfgljo l;4fGtsf d'ne"t $ s'/fx? atfpg ;Sg]5g\
– dfgljo ;xof]ud dfkb08sf P]ltxfl;s kIfx? atfpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• dfgljo l;WbfGtsf] ljsf;qmd
• dfgljo ;xof]ud dfkb08sf] ljsf;qmd

k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L

ljlw cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 % ld cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;DjlGw lel8of]
• dfgljo l;4fGt ;DjlGw lel8of] b]vfpg'xf]; ;f]
• o; lel8of]df s] 5 egL ;f]Wg'xf];
• lel8of]nfO{ ljifoj:t' ;+u hf]8]/ 5nkmn cufl8
a9fpg' xf];
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• dfgljo l;4fGt tyf dfgljo ;xof]u pQ/
dfkb08sf] ljifo slxn] b]lv p7g yfn]sf] xf]nf
egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\
• ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf hjfkmnfO{ a|fpg k]k/df
l6Kb} hfg'xf]; .
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .
• lqmofsnfk $M ;xefuLx?nfO{ dfgljo n3 #) ldg]6 :nfO8
l;4fGtsf] P]ltxfl;s kIfaf/] hfgsf/L k|jrg
u/fpg'xf];\ ,
• ljutdf ePsf ljkb\ / 4Gbsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ / dfgljo l;4fGt /
dfgljo ;xof]usf dfkb08sf] ljsf; / ;do
qmd cg';df/ ePsf] kl/jt{gjf/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg' xf];\

32
lqmofsnfk %M, dfgljo l;WbfGt slxn] z'?jft / s:tf] !% ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
kl/j]zdf z'?jft ePsf] /x]5 . s] s:tf 36gfqmdn]
s;/L kl/jt{g x'b} cfPsf] /x]sf] 5 . b'O{ b'O{ hgf ;+u hf]8f
a;]sf] ;xefuLx? ljr 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ 5nkmn

lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 @, k|:t'tLs !)

# ;d'xnfO{ 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ atfpg eGg'xf]; \ /0f ldg]6

lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6

;f/f+;df dfgljo l;4fGt / dfgljo ;xof]usf k|jrg
dfkb08jf/] d'Vo d'Vo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; \, dfgljo
l;4fGtsf] dd{ atfpg'xf];

lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg lSjh !) k|Zgx?

o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg ldg]6
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M dfgljo l;4fGtx? s] s] x'g\ <
k|Zg @ M dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 slxn] z'? eof]<
k|Zg # M dfgljo ;xof]ud dfkb08sf] d' Vo kIf s] xf] <
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn % ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] ( j6f kIfx? jf/]
5nkmn ub{5f} egL atfpg] /
cWoog ;fdu|L ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];

33
z];g $ sf nflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?
dfgljo l;4fGt / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 ;DjlGw P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f

ljz]if u/]/ bf]>]f ljZjo'4 kl5 dfgljo l;4fGt ;DjlGw cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . bf]>f]
ljZjo'4kl5 !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq k|sflzt eof] / To;kl5 o'4
tyf ljkbaf6 k|efljt JolQmx?sf] dfgljo ;xfotf ug]{ p4[]Zon] dfgljo l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg
ePsf] kfOG5 . dfgljo l;4fGt d'Votof $ j6f /x]sf 5g\

s= dfgljo l;4fGt (Humanitarian Principles)

!= dfgljotf (Humanity) M dfgljo ;d:of jf lk8f hxf+ b]lvG5 Tof+xf ;Djf]wg ul/g'
kb{5 . dfgljo sfo{sf] d'Vo p4]Zo hLjg / :jf:Yosf] /Iff ug'{ / dfgjsf] ;Ddfg jf
cfb/ ug{' xf]
@= t6:ytf (Neutrality) : dfgljo ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx?n] wd{, hft, /fhgLlt,
ljrf/, sf] cfwf/df cfqmfds x'g] / s;}sf] kIf lng] ug'{ x'b}g
#= lgikIftf (Impartiality) : dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x? ljz'4 k|efljtx?sf]
cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df / tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 . /fli6«otf, hft,
ln+u, wd{, cf:yf, ju{, /fhgLlts ljrf/sf] cfwf/df dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x? ul/g' x'b}g /
lgikIf x'g' kb{5 .
$= :jtGtf ( Independence ) M dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x? /fhgLlt, cfly{s, ;}lgs jf
cGo p4]Zon] k|]l/t eP/ ul/g' x'b}g / :jtGt ?kdf ul/g' kb{5 .

v= dfgljo a8fkq jf ;+Efmf}tf (Humanitarian Charter)

dfgljo l;4fGtnfO{ ljsf; tyf k|rf/ ug]{ p4]Zon] dfgljo ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx?n] o'4 tyf
ljkb\ af6 k|efljt JolQmx?sf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ k|fKt ug{ of] a8fkqnfO{ k|ltj4tf u/]sf 5g\
. of] a8fkq d'Vot tLg l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 .

!= ;Ddfgk"j{s af+Rg kfpg] clwsf/ -The right to life with dignity)

s'g} klg JolQm ;Ddfgk"j{s af+Rg kfpg' kb{5 / cdfgljo Jojxf/, dfgljo tyf zfl/l/s rf]6
tyf lx+;f, oftgf tyf b08 lbOg' x'b}g . hj dflg;x?sf] hLjg ;+s6 tyf vt/fdf kb{5
pgLx?nfO{ cfkmgf] hLjg ;'/lIft x'g kfpg] plrt sbd rfNg clwsf/ 5 .

@= n8fs' / u}/ n8fs' ljrsf] leGgtf (The distinction between combatants and non-
combatants)
!($( sf] h]g]ef ;lGw / k|f]6f]sn !(&& n] n8fs' / u}/ n8fs' ljr km/s 5'6ofpg' kb{5 / u}/
n8fs' cyjf gful/sx?sf] cGt/fli6o« dfgljo sfg"g cg';f/ ;'/Iff lbOg' kb{ 5 / pgLx?dfly
cfqmd0f ul/g' x'b}g .
34
#= z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ cfkmgf] b]z hj{h:tL lkmtf{ ug{ gkfOg] -The principle of non-refoulement)
s'g} klg z/0ffyL{nfO{ p:sf] cfkmgf] b]zdf hft, wd{, /fli6«otf, s'g} ;fdflhs ;d'xsf] ;b:otf
lnPsf] cfwf/df hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] vt/f 5 eGbfeGb} hj{h:tL kmsf{pg kfOb}g .

u= cfrf/ ;+lxtf (The Code of Conduct)

dfgljo l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf o; l;4fGtnfO{ d'n dGq dfgL df /]8qm; tyf /]8
lqml;oG6 d'ed]G6df sfo{/t / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;+:yfsfnflu cGt/fli6«o /]8qm; /
/]8lqml;oG6x?sf] km]8/]zgn] ;g\ !(($ df cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cfrf/
;+lxtfn] dfgljo ;]jfdf sfo{ ug]{ st{fx?sf] Jojxf/sf] dfkb08sf] jf/]df JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cfrf/ ;+lxtf o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= dfgljo ;]jf tyf ;xof]u klxnf cfpg' kb{5 M (The humanitarian imperative comes first)
ljkb\ tyf 4Gbsf] ;dodf dfgljo ;]jf tyf ;xof]u kfpg] pgLx?sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] /
of] ;j} b]zsf gful/sx?n] kfpg' kb{5 . ljkb\sf] ;dodf xfdLx?sf] d'Vo p4]Zo dfgljo
lk8fx?nfO{ sd ug'{ jf x6fpg' xf] .

@= dfgljo ;xof]u hft, ljZjf;, /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/df ge} s]jn k|efljtx?sf] ljz'4
cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 . (Aid is given regardless of the race, creed or nationality
of the recipients and without adverse distinction of any kind. Aid priorities are calculated
on the basis of need alone)
;+ej eP ;Dd k|efljtx? -dlxnf, jfnjflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, ef}uf]lns
ljljwtf, ;+f:s[lts ljljwtf_ sf] cfjZostfsf] lj:t[t klxrfg / ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df /
:yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] pknJwtfsf] cfwf/df dfgljo ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

#= /fhg}lts tyf wfld{s :Jffy{sf] lx;fjn] dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x ? ul/g' x'b}g -Aid will not
be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint)
dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x? /fhg}lts tyf wfld{s :Jffy{sf] lx;fjn] ge} JolQm, kl/jf/ /
;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 .

$= s'g} klg b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt cg';f/ dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x ? ul/g' x'b}g -We shall
endeavour not to act as instruments of government foreign policy)
dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x? s'g} klg ;/sf/L kIfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ ge} ge}
ljZf'4 dfgljo ;]jfsf] lx;fjn] ul/g'bkb{5 . ;/sf/sf] /fhg}lts, ;}lgs / cfly{s ;"rgf
;+sng ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? ul/g' x'b}g

35
%= dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x ? jf ;xof]u ub{f xfdLn] k|efljtx?sf] ;+:s[tL tyf l/ltl/jfhx?sf]
;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 -We shall respect culture and custom)

^= dfgljo ;]jfsf sfo{x? ubf{ ;d'bfosf] :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf
a9fpg] sfo{ ug'{kb{5 -We shall attempt to build disaster response on local capacities)
;d'bfodf ePsf :yfgLo JolQmx?nfO{ hflu/ tyf /f]hfuf/L lbP/, :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg / :yfgLo
pBf]uwGbfx? af6 ;fdfu|Lx?sf] vl/b u/]/ :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgnfO{ k|of]u u/L :yfgLo Ifdtf
a9fpg ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

&= dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x? ubf{ nlIft ;d'xnfO{ /fxt ;fdfu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;xefuL ug'{kb{5
-Ways shall be found to involve programme beneficiaries in the management of relief aid)
dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ubf{ nfeu|fxLx?sf] z'?b]lv of]hgf, sfof{Gjog,
Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 h:n] ubf{ sfo{qmdx? ;kmn agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . xfdLn] pgLx?;+u
;dGjo gu/L ;xof]usf sfo{x? ug'{ x'b}g .

*= dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x?n] nfeu|fxLx?sf] eljiodf yk ljkb\ ;+s6f;Ggtf j[lWb ug]{ x'g'
x'b}g / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ x'g' kb{5 . -Relief aid must strive to reduce future
vulnerabilities to disaster as well as meeting basic needs)
lbuf] hLjgz}nL Joltt ug]{ lx;fjn] dfgljo ;xof]usf sfo{x? ug'{kb{5 / ljkb\sf] yk
;+s6f;Ggtf lglDtg lbg' x'b}g ;fy} k/lge{/tf ljsf; ug'{x'b}g . jftfj/0fLo ;jfnnfO{ klg
xfdLn] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 / o:sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sfn] dfgljo ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

(= xfdL dfgljo ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQm / ;+:yfx? nfeu|fxLk|lt / >f]t k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf k|lt
hjfkmb]xL x'g' kb{5 . -We hold ourselves accountable to both those we seek to assist and
those from whom we accept resources)

xfdL b'j} kIf k|lt v'nf / kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 . xfdLn] u/]sf ;]jfx?sf] cg'udg ug'{kb{5 / o;n]
/fd|f] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . d'Nojfg >f]t / ;fwgx?sf] ;xL pkof]u /
;b'kof]u ug]{ p4]Zon] pRr Joj;flos bIftfsf] k|bz{g u/L sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

!)= xfdLn] k|bfg ug]{ ;"rgf, k|rf/ k|;f/ / lj1fkgx?n] nfeu|fxLx?sf] pRr ;Ddfgsf] ?kdf
x'g' kb{5 pgLx?nfO{ cfzfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' / j:t'sf] ?kdf k|:t't ug'{x'b}g (In our information,
publicity and advertising activities,we shall recognise disaster victims as dignified humans, not
hopeless objects)
nfeu|fxLx?nfO{ dfgljo ;]jfsf ;xof]ux? k|bfg ubf{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy ul/g' kb{5 pgLx?nfO{ x]Kg],
xf]Rofpg] / bofdfof u/]sf] lx;fjn] ;xof]u lbg' x'b}g . of] pgLx?sf] clwsf/ xf] eg]/ a'emg'
kb{5 . cfkmgf] sfo{sf] k|z+;f kfpg xfdLn] c?n] u/]sf] ;xof]usf sfo{nfO{ xf]Rofpg] h:tf
sfo{x? ;+rf/ hut ;+u ldn]/ ug'{ x'b}g / s;};+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ x'b}g .

36
SPHERE, Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International
(HAP-I), People in Aid and Good Enough Guideline
1. SPHERE: 1994
2. People in Aid: Published in 1997 and revised in 2003
3. Humanitarian Partnership Accountability International (HAP - I):
Start from 2003 and published in 2007
4. Good Enough Guideline: published in 2007
5. Core Humanitarian Standard ; 2014

o;} qmddf :km]o/ cjwf/0ff, dfgljo ;]jfdf pQ/bfloTj clej[lWb / dfgljo ;]jfdf sfo{ug]{
sd{rf/L tyf JolQmx?sf] bIftf, sfo{s'zntf, ;xof]u / dfgljo ;]jfdf k|efjsf] gfk /
pQ/bfloTj dfkg ug{ u'8 Ogkm ufO8nfOg ;DjlGw b:tfj]hx? lgdf{0f eP . :km]o/ !(($ df,
lkk'n Og P8 !((& df z'? eP/ @))# df, xofk @))# df z'? eP/ @))& k|sflzt / u'8
Ogkm ufO8nfOg @))& df k|efj gfk / pQ/bfloTjsf]nflu lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 .

cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 (Core Humaniterian Standard)

dfgjLo ljkb\sf] ;dodf dfgjLo ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] kfngf ul//x]sf dfgjLo dfkb08x¿ HAP,
People in Aid / Sphere df cGt/lglxt d"ndd{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kl/Psf] ;+o'Qm
dfkb08 of]hgf (Joint Standards Initiatives- JSI) sf] k|ltkmnsf] ¿kdf hjfkmb]lxtf /
u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08nfO{ lnPsf] 5 .

of] ;fdu|L tof/ ubf{ ;+o'Qm dfkb08 of]hgf (JSI) n] plNnlvt dfkb08 cjnDag ul/Psf d'Vo
tyf If]qLo sfof{no / ljkt\ ;+j] bgzLn b]zsf sl/j @))) dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿;Fu
k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . h;n] ;ª\s6df /x]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL dfgjLo
l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df Ps ;dGjofTds dfGotfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u¥of] .

hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08, !@ dlxgf tyf # r/0fdf
ul/Psf] 5nkmnx¿sf] 7f]; kl/0ffd xf] . o; cjlwdf dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{stf{, ;ª\s6df /x]sf
JolQm tyf ;d'bfo, ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;~hfn, ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3,
bft[lgsfo / z}lIfs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf ljifoj:t'x¿dfly lg/Gt/
¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} o;sf] k|d'v sfof{no / :ynut ¿kdf k/LIf0f ;d]t

37
ul/Psf] xf] . ljleGg 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ dfgjLo sfo{ / dfkb08
ljsf; ug]{ lj1– k|fljlws ;lxtsf] ^% hgf k|ljlws ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"xaf6 pQm d:of}bfdfly w]/}
k6s kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] xf] . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo hjfkmb]lxtf ;fem]bf/L, lkk'n Og PO8\ (PIA) /
:k ]o/ kl/of]hgfsf] sfosf/ ;ldl ]‘ the 2010 HAP Standard in
Accountability and Quality Management, the People in Aid Code of
Good Practice in the Management and Support of Aid Personnel and
the Core Standards section of the Sphere Handbook’ nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo
dfkb08n] k|lt:yfkg ug]{5 .

38
z];g $ sfnflu k|:t'tLsf :nfO8x?
dfgl o l; f dfgl o fk f ;+ f f} f

df dfg cl sf/sf]
dfgl o f
l ofk f] f0ff k H anit
k|sflz fs' / /} fs'
; dfgk s f+ g l sf] l g f
kf g] cl sf/

: f dfgl o :y f
ndependence
l; f e tra it z/0ffy f
cfk gf] ]z h h:
lk f g gkf g]

lg kIf f
par a it

cf f/ ;+l f
dfgl o ;] f yf ; of] kl f cf g' k
dfgl o ; of] hf l f; /fl o fsf] cf f/df g } s] k| fl sf] l z' cf os fsf] cf f/df l/g'
k S H
/fhg}l s yf flds : ffy sf] l ;f ] dfgl o ; of] sf sfo l/g' ' }g eop e in id b ished in and re ised in
s'g} klg ]zsf] k//f g l cg'; f/ dfgl o ; of] sf sfo l/g' ' }g H anitarian artnership cco ntabi it
% dfgl o ;] fsf sfo f ; of] f fd ] k| fl sf] ;+:s yf l/l l/ fh sf] ; dfg g'k nterna ona H Start fro and p b ished
dfgl o ;] fsf sfo f ;d' fosf] :yfg o f] ;f g k|of] /]k|/l lsfok Ifd f f g] sfo g'k in
ood no h ide ine p b ished in
dfgl o ; of] sf sfo f lIf ;d' f /f ;fdf | sf] o :yfkg ; f g'k
dfgl o ; of] sf sfo ] f |f sf] l odf yk;+ls kf; g f l g] 'g' ' }g / cf f/ Core H aniteriand Standard
cf os f kl/k l g] 'g' k
fd dfgl o ;] fdf sfo/ ol / ;+:yf f f| k|l / f] k| fg g] ;+:yf k|l h fk ] 'g' k
fd ] k| fg g] ; gf k| f/ k|; f/ / l fkg ] f |f sf] ; dfgsf] kdf 'g' k g f
cfzfsf] s] |l ' / : 'sf] kdf k|: ' g' ' }g

39
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M%
ljifo M dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] ( j6f a'+bfx? ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M / dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] ( j6f a'+bfsf] jf/df] hfgsf/L lbg]
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– dfgljo ;xof]ud dfkb08sf ( j6f a'+bfx? atfpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• dfgljo ;xof]ud dfkb08x?

k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L

ljlw cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 % ld k|Zgx?
• ljkb\ k|efljtx?nfO{ ;j}sf] ;xof]udf ;f]
n'ufkmf6f ;+sng u/]/ lbg' plrt xf] of xf]Og
egL k|Zg ug'{xf];
• h]i7 gful/snfO{ ljkbsf] /fxt lb+bf lrp/f lbg'
l7s xf]
• cj xfdL dfgljo ;xof]usf dfkb08sf] jf/]df
5nkmn ub{5} egL atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08x? s] s] pQ/
x'g ;S5g\ egL ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .
• lqmofsnfk $M ;xefuLx?nfO{ $ ;d'xdf n3 #) ldg]6 :nfO8
ljefhg ug'{xf]; k|jrg
• k|To]s ;d'xnfO{ dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf
( j6f a'+bfx? dWo] # ;d'xnfO{ @, @ j6f
/ ! ;d'xnfO{ # j6f a'+bfx? ljt/0f ug'{xf]; /
k9g nufpg' xf];\
• ;dxsf ;j}n] cfkm'n] a'em]sf s'/fx? 5nkmn
u/L ;fd'lxs ?kdf l6Kg nufpg'xf]; \ /
cGo ;dx'df uP/ atfpg k5{ egL eGg'xf];\

40
lqmofsnfk %M $ j6} ;d'xaf6 Ps Ps hgf kg]{ u/L #) ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
km]/L csf]{ $ ;d'x agfpg'xf];, ;xefuLx? 36L of a9L
5g\ eg] s'g} ;d' xdf ldnfpg' xf]; hf]8f
;d'x alg;s]kl5 k|To]s ;d'xn] cfkm'n] ;d'xdf 5nkmn
l;sfO{ n]v]/ NofPsf] atfpg'xf];\
5nkmnsf] nflu k|Zf:t ;do lbg'xf];\

lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] ;j} k|:t'tLs % ldg]6

( j6f ljifoj:t'af/] atfpg'xf]; /0f

lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6

;f/f+;df dfgljo ;xof]usf dfkb08jf/] d'Vo d'Vo k|jrg
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg lSjh # ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08sf] klxnf] a'+bfn] s]
nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 <
k|Zg @ M dfgljo ;xof]u dfkb08 lsg cfjZos 5 <
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn @ ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL :km]o/sf] jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5}f egL
atfpg] /
cWoog ;fdu|L ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];

41
z];g % sfnflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?
dfgljo cfwf/e"t dfkb08fsf pQ/bfloTj, k|lta4tf / sfo{x¿
!= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
dflg;x¿ cfk\mgf cfjZostf dfgjsNof0fsf/L !=! cj:yf / bftfx¿sf] k|lqmofut, j:t'ut / rfn' !=$ gLltx¿n] k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfo
cg';f/ pko'Qm / ;fGble{s ;xof]u k|ltlqmof pko'Qm / k|lqmofsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ . / JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf / Ifdtfdf
k|fKt u5{g\ . ;fGble{s 5 . !=@ cfjZostf / hf]lvdsf] k"jf{u|x/lxt d"Nofª\sg / cfwfl/t k"jf{u|x/lxt ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{
ljleGg ;d"xsf Ifdtf / sdhf]/Lx¿sf] a'emfOdf k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .
cfwfl/t plrt sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ug'{ . !=% gLltx¿df k|lta4tfx¿ lgwf{/0f
!=# kl/jlt{t cfjZostf, Ifdtf / cj:yf cg's"n ul/Psf] 5Ù h;n] lk5l8Psf jf
sfo{qmd nfu" ug'{ . :fLdfGts[t hgtf;lxt ;d'bfosf]
ljljwtfnfO{ dxTj lbG5 . o;df
c;ª\ul7t tYonfO{ ;ª\sng ul/G5 .
!=^ cj:yfsf] lg/Gt/ ljZn]if0f plrt
tl/sfn] ug{ k|lqmofx¿ to ul/Psf x'G5g

@= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿

JolQmx¿sf] plrt ;dodf dfgjsNof0fsf/L @=! bafanfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug'{Ù @=^ sfo{qmdsf k|lta4tfx¿ ;+:yfut
dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;xof]udf kxF'r 5 k|ltlqmof k|efjsf/L / h;n] lgwf{l/t sfd jf:tljs / ;dfhsf] nflu Ifdtf;lxt qmda4 eP÷gePsf lglZrt
. oyf;dodf 5 . ;'/lIft x'G5 . ug]{ .
@=@ dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofnfO{ cgfjZos @=& gLltut k|lta4tfx¿n] lglZrt
l9nf;':tL gu/L oyf;Dej lg0f{o u/L ;Dk|]if0f ug'{ . u5{g\M -s_ lqmofsnfkx¿ / ltgLx¿sf]
@=# ;+:yfx¿sf ;Dks{df gcfPsf cfjZostfnfO{ c;/sf] k|lqmofut, j:t'ut lg/Gt/
pko'Qm k|fljlws lgk"0f{tfsf nflu cfb]z lbg cyjf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg, -v_ cg'udg /
tL cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wglglDt jsfnt ug'{ . d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt k|df0fnfO{ ;dofg's"n
@=$ of]hgf agfpg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;'wf/ / -u_ k|fKt ;|f]tx¿sf ;fy;fy}
dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qel/ k|of]u ePsf ;fGble{s plrt ;dodf lg0f{o .
k|fljlws dfkb08 / plrt k|of;sf] k|of]u ug'{ .
@=% dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dofg's"n
agfpg tyf sdhf]/ k|:t'ltnfO{ ;Daf]wgsf] nflu
dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofd'vL lqmofsnfk /
kl/0ffdsf] cg'udg ug'{ .

42
#= dfgjsNof0fsf/L kl/0ffd:j¿k u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿M
ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / dfgjsNof0fsf/L #=! :yfgLo Ifdtfdf lgld{t sfo{qmdx¿ lglZrt ug'{ #=& gLltut /0fgLlt / dfu{bz{g,
dflg;x¿ gsf/fTds ¿kdf k|efljt k|ltlqmofn] :yfgLo tyf ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿df gofF #=* sfo{qmdsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿Ù
5}gg\, k'gM lgdf{0fdf a9L hfu?s / IfdtfnfO{ yk dha't zlQm ljsf; ug'{ . h:t}—sd{rf/Laf6} k|sf]k k|efljt JolQm /
sd vt/fdf 5g\ . agfpF5 / gsf/fTds #=@ ljBdfg ;fd'bflos ljklQsf] glthf / vt/fsf] ;d'bfonfO{ x'g;Sg] of}g–zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/
c;/nfO{ x6fpF5 . d"Nofª\sg / ;xof]uL lqmofsnfksf nflu tof/L jf e]befjaf6 arfpg',
of]hgfsf] k|of]u . #=( :yfgLo IfdtfnfO{ dha't agfpg',
#=# eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ljkt\df k|yd ;]jfk|bfossf #=!) k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt JolQm /
¿kdf :yfgLo g]t[Tj / ;+:yfnfO{ Ifdtfof]Uo agfpg'Ù ;d'bfox¿af6 ;ª\slnt JolQmut
h;df lk58fju{ / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] plrt ;"rgfnfO{ lxkmfht ug{ lglZrt k4ltx¿
k|ltlglwTj lglZrt ug'{k5{ . to ul/g' .
#=$ dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf
;ª\qmd0f / alxu{dg /0fgLltaf6 bL3{sfnLg
;sf/fTds k|efjsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{} k/lge{/tfsf]
hf]lvd f sd g‹
#=% sfo{qmdx¿sf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ug{, h;n]
k|f/lDes k|sf]ksf] Ifltk"lt{ u5{ / :yfgLo cy{tGqnfO{
kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 .
#=^ oL tnsf If]qx¿df pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt
cyjf cgk]lIft gsf/fTds c;/x¿ kQf nufO{
;dod} ;xL tl/sfn] sfd ug'{k5{ . -s_ JolQmsf]
;Ddfg, clwsf/sf] /Iff / ;'/Iff -v_ sd{rf/Laf6
of}g–zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ -u_ ;f+:s[lts, n}ª\lus,
;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;DaGw -3_ hLjgz}nL -ª_
:yfgLo cy{tGq / -r_ jftfj/0f cflb .
$= ljkt\af6 k|efljtJolQm/ u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
;d'bfox¿ cfk\mgf] sfg"gL xs– dfgjsNof0fsf/L $=! ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ $=% ;"rgfk|jfxsf] nflu gLltx¿ / v'nf
clwsf/ hfGb5g\Ù ;"rgf tyf k|ltlqmof ;~rf/, ;+:yfsf] af/]df, o;n] kfngf u/]sf l;4fGtx¿, ;~rf/sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbG5, $=^
cfkm"nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o lng] ;xeflutf / sd{rf/Laf6 s:tf] Jojxf/sf] cfzf u5{g\, o;n] nfu" sfof{Gjogdf ePsf gLltx¿n] ljkt\af6
k|l qmofdf kx'Fr /fV5g\ . k[i7kf]if0fdf cfwfl/t 5 ul//x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ / ltgLx¿n] s] k|bfg ug{ k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf]
rfxG5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{, k|fyldstfnfO{ hgfpF5 / sfdsf] ;a}
txsf vt/fnfO{ kQf nufpF5, $=& afXo

43
 $=@ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿,ljz]if u/L sdhf]/ / ;~rf/x¿ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm /
; df s hg f ] ;lh } '‰g] f ff ;+/ gf / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cfTd;Ddflgt
dfWoddf ;Ddflgt tl/sfn] ;~rf/ ug'{, dfgjhfltsf] ¿kdf lnFb}, ;xL /
$=# ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s cfly{s ;xfotf a9fpgsf]
sfdsf] ;a} txdf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj lglZrt ug'{, k|of]u ul/G5g\ .
$=$ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u ug'{, h;df lglZrt lnª\u, pd]/
/ ljljwtfdf pgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt ;xof]usf] ;Gt'li6sf]
txnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 .
%= ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQm / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
;d'bfox¿df u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;fdgf u'gf;fx¿nfO{ :jfut / %=! u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] gd'gf %=$ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm /
ug{ ;'/lIft / cg's"n ;+oGqsf] kx'Fr ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf] nflu ljkt\af6 ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg
5 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ . %=@ k|lqmofsf] k|df0fsf] n]vfhf]vf to ul/Psf]
u'gf;f]nfO{ :jfut / :jLsf/ ug'{ / o;sf] ;+oGqnfO{ 5 . o; k|lqmofn] sfo{qmd, of}g–zf]if0f /
s;/L o;n] ;Daf]wg ug]{Ù d'2fsf] bfo/fnfO{ ;~rf/ b'Jo{jxf/ tyf cGo zlQmsf] b'¿kof]unfO{
ug]{ . %=# u'gf;f]nfO{ oyf ;dodf, lgikIf / ;xL ;d]6\g'kb{5 . %=% Ps ;fª\u7lgs
tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù h;n] cfnf]rsx¿ / ;a} ;+:s[ltdf u'gf;f]nfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf
txdf k|efljtx¿sf] ;'/IffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5d'Vo lnOG5, ;fy} lgb]{lzt gLlt tyf k|lqmofsf]
sfdx¿ %=! u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . %=^
gd'gf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf] nflu ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm /
ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ ;d'bfox¿dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;+:yfsf
. %=@ u'gf;f]nfO{ :jfut / :jLsf/ ug'{ / o;sf] sd{rf/Laf6 cgk]lIft Jojxf/, of}g–zf]if0f
;+oGqnfO{ s;/L o;n] ;Daf]wg ug]{Ù d'2fsf] bfo/fnfO{ tyf b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg ;+:yfut
;~rf/ ug]{ . %=# u'gf;f]nfO{ oyf ;dodf, lgikIf / k|lta4tfx¿;lxt k"0f{ ¿kdf ;r]t
;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù h;n] cfnf]rsx¿ / u/fOPsf 5g\ . %=& o; ;ª\u7gsf]
;a} txdf k|efljtx¿sf] ;'/IffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 If]qleq gkg]{ u'gf;fx¿ Ps s'zn sfo{sf]
nflu ;DalGwt ;ª\u7g jf ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fOG5 .
^= ljkb\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
JolQmx¿n] Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s dfgjsNof0fsf/L ^=! ljleGg bftfx¿sf] e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L, Ifdtf / ^=% dfgjsNof0fsf/L l;4fGtdf ;Demf}tf
;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . k|ltlqmof ;xof]u ?lrx¿ kQf nufpg' . gu/L gLlt / /0fgLltx¿df cGo /fli6«o
Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s 5 .

44
 ^=@ dfgjsNof0fsf/Lk|ltlqmofnfO{ /fli6«o / :yfgLo tyf :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;xof]u /
txdf cGo dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qdf nfu]sf ;xsfo{sf] :ki6 k|lta4tf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu kl/k"/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ . ^=^ ;fem]bf/;Fusf] sfd :ki6 / :yfoL
^=# ;d'bfosf] dfunfO{ sd ug{ / a[ xt\ ;Demf}tfaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5 . k|To]s
dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df ul/g] k|of;sf] If]q / ;] ;fem]bf/sf] e"ldsf, afWotf /
jfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ a9fpg ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{sf ;fy}
;/;xof]udf efu lnO{ ;xsfo{ ug'{ . pgLx¿sf] ;d:of / k|lta4tfdf Vofn
^=$ ;fem]bf/x¿, ;xsf/L ;d"xx¿ / cGo ;Da4 k'¥ofpF5 .
JolQmx¿;Fu pko'Qm ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 cfjZos
;"rgf afF8\g' .
&= ljkb\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
JolQmx¿ yk ;xof]u ljt/0fsf] dfgjsNof0fsf/L &=! cflh{t 1fg / k"j{cg'ejnfO{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf&=$ d"Nofª\sg / l;sfO gLltx¿
cfzf /fVg ;S5g\Ù ha ls clestf{x¿ lg/Gt/ nufpg' . ;DalGwt If]qdf x' G5g\, h;df cGo
;+:yfx¿n] cg'ej / sfdsf] l;S5g\ / ;'wf/ &=@ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwf/df
cg'ejaf6 l;Sg], k|of;x¿df;'wf/ ug]{
k|lt5fofaf6 l;S5g\ . NofpF5g\ . kl/jt{gaf6 l;Sg', gofF s'/fsf] ljsf; u/LTo;nfO{ ;fwgx¿ pknAw x'G5g\ .
f g‘ &=% 1fg / cg'ejsf] clen]v /fVg /
&=# ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfo / ;ª\u7gel/ k|of]u ug{nfO{ ljleGg
bftfx¿sf aLr cfGtl/s ¿kdf l;sfO / gofF ;+oGqx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ .
cleofgsf s'/f cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ . &=^ ;+:yfn] dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofdf
;dsIfsf If]qleq l;sfO / gofF
ljrf/nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
*= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
JolQmx¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf ;'– sd f/ f cfˆgf] *=! sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+:yfsf] cfb]z tyf d"No–dfGotfsf ;+:yfdf cfˆgf sfo d k| f /
Jojl:yt sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsaf6 sfd k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;fy} ;Demf}tf ul/Psf nIo tyf sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf tyf bIftf
;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . ug{ ;xof]u ul/G5 / dfkb08cg';f/ sfd u5{g\ . ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fVb5 .
lgikIf tyf ;dfg *=@ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos gLltx¿sf] *=% sd{rf/Lsf gLlt / k|lqmofx¿ lgikIf,
Jojxf/ ul/G5 . kfngf u5{g\ ;fy} kf gf g fsf] kl/0ffd klg '‰ g\ :ki6, e]befj/lxt / :yfgLo
. /f]huf/Ld"ns sfg"g cg';f/ x'G5g\ . *=^
*=# sd{rf/Ldf cfjZos JolQmut, k|fljlws / hflu/sf] j0f{g, sfdsf] p2]Zo / k[i7kf]if0f
Joj:yfksLo bIftfsf] ljsf; / To;sf] k|of]udf k|lqmofx¿ ;DalGwt txdf x'G5g\, h;n]
cfˆgf] ldsf k/f f ;+:yf ] sfd g s;/ ubf{ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ s] cfjZos 5
; of] g] s'/f '‰ g\ . g :k '‰5g\ .

45
 *=& lglZrt txdf cfrf/;+lxtf x'G5,
h;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflg;x¿df sDtLdf
b'Jo{jxf/ cyjf e]befj gug{ afWo kfb{5
.
*=* gLltx¿ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Lk / Ifdtf
j[l4 ug{ to ul/Psf x'G5g\ . *=(
gLltx¿ sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff / enfOsf]
nflu to ul/Psf x'G5g\ .
(= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / u'0f:t/ dfkb08M d'Vo sfdx¿ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
;d'bfox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u lgb]{lzt p2]Zok|flKtsf (=! u'0f:t/, vr{ / ;dofjlwnfO{ ;Gt'ng /fVb} (=^ ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf]
ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿af6 ;|f]tsf] nflu cg's"n tl/sfn] ;|f]tx¿sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu nflu lgDglnlvt gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿
k|efjsf/L k|of]u x'g] ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ kfg'{ / nfu" ug'{ . to ul/Psf 5g\M
u/Ls'zntfk"j{s gLlt;Ddt k|of]u ul/G5 . (=@ nlIft p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / -s_ g}lts / sfg"gL ¿kdf sf]if tyf
Joj:yfkgsf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ . k|of]uÙ h;n] cgfjZos vRf{nfO{ sd u5{ . pkxf/ u|x0f ug]{ / ljt/0f ug]{ .
(=# cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf vr{sf] cg'udg ug'{ / -v_ jftfj/0fd}qL tl/sfaf6 ;|f]tx¿
ljj/0f lbg' . k|of]u ug{] .
(=$ :yfgLo / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ -u_ e|i6frf/, 7uL, åGå tyf ;|f]tx¿sf]
jftfj/0fdf To;n] kfg]{ c;/ Vofn ug'{ . ( b'?kof]u /f]Sg] .
=% e|i6frf/sf] vt/fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ / olb o;sf] -3_ kf/bzL{ tl/sfn] n]vfk/LIf0f tyf
k|df0f e]l6Pdf plrt sbd rfNg' . ;~rfng k|df0fLs/0fsf] ljj/0f lbg] . -ª_
rfn' cj:yfdf hf]lvd lgwf{/0f tyf
Joj:yfkg ug{] .
-r_ ;|f]tx¿sf] :jLsf/df o;sf]
:jtGqtf;Fu ;Demf}tf x'Fb}g .

46
z];g % sfnflu k|:t'tLsf :nfO8x?

dfg o l k sf] ;dodf dfg o ; ;+:yf ] kf gf l// ]sf dfg o dfk 0

df c /lgl d dd f ;d] ]/ of/
kl/ sf] ;+o' dfk 0 of]hgf sf]
dfgl o cf f/ dfk 0 fsf k|l k sf] kdf h fk ]l f / 0' f: / o :yfkgsf fl cf f/ dfg o
/ flo k|l f / sfo dfk 0 f l sf]
of] ;fd | of/ f ;+o' dfk 0 of]hgf ] lN lv dfk 0 c g
l/ sf d' o yf If] o sfof o / l k ;+ ] gz z] sf sl/ dfg o
; of] sfos f ; k/fdz /]sf] lyof]
h fk ]l f / '0f: / o :yfkgsf fl cf f/ dfg o dfk 0 dl gf yf
/0fdf l/ sf] k sf] f]; kl/0ffd f]

cf f/ dfk 0 sf] f+ f
k |l f '0 f: / d fk 0 d ' o sfd ;+: yf / flo
l k f k| fl ;d ' f o / d f g sNof 0f sf / k |l l of c :yf / f f sf ] k |l of : ' / f ' k |l of sf ] g l ] k |s f ]k f k | f l ;d ' f o /
d f lg; cf kgf cf os f k o' / ;f l s l ] f 0f g' ol sf] cf os f / I f d f d f cf f l/
cg'; f / k o' / ;f l s ; of] cf os f / hf]l vd sf ] k f | /l dsg Nof/ l l g ;d sfk f | /l ; of ] k | fg g] k |l f o
cf f/ dfg o dfk 0 df s f / k| f sfl/ fsf] dfk 0 ] cfˆgf k |f g I fd f / sd hf ]/
/ sf of og g'
sf ] ' f d f cf fl/ l sfo d sf ] of]hggf
% gl d f k |l f lg f /0f l/ sf ]

dfg sNof0fsf/ sfodf cf ;+:yf / ol sf fl gf} ' ] k|l f k l/ l cf os f I f d f / c :yf cg's sf o d h; f ] g'lk l sf f :f d f s hg f ;l
;d ' fosf ] l l f f d l o;d f

f/ /]sf] c; l o f ;s g l/
c :yf sf] lg/ / l ] f 0f l l/sf ]
k |l of o l/ sf ' g
o k|l f f ;+:yf yf ol ] g] ; of] df s f / k| f sfl/ f ol
l k f k | fl
sf ] l
;d ' fo /
;d od f
'0f: / dfk 0
dfg sNof0fsf/ k|l l of
d' o sfd
f f ; f] g g] sfo d lgdf 0f g' h; ] lg fl/ sfd
;+:yf / flo
sfo dsf k|l f ;+:yf Ifd f;l

l ' g] l f; / ]sf] d f g sNof 0f sf / ; of ] d f k ' k| f sf/ / oyf;dodf

l k f k| fl ;d ' f o /
f: l s / ;dfhsf] fl ;'/lIf '
dfg sNof0fsf/ k|l l of f cgf os l f;': g /
d
gl
g sf lgl
k|l f ] lgl
g]
g s
ol sf ] l ;d od f oyf; lg0fo / ; k|] f0f g' ;+:yf sf ; ksdf l ofs fk / l g sf] c;/sf] k|l of
o; ] dfg sNof0fsf/ ;+:yf sf] k|l f f ofgdf /f } ;s df k/]sf d fg sNof 0fsf / ; of ] d f k ' gcf sf cf os f f ko' k|fl l s lgk 0f fsf fl cf ]z l g
cy f cf os fsf] ; f] glgl sf g'
: ' lg/ / cg' dg yf d Nof sg v
cg' dg / dNof sg f k|f k|df0f f
;d' fo / ol k|l sf] / flo f ; s/0f /]sf] of]hgf gf g / sfo d sfof ogsf] fl dfg sNof0fsf/
If] l/ k|of] sf ;f l s k|fl l s dfk 0 / l k|of;sf]
;dofg's ;' f/ /
l ;dodf lg0fo
k|f ;|f] sf ;fy;fy}

k|of] g'
% dfg sNof0fsf/ sfo d f ;dofg's gf g yf sdhf]/
k|: 'l f ; f] gsf] fl dfg sNof0fsf/ k|l l ofd'v
l ofs fk / kl/0ffdsf] cg' dg g'

dfgl o cf f/ dfk 0 dfgl o cf f/ dfk 0

l k f k| fl ;d' fo / dflg;
cfk gf cf os f cg'; f/ ko' /
;f l s ; of] k|f g l k f k| fl ;d' fo /
ol ] sd' / kl/k /s ; of]
l k f k| fl ;d' fo k|f g
/ ol sf] l ;dodf
dfg sNof0fsf/ ; of] df k ' l k f k| fl ;d' fo /
l k f k| fl ;d' fo / ol sf] ol yk ; of] l /0fsf] cfzf
l ;dodf dfg sNof0fsf/ /f g ; gh ls ;+: yf ] cg'
; of] df k ' / sfdsf] k|l fof f l; g
dfg sNof0fsf/ kl/0ffd: k
l k f k| fl ;d' fo / dflg; l k f k| fl
gsf/f ds kdf k| fl k'}ggg ;d' fo / ol ]
lgdf0fdf hf s / sd v /fdf k|l :k f ds yf ;'
g o l:y sd f/ /
: o+; ] s f ; of] k|f
g
l k f k| fl ol /
;d' fo cfkgf] sfg g
s cl sf/ hf g ; gf
yf cfk f k| f kfg] l k f k| fl ol /
lg0fo l g] k|l ofdf k ' ;d' fo ] cfk f ; of]
/f g l// ]s f ;+: yf f ;|f ] sf]
% l k f k| fl ol k| f sf/ k|o f] 'g ]
/ s'z fk s g l ; d
/ ;d' fo df o :yfkgsf] ck]I ff g
'g f;f f ;fdgf g
;'/ lIf / cg's ;+o sf]
k'
dfgl o
dfgl o cf f/ dfk 0

47
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M^
ljifo M :km]o/ dfkb08 ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M :km]o/ / :km]o/ dfkb08af/] hfgsf/L lbg]
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– :km]o/ s] xf] atfpg ;Sg]5g\
– ljkb\sf] ;dodf /fxt ljt/0f ubf{ vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tf k|j4{g, vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f, cfjf;
/ j:tL Joj:yfkg / :jf:Yosf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x? atfpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• :km]o/
• :km]o/sf dfkb08x?
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ljlw ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 ;f] !) ld :km]o/ lel8of]
• :km]o/sf] tof/ ul/Psf] lel8of] k|bz{g ug'{xf];
• lel8of] x]/L;s]kl5 lel8of]df s] sf] jf/]df
5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 egL k|ZGf ug'{xf]; <
• cj xfdL :km]o/ dfkb08sf] jf/]df 5nkmn
ub{5} egL atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• :km]o/ eg]sf] s] xf] h:tf] nfU5 @, #
hgfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; <
• :km]o/sf] tflnd lng'ePsf] 5 of ;'Gg' ePsf] 5
egL ;f]Wg'xf];\ <
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .

48
 • lqmofsnfk $M :km]o/ s] xf] / o;sf] P]ltxfl;s n3 k|jrg @% :nfO8
kIfaf/] ;xhstf{n] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; \ ldg]6
• :km]o/n] ;xof]u ug]{ If]qx? h:t} vfg]kfgL,
;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tf k|j4{g, vfB ;'/Iff /
kf]if0f, cfjf; / j:tL Joj:yfkg / :jf:Yosf
jf/]df tnsf k|Zgx? ;f]w]/ 5nkmn
rnfpg'xf];\
• ljkb\sf] ;dodf vfg]kfgLsf] ;xof]u ubf{ s] s]
dfkb08x? x'g' kb{5 <
• cfjf;sf] dfkb08x? s] s] x'g' kb{5 egL
;f]Wg'xf];\ <
• ljkb\sf] ;dodf vfB tyf kf]if0fsf] s] s]
dfkb08x? x'g' kb{5 <
lqmofsnfk %M ;d'xnfO{ $ ;d'xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / #) ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
k|To]s ;d'xnfO{ :km]o/sf] ! j6f If]q kg]{ u/L ;d'x
sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ hf]8f
5nkmn
;d'x sfo{ ubf{ cf cfkmgf] If]qsf] u'0f:tl/otf /
pQ/bfloTj s] s] x'g ;S5 / s] s:tf dfkb08x? x'g'
kb{5 egL 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\

lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn k|:t'tLs/0f %ldg]6

ul/;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] ;j} ;d'xx?af6 k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xhstf{n] yk
JofVof ug{ kg]{ ePdf atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' k|jrg % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6
;f/f+;df :km]o/sf dfkb08jf/] d'Vo d' Vo hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf;\
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg lSjh # ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M :km]o/ dfkb08 eg]sf] s] xf] <
k|Zg @ M cfjf;sf] ;xof]u ubf{ s:tf] dfkb08 x'g'k b{5
<
k|Zg # M vfg]kfgLsf] dfkb08df s] s] kb{5g\ <
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn @ ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL :km]o/sf] jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5}f egL
atfpg] /
cWoog ;fdu|L ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];

49
z];g ^ sfnflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?
:km]o/
!= :km]o/sf] ljsf; qmd
/fj08fsf] u[x o'Wbsf] ;dodf & clk|n / !% h'nfO{ !(($ df /fj08fdf 6';L ljb|f]xL dfly
g/;+xf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;}lgs ldlnl;ofx?n] !)) lbgsf] ;do cjwLdf 6';L hftLsf / s]xL
x't' hftLsf s/Lj % b]lv ^ nfv JolQmx?sf] xTof Refugee camp Zaire 1994
ul/Psf] lyof] . /fj08fsf] g/;+xf/ kl5 ax'
;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] d'Nof+sgdf dfgljo ;xof]udf
b]lvPsf] cJoj:yf, u'0f:t/ / pQ/bfloTdf b]lvPsf
sdL sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f dfgljo ;]jf sfo{ ubf{
lglZrt dfkb08x? tof/ ug{kg]{ / Joj:yfkg
ug'{kg]{ oyfy{ af]w ePsf] sf/0fn] :km]o/sf]
cjwf/0ff z'? eof] .
;g\ !((& lt/ ljZjsf s/Lj *) b]zsf $)) ;+:yfx? / $))) eGbf a9L dfgljo ;]jfdf
sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfx?, dfgjtfafbL u}/ ;/sf/L ;d'x, /]8qm; / /]8lqm;]G6 cleofgsf ;b:oxljr
u'0f:tl/otf / pQ/bfloTj ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df 5nkmn z'? eof] . ;fy} klxnf] kl/If0f o;sf] ;g\
!((* df ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} :km]o/sf] k|yd ;+:s/0f ;g\ @))) df k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] . To;kZrft :km]o/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g x'b} bf]>f] ;+:s/0f @))$, t]>f]
;+:s/0f @)!! / rf}yf] ;+:s/0f @)!* df k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . rf}yf] ;+:s/0f ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
:km]o/sf] cEof; u/]sf] @) jif{ k'u]sf] 5 .

@= :km]o/ s] xf]
ljkb\af6 k|efljt dflg;x?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;xfotfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf{g' tyf ljkb\sf] l:yltdf
ul/g] ;xof]u ;DjlGw dfgljo k|0ffnLsf] lhDd]jf/Lkg a9fpg tof/ ul/Psf] dfkb08x?sf] Ps
b:tfj]h xf] . :km]o/ ljkb\ / 4Gbaf6 k|efljt JolQmx?n] ;+/If0f / ;xof]u kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5
;fy} ;Ddfgk"j{s jf+Rg kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5. o;sf ;fy} :km]o/df
dfgljo l;4fGt d'ne"t rf/ kIfx? dfgljotf, t6:ytf, lgikIftf / :jtGqtf / cfrf/ ;+lxtf
cflbdf pNn]v ePsf a'+bfx?nfO{ klg ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf] 5.

50
#= :km]o/sf] bz{g jf:tjdf b'O{ k|d'v ljZjf;df cfwfl/t 5 .
k|yd M ljkb\ jf 4Gbaf6 lkl8t JolQmx?nfO{ ;;Ddfg jf+Rg] clwsf/ ePsf]n] ;f] ;DjlGw
;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ klg 5 .
bf]>f] M ljkb\ tyf 4Gbaf6 pTkGg dfgljo lk8fnfO{ lgjf/0f jf x6fpg x/;+ej kfOnfx?
rflng' kb{5

$= :km]o/ dfkb08sf] ;+/rgf

:km]o/sf] dfkb08nfO{ rf/ If]qdf ljefhg ul/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
!= dfkb08 M of] dfkb08 ;Ddfgk"j{s a+fRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] l;4fGtaf6 lgb]{lzt 5 / h'g
Go'gtdf ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08sf ( j6f a'+bfx?
k|ltj4tf / u'0f:tl/otf sfod ug]{ a'+bfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\
@= d'Vo sfo{x? M o;df dfkb08 k|fKtL ug{ ul/g] Jojxfl/s kfOnfx? /flvPsf 5g\ / of] ;j}
7fp+df ;fGb{les gx'g klg ;S5 / k|of]ustf{n] cj:yf cg';f/ pko'Qm a'bf+x? 5gf]6 ug{
;Sb5g\
#= d'Vo ;'rs M o;df dfkb08 k|fKt eof] ePg eGg] ;"rsx? /flvPsf 5g\ h;n] ljkb\
k|ltsfo{sf sfo{x? ubf{ sfo{qmd / k|lqmofsf] gtLhfnfO{ ;+sng ub{5 . of] dfkb08 k|fKt eof]
ePg eGg] ;"rs xf] .
$= lgb]{zg gf]6 M o;n] o; lstfjdf ePsf ;+/If0f l;4fGt, cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 and
cGo dfkb08x?sf] k|fKtL ug{ ul/g] d'Vo sfo{x?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ yk ;"rgfx? pknJw u/fp+ b5

%= ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt
;j} dfgljo ;]jf k|bfos / dfgljo sfo{df ;+rfng ubf{ oL rf/j6f ;+/If0fsf l;4fGtx? nfu'
x'g]5\g
!= dflg;x?sf] ;'/Iff, cfTd;Ddfg / clwsf/sf] j[l4 ug]{ / pgLx?nfO{ xfgL x'g ;Sg] tTjaf6
6f9f /fVg]
@= pgLx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;xof]u ljgf e]befj kfpg] ;'lglZrt ug]{
#= dflg;x?nfO{ wDsL, lx+;f jf oftgfsf sf/0f zfl/l/s / dgf];fdflhs k|efjaf6 d'Qm
x'gsf]nflu ;xof]u ug]{
$= dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{

51
dfkb08x?
!= vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tf k|j4{g ;DjlGw dfkb08x?
ljkb\ / 4Gbaf6 k|efljt dflg;x? kfgL;+u ;DjlGwt /f]ux?sf] lzsf/ / d[To x'g ;sg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . pQm
;+efjgf kfgLsf] ckof{Kttf / b'lift kfgLsf] k|of]u, sdhf]/ ;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tfn] x''g ;Sb5 . o; dfkb08n]
ljkb\ / 4Gbsf] ;dodf x'g ;Sg] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yodf x'g ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ p4]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;j}sf]
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO{ ;DjlGw clwsf/ 5 / o; dfkb08n] pQm clwsf/sf] /Iffsf]nflu sfo{ ub{5 .

vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ /
:jR5tf k|j4{g

:jR5tf vfg]kfgL dnd'q nfdv'6\6] kmf]x/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf

k|j4{g Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg

dfkb08 !=! dfkb08 @=! dfkb08 #=! dfkb08 $=! dfkb08 %=!
:jR5tf vfg]kfgL / dnd'q d'Qm kmf]x/d'Qm dfkb08 ^=!
j:tL :t/df nfdv' :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?df
k|j4{g kx+r jftfj/0f 6\6] Joj:yfkg jftfj/0f
vfg]kfgL /
;/;kmfO{
dfkb08 !=@ dfkb08 @=@ dfkb08 %=@ Joj:ykg
dfkb08 #=@ dfkb08 $=@ 3/fo;L kmf]x/
:jR5tf ;fdfuLsf] kfgLsf] zf}rfnodf nfdv'6\6]
klxrfg, kx''+r / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg
kx'+r / k|of]u Joj:yfkgsfnlu
k|of]u JolQut / 3/fo:fL
dfkb08 #=# sfo{ dfkb08 %=#
dfkb08 !=# dnd'qsf] ;d'bfo :t/df
Joj:yfkg kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg
dlxgfjf/L :jR5tf
Joj:yfkg

!=! :jR5tf k|j4{g

dfkb08 M dflg;x¿ kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt hg:jf:Yosf d'Vo hf]lvdx¿sf af/]df ;r]t
5g\ / pgLx¿n] tL hf]lvdx¿nfO{ sd ug{sf nflu JolQmut, 3/–kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] txdf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
d'Vo lqmofsnfkx¿
! hg:jf:Yosf d'Vo hf]lvdx¿ / oL hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] :jf:Yosf ljBdfg cEof;x¿sf] klxrfg
ug'{xf];\ .
• kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt s'g hf]lvdx¿k|lt s'g JolQm tyf ;d"xx¿ ;ª\s6f;Gg
5g\ / lsg eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu ;d'bfosf] kfZj{lrq (profile) tof/ ug'{xf]; \ .
• To:tf sf/s tTjx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ h'g tTjx¿n] ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ tyf k|tLsf/fTds
lqmofsnfkk|lt pTk|]l/t ub{5g\ .
@ :jf:Yo k|jw{g tyf kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL Jofks k|ltsfo{sf] th'{df tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf
nflu k|efljt hg;ª\Vof;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{xf];\ .

52
 • Jofjxfl/s hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;~rf/ dfWod / ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;+jfb – b'j}nfO{
k|of]u ub}{ ;~rf/;DaGwL /0fgLltsf] th'{df ug'{xf]; \ .
• k|efjzfnL JolQm, ;d'bfosf ;d"xx¿ tyf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmddf ;+nUg sfo{stf{x¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; \ .
# :jf:Yo k|jw{gnfO{ cg's"lnt kfg{sf nflu / To;df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;d'bfosf] k[i7kf]if0f tyf
:jf:Yo;DaGwL lgu/fgL (health surveillance) sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
• kfgL, ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yosf ;'ljwfx¿dflysf] kx'Fr tyf ltgsf] k|of]u / :jf:Yo k|jw{gaf6 Jojxf/
tyf cEof;dfly s;/L c;/ kb{5 eGg]af/]df cg'udg ug'{xf]; \ .
• ultljlwx¿nfO{ cg's"lnt ug'{xf];\ / k"/f gePsf cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; \ .
d'Vo ;"rsx¿
• k|efljt To:tf 3/–kl/jf/x¿ h;n] kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt /f]ux¿sf] /f]syfd
ug{sf nflu tLgj6f pkfox¿sf af/]df ;xL lsl;dn] JofVof ug{ ;Sb5g\
• nlIft To:tf] hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt h;n] xft w'gsf nflu b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ ;do ;xL lsl;dn] atfpF5g\
• ;fd'bflos zf}rfnox¿af6 lg:s]kl5 xft w'g] 7fpFx¿sf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] nlIft hg;ª\Vofsf]
k|ltzt
• k|efljt To:tf 3/–kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltzt h'g 3/–kl/jf/df xft w'gsf nflu ;fa'g tyf kfgL pknAw
5g\
• k|efljt To:tf] hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt h'g hg;ª\Vofn] kfgLsf ;'wfl/Psf ;|f]tx¿af6 kfgL ;ª\sng
ub{5 :jf:Yo k|j4{g 126 kfgL cfk"lt{ ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo k|jw{g
• To:tf 3/–kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltzt h'g 3/–kl/jf/x¿n] ;kmf / 9flsPsf efF8fx¿df vfg]kfgL e08f/0f
ub{5g\
• x]/rfx ug]{ To:tf JolQmx¿sf] k|ltzt h'g JolQmx¿n] afn–aflnsfx¿sf] lb;f–lk;fa ;'/lIft ¿kdf
tx nufof}F egL l/kf]6{ ub{5g\
• lb;f–lk;fa /f]Sg g;Sg] l:yltdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ pTkfbg -Kof8, lk;fa hDdf x'g] af]tn,
• lb;f–lk;fa ug]{ Kofg, sdf]8sf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] d] r_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ To:tf 3/–kl/jf/x¿sf]
k|ltzt h'g 3/–kl/jf/x¿n] lb;f–lk;fa /f]Sg g;Sg] jo:sx¿sf] lb;f–lk;fa ;'/lIft ¿kdf tx
nufPsf 5g\ egL l/kf]6{ ub{5g\
• k|efljt To:tf 3/–kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltzt h;n] kmf]xf/d}nf pko'Qm lsl;dn] tx nufpFb5g\
• To:tf dflg;x¿sf] k|ltzt h;n] k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ / kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf
:jf:Yo;DaGwL ;'ljwf tyf ;]jfx¿nfO{ cg's"lnt kfg{sf nflu Pj+ ltgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ltgn] lbPsf
k[i7kf]if0fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] egL atfpFb5g\ .
• :yfgLo jftfj/0f dflg; tyf hgfj/x¿sf] lb;f–lk;faaf6 d'Qm 5
dfu{–bz{gsf gf]6
kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL hf]lvdx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg M ;ª\s6sf] k|f/lDes
r/0fdf kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yosf hf]lvdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / ltgnfO{ sd ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g
;Sb5 . ;'/lIft kfgL, lb;f–lk;fasf] Joj:yfkg / xft w'g] sfo{dfly a9L Wofg lbg'xf]; \ lsgeg] /f]ux¿sf]
;ª\qmd0fnfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ sfo{dfly logaf6 ;aeGbf a9L k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 . kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;Fu
;DalGwt hg:jf:Yosf hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{sf nflu rflng] sbdx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{df lgDglnlvt
ljifox¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 M

53
 • kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;'ljwf / ;]jfx¿sf] ljBdfg k|of]u,
• 3/–kl/jf/sf nflu cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;fdu|Lx¿df kx'Fr ⊕ :jf:Yo k|jw{g;DaGwL dfkb08 !=@ /
!=# x]g'{xf];\,
• ljBdfg ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLlt, :yfgLo k|rng tyf ljZjf;x¿,
• ;fdflhs ;+/rgf tyf ;d'bfosf] zlQmsf] ultzLntf (power dynamics)
• :jf:Yo;]jfsf nflu dflg;x¿ sxfF hfG5g\ -wfdL–emfFqmL, cf}iflw k;n / lSnlgsx¿nufot_
• kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:Yosf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;~rfng tyf ;Def/ ug{sf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5,

vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tf k|j4{g ;DjlGw dfkb08x?

vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ :jR5tf k|j4{g
• sDtLdf !% ln6/ kfgL k|lt • @) hgf JolQmsf]nflu
JolQm k|lt lbg vfg]kfgL / ! Jf6f zf}rfno x'g'
;/;kmfO{sf]nflu kg]{
• ! Wff/fn] @%) hgf • Zff}rfno j:tLaf6 %)
JolQmnfO{ kUg] M &=% ln ld6/ 6f9f x'g'kg]{
k|lt ldg]6 kfgL cfpg] wf/f • Zff}rfno ckf+u d}qL
• %)) ln6/ Xof08 kDk Ps x'g' kg]{
ldg]6df !& ln6/ kfgL •
cfpg]
• 3/af6 %)) ld6/ hltdf
kfgL pknJw xg kg]{
• kfgL lng s'g]{ ;do #)
ldg]6
• Dflxnf / jfnjflnsfsfnflu
;/lIft x'g'kg]{

o;}u/L vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / :jR5tf k|j4{g ;DjlGw ^ j6} If]qsf] dfkb08x?, d'Vo sfo{x?, d' Vo d' Vo
;"rsx? / dfu{bzg gf]6 tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu :km]o/ lstfj g} cWoog ug'{kb{5.

54
@= vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f
;j}hgfnfO{ kof{Kt vfgf / ef]s af6 d'Qm x'g] clwsf/ 5
sd kf]if0fn] dflg;x?nfO{ ljkb\ / 4Gbaf6 ;[lht ePsf] k|efjsf] k'gnf{e ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf sdf ub{5 h;n]
/f]u ;+u n8g ;Sg] Ifdtf sd x'G5 / s8f lj/fdL x'g] , lhljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x? k|fKt ug{ afwf ug]{ /
;d'bflos sfo{x?df ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf sd x'g] hf]lvd lt/ ws] Nb5 . o;}n] vfB c;'/Iff Ps sf/s
tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To:f}n] vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf] ;xof]u ljkb\ / 4Gb k| efljtx?sf]nflu cfjZos /x]sf]
5.
vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f ;DjlGw dfkb08x?
vfB ;'/Iff kf]if0f • Nutrient requirements
• k|ltlbg k|ltJolQm @!)) • % k|sf/sf vf2 ;fdfu|L • Energy 2,100kCal
Sofnf]/L M !) b]lv !@ b}lgs pkef]u ug{ • Protein 53g (10% of total
k|ltzt k|f]l6g / !& k|ltzt cfjZos kg]{ energy)
kmof6 x'gkg]{ • % jif{ d'lgsf, ue{jtL • Fat 40g (17% of total energy)
• Gfub ;xof]u olb ahf/ df ;'Ts]/L, h]i7 gful/s / • Vitamin A 550μg retinol
vf2fGg pkNfJw 5 eg] PrcfO{ ;+qmldtsf]nflu activity equivalents (RTE)
• Vitamin D 6.1μg
• vf2fGg ;+:s[tL cg;f/, yk kf]if0foQm vfgf
• Vitamin E 8.0mg alpha-
u0f:t/ oQm, /fd|/L Kofs lbgkg]{
tocopherol equivalents (alpha
ul/Psf], ldlt g;lsPsf] • TE)
x'g'kg]{ • Vitamin K 48.2μg
• • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 1.1mg
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
1.1mg
• Vitamin B3 (niacin) 13.8mg
niacin equivalents (NE)
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
1.2mg
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
2.2μg
• Folate 363μg dietary folate
equivalents (DFE)
• Pantothenate 4.6mg
• Vitamin C 41.6mg
• Iron 32mg
• Iodine 138μg
• Zinc 12.4mg
• Copper 1.1mg
• Selenium 27.6μg
• Calcium 989mg
• Magnesium 201mg
•

55
#= cfjf; / j:tL Joj:yfkg

;j}nfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf cfjf;sf] clwsf/ 5

ljkb\ af6 k|efljtx?nfO{ ;dodf g} pknJw u/fOPsf] cfjf; / j:tL Joj:yfkgn] dflg;x?sf] hLjgsf] /Iff
ub{5 . cfjf;n] dflg;x?nfO{ 3fd kfgL, x'/Ljtf;af6 ;'/lIft ub{5 eg] :Jff:Yosf] /Iff, kfl/jfl/s /
;fd'bflos ultljwL ug{ / cfTd;Ddfg k"j{s j:g kfpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub{5 .
cfjf; a:tL Joj:yfkg
• #=% :Sjfo/ ld6/ k|lt • $% :Sjfo/ ld6/
JolQm –ksfpg], g'xfpg] / lzlj/df
;/;kmfO{ jfx]s_ • Jfftfj/0fLo ljgfz x''g]
• $=% b]lv %=% :Sjfo/ ld6/ kIfnfO{ Wofg lbgkb{5
hf8f] / zx/L :yfgdf hf+xf / jftfj/0f ljgfz x''g
ksfpg klg Tolx ul/G5 x'b}g
• e'Ob]lv l;ln8= slDtdf @ •
ld6/ udL{ :yfgdf @=%
ld6/
• 3/ ;'/lIft / uf]Kotf sfod
ug{ ;Sg] tl/sfn] agfpg'
kb{5
• @ hf]/ nuf k|lt JolQm
;+:s[tL, df};d, pd]/,
cg';f/

$= :jf:Yo
;j}nfO{ ;dodf g} / pko'Qm :jf:Yo ;]jf kfpg] clwsf/ 5
ljkb\ / 4Gbn] k|efljtx?sf] dfgj :Jff:Yodf / pGgtLdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . :Jff:yodf kg]{ k|efj
k|ToIf -3fOt] tyf d[To _ jf ck|ToIf -ank"j{s :yfgfGt/0f, sfg"gL ;+/If0fsf] cefj, / :Jff:Yo ;]jfdf sdL_
b'j} tl/sfn] kb{5 . ljkb\ / 4Gbsf] ;dodf pko'Qm :jf:yo ;]jf z'?sf lbgx?df kfpg d'lZsn kb{5 .
le8ef8, kof{Kt cfjf;sf] sdL, ;/;kmfO{sf] sdL, kof{Kt vfg]kfgLsf cefj / vfB ;'/Iffsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ ljkb\ / 4Gbsf] ;dodf dflg;x? s'kf]if0f tyf ;?jf /f]usf] hf]lvddf kg]{ ub{5g\ . cfkmGthgsf] d[To',
;DktLsf] Iflt cflb sf/0fn] cTolws tgfj / lk8fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dflg;x?df dgf];fdflhs ;d:of klg
pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ue{jtL, ;'Ts]/L / PrcfO{eL sf cf}ifwL lnO/x]sf] ;+qmldtx?df klg :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Qm5 . oL ;j} kIfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ;dod} / pko'Qm ;]jf pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 .
:jf:Yo k|hgg dft[ tyf jfn :jf:Yo
• Ps :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|n] !)))) hgfnfO{ ;]jf lbgkg]{ • Tflnd k|fKt JolQmaf6 ;Ts]/L
• Ps lhNnf / u|fld0f c:ktfnn] @%)))) hgfnfO{ *) k|ltzt x'g'kg]{
;]jf lbgkg]{ • Tfflnd k|fKt JolQmaf6 ;'Ts]/L
• :jf:Yo ;]jf lb+bf ;'/Iff / uf]klgotf sfod /fVg kg]{ ug{kg]{ !),))) sfnflu @#
, 5\'6\6} k/fdz{ sf]7f x'g'kg]{ hgf
• !))) hgfsf]nflu ! b]lv @ hgf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo •
sfo{stf{
• :Jff:Yo ;]jf lgz'Ns x'g'kg]{ / z'Ns lng gkfOg]

56
z];g ^ sfnflu k|:t'tLsf :nfO8x?
:k ]o/ of/ g] ddf
:k ]o/sf] l sf; d :k ]o/ of/ g] ddf dfgl o ;] fdf sfo g]
/f 0 fsf] o' ;+:yfsf ; :o k / c /l of sf]
clk| / % h' f df /f 0 fdf ';
l |f] dfly g/;+ f/
;}lgs ldl l;of ] l gsf] ;do c df
'; hf sf / s] ' ' hf sf s/ % ]lv
f
fv ol sf] of ;+:yf
' ;+:yf ] /]sf] d'Nof+sgdf dfgl o ; of] df ]z ol
]lv sf] c o :yf
k
'0f: / / / flo df ]lv sf sd sdhf]/ sf
sf/0f
lgl dfk 0 of/ gkg] / o :yfkg
g'kg] oyfy f]

:k ]o/ s] f] :k ]o/ dfk 0 sf] ;+/ gf

l k f k| fl dflg; f k| fg l/g] ; fo fsf] '0f: / ;' fg' yf l ksf] dfk 0 of] dfk 0 ; dfgk s +f g kf g]
cl sf/sf] l; f f lg ]lz / h'g o'g df d' o sfo o;df dfk 0 k|f g l/g]
o fl/s kf f /flv sf g / of] ; } f +df
l:yl df l/g] ; of] ; l dfgl o k|0ff sf] lh d] f/ kg f g of/ l/ sf] kdf k|f /]sf] 'g' k o;sf ;fy} cf f/
dfgl o dfk 0 sf f '+ f k|l f / ;f l s g 'g klg ; / k|of] s f ] c :yf
cg';f/ ko' ' f+ gf] g ; g
dfk 0 sf] s : f ]h '0f: l/o f sfod g] '+ fsf] kdf / ]sf g

dfgl o l; f d' f/ kIf dfgl o f :y f lg kIf f / : f / :k ]o / dfk 0 sf] ;+/ gf

cf f/ ;+l f f klg l z] f d l sf]
:k ]o /sf] zg f: df ' k|d 'v l f;df cf fl/ d' o ;' s o;df dfk 0 k|f of] g lg ]zg gf] o; ] o; ls f df sf
g] ; s /flv sf g h; ] l k k|l sfosf ;+/If0f l; f cf f/ dfgl o dfk 0 d
k|yd l k f f lkl ol f ;; dfg f+ g] cl sf/ sf] ] ;f] sfo f sfo d / k|l ofsf] g hf f c o dfk 0 sf] k|f g l/g] d' o
;+s g of] dfk 0 k|f of] g g] sfo f ; of] g yk ; gf k
; l ; of] k|f g] cl sf/ klg ; s f] /f +

f] f] l k yf f k g dfgl o lk f f lg f/0f f f g /;+

kf f fl g' k

dfk 0 sf If] vfg]kfg ;/;k f / : f k| g sf] f+ f

vfg]kfg ;/;k f / : f k| g

dfk 0 sf If] : f k| g vfg]kfg d d' o :yfkg fdv' ] o :yfkg k f] / o :yfkg : f: o ;+:yfdf o :yfkg

dfk 0 : f dfk 0 vfg]kfg / dfk 0 d d' dfk 0 dfk 0 % k f] /d'

k| g k+ d' f f /0f : : /df fdv' ] o :yfkg f f /0f
dfk 0 : f: o
vfg]kfg ;/;k f vf ;'/ Iff / cf f; / : ;+:yf df vfg]kfg /
;/;k f o :ykg
/ : f k| g : f: o
; l dfk 0 kf] f0f o :yfkg dfk 0 kfg sf] dfk 0 % /fo; k f] /
dfk 0 dfk 0 zf} f odf o :yfkg
'0f: / k '+ / k|o f]
: f ;fdf sf] kl fg k '+ dfk 0 fdv' ]
/ k|o f] o :yfkgsf l ol /
/fo:f sfo

dfk 0 dfk 0 % ;d' fo : /df

d d' sf] o :yfkg k f] / o :yfkg
dfk 0
dl gf f/ : f o :yfkg

57
vfg]kfg ;/;k f / : f: o k| g ; l f dfk 0 vfg]kfg ;/;k f / : f: o k| g ; l f dfk 0
vfg]k fg ;/;k f
s df % l / kfg k|l ol k|l l g vfg]kfg / hgf ol sf] fl f f zf} f o 'g' kg]
;/;k f sf] fl vfg / vfgfdf % ]lv l ;/;k f ff} f o : f % ld / f f 'g'kg]
]lv l ksf g ]lv l ff} f o ckf+ d} 'g' kg]
ff/f ] % hgf ol f k g] %l k|l ldg] kfg dl f / lszf]/ sf] fl ;'/lIf
cf g] f/f
l f f g] 's' sf] / kof k|sfz sf]
of0 k k ] % hgf s ldg] df l / kfg
cf g] / kl/ f/sf fl l / Ifd f sf] k f] / k fNg] s f+ f
/ f % ld / hl df kfg k 'g kg] l of odf k|l l ofy k|l l g l / vfg / f 'g
s f ] s' f f hgf % l / k|l ldg] kfg l of o s] sf] fl s zf} f o
cf g] s] fsf fl s zf} f o
kfg l g s'g] ;do ldg] sfof odf sd f/ sf] fl s zf} f o
fl f / f fl sfsf fl ;'/lIf 'g'kg]
s g' f g] f + f % hgf

vfg]kfg ;/;k f / : f: o k| g ; l f dfk 0

vf ;'/Iff kf] f0f
kCa

: f: o k| g k|l l g k|l ol
of tota ener
of tota ener
re no ac it e i a ents

hgf dflg;sf] fl hgf cf / s/ / } f] sfos f / s of f]/ ]lv % k|sf/sf vf ;fdf |

;+ f/ ; k 'g'k
k|l z k|f]l g / k|l z l} gs k f] g a pha tocophero e i a ents
a pha
f kfg /f g] f+ f ; } / f ]lv l / ; dsf] s kfg yf g / cf os kg]
s kfg h df g k of 'gkg]
f ; of] ol hf/ df ;'% s]/f d'h]lgsfgf l/s /
% f|d g' f g] ;f 'g k|l dl gf k|l ol f niacin e i a ents

|fd ' f 'g] ;f 'g k|l dl gf k|l ol f

g g] of k|l dl gf % f cy f : of/ ld / sk f k|l f vf f g kNf g] cf ;+ ld sf] fl
dl gf f/ sf] fl dietar fo ate e i a ents

l l ' f c0 /l o/ k|l f f vf f g ;+:s cg;f/ yk kf] f0fo vfgf

yk % |fd ;f 'g 0f: / o /fd|/ ofs l gkg]
l/ sf] ldl g;ls sf]
'g'kg]

cf f; / : o :yfkg
cf f; : f: o
% ld / k|l ol ksf g] g' f g] k|l / kl/ f/ cy f f/ ]lv kf hgf; dsf]
/ ;/;k f f ]s l ;f] f fkfg df k|l ;d ;df g] l / l sf];l kl/ f/sf] : ff: o
ld / cfsf/sf ksf g] ' f f vfgf of/ kfg / s : f: o ;] f s] | ]
s ol sf] fl og d ; f gsf fl s f f hgf f ;] f l gkg]
ld / k|hgg df yf f : f: o
f fdf k|of] 'g] f s' / vfgf f gsf s lhN f / |fld0f c:k f ]
% ]lv % % : fo/ ld / hf f] / z / fl ' f ' % hgf f ;] f l gkg] fl d k|f ol f ; s]/
:yfgdf hf+ f ksf g klg ol l/ % sf fl s : ff: o ;+:yf k|l z 'g'kg]
k|l ol s yf vfg] f f sf] s
' ]lv l;l sl df ld / d hf] / lk gsf fl f f f : f: o ;] f l + f ;'/Iff / f]klgo f ffl d k|f ol f ;' s]/
:yfgdf % ld /
sfod /f g kg] ' } k/fdz sf] f gkg] sf fl
'g'kg] hgf
/ ;'/lIf / f] o f sfod g ; g] : o :yfkg hgfsf] fl ]lv hgf
l/sf ] gf g' k ;fd' flos : f: o sfos f
/ kl/ f/sf] fl % ld / : ff: o ;] f lgz'Ns 'g'kg] / z'Ns l g
hf]/ f k|l ol ;+:s df};d
d]/ cg';f/ ff f /0f o l gfz 'g] kIf f ofg l gk / gkf g]
f f /0f l gfz 'g ' }g
k|l ol og d f s / l of}gf
g sl df ld /sf] k /sdf / k| o]s
ld /sf] l df ld /sf] c g l fhs

58
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M&
ljifo M Sni6/ cjwf/0ff ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M Sni6/sf] cjwf/0ff / ljleGg Sni6/ jf/]df hfgsf/L lbg]
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– Sni6/ s] xf] atfpg ;Sg]5g\
– g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf !@ j6f Sni6/ jf/] atfpg ;Sg]5g\

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• Sni6/ cjwf/0ff
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ Sni6/
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ljlw ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 ;f] % ld :km]o/ lel8of]
• tkfO{x? s'g} Sni6/df ;b:o x'g'x'G5
egL ;f]Wg''xf];\
• g]kfndf Sni6/ g]kfndf sltj6f 5g\ egL k|ZGf
ug'{xf]; <
• cj xfdL Sni6/sf] jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5} egL
atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• Sni6/ eg]sf] s] xf] h:tf] nfU5 @, #
hgfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; <
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .
• lqmofsnfk $M Sni6/ s] xf] / o;sf] n3 k|jrg #) ldg]6 :nfO8
P]ltxfl;s kIfaf/] ;xhstf{n] hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\
• ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df
lgb]{lzsfdf /x]sf / ljZjsf] Sni6/af/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\
• Sni6/n] s;/L sfd u5{ k|ltsfo{ / k"j{tof/Lsf]
pbfx/0fx? atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk %M ;xefuLx?sf] hf]8L agfpg'xf];\ @) Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
ldg]6
k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ s'g} Ps Sni6/sf] jf/]df Sni6/sf] hf]8f
p4]Zo, ;/f]sf/jfnf, k|ltsfo{ / k"j{tof/Lsf] 5nkmn
sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\

59
lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 #,$ hgfsf] k|:t'tLs/0f !%ldg]6
hf]8LnfO{ EfGg nufpg'xf];\ / ;xhstf{n] cfjZos k/]df
s]xL a'b+fx? :ki6 ug'{xf];\
lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' k|jrg % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6
;f/f+;df Sni6/ jf/] d'Vo d'Vo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; \
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg lSjh % ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M Sni6/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
k|Zg @ M Sni6/df s;/L sfo{ ul/G5 <
k|Zg # M vfg]kfgL Sni6/sf] d'Vo sfo{x? s] s] x'g\ <
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn % ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL :km]o/sf] cEof;sf]nflu tof/L ug]{ jf/]df
5nkmn ub{5}f egL atfpg] /
cWoog ;fdu|L ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];

60
 z];g & sf nflu cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?

Cluster Approach ( ljifout If]q_

Sni6/ cjwf/0ff ljz]if u/]/ dfgljo ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ ub}{ / l;Sb} cfPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;g\ @))% df
dfgljo k|ltsfo{sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] h:df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf / u}/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf
jLr sd dfq ;dGjo, ;dGjo lgoldt ge} slxn]sfxL+ / JolQm cg';f/ x'g] u/]sf], pQ/bfloTjsf] sdL / bft[
;+:yfx?sf] gLltdf klg Ps?ktf gePsf] h:tf ;jfnx? klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . To;kZrft ;f] k'g/fjnf]sgn]
$ j6f If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ l;kml/; u/]sf] lyof] h:df
!= Sni6/ cjwf/0ff M ;j} ljifout If]qdf kof{Kt Ifdtf / g]t[Tj
@= dfgljo ;+of]hs M cfktsflng ;dodf k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj / ;+of]hg
#= dfgljo ;xfotf /sd M kof{Kt, ;dodf g} / cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sg] ;xfotf /sd
$= ;fem]bf/L M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf / u}/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf ljr alnof] ;fem]bf/L
Sni6/ cjwf/0ff M
Sni6/ cjwf/0ffsf] d'Vo pW]bZo cfktsflng cj:yfdf k|ltsfo{ ug{sf]nflu ;fem]bf/x? ljr ;fem]bf/L alnof]
ub]{ Ps cfk;sf] e"ldsf jf+8kmf+8 ub]{ k|ltsfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] xf] . ljifout If]qdf h:sf] ljz]if bIftf
5 p:n] g} cu'jfO{ ub}{ cGo ;DjlGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xof]udf ;xefuLd"ns ;]jf k|jfx u/L k|ltsfo{sf
sfo{x?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] . Sni6/ g]t[Tj ug]{x? cf cfkmgf] ljifout If]qsf] k"j{tof/L / k|fljlws
Ifdtf j[lWb ug{ ;dGjo u/L cfktsflng ;dodf k|ltsfo{ ug{ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ .

Unf]jn Sni6/
qm=; ljifout If]q Sni6/ cu'jf
! s[ifL FAO
@ lzlj/ Joj:yfkg / ;+of]hg UNHCR
# lz3| k'gnf{e UNDP
$ lzIff UNICEF
% cfktsflng cfjf; UNHCR
^ cfktsflng ;+rf/ WFP and UNICEF
& :jf:Yo WHO
* aGbf]j:tL WFP
( kf]if0f UNICEF
!) ;/If0f UNCHR
!! kfgL / ;/;kmfO{ UNICEF
!@ vfB WFP
!# z/0ffyL{ UNHCR

61
ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df lgb]{lzsf kl/dflh{t @)&^ cg';f/
qm=; ljifout If]q Sni6/ cu'jf Sni6/ ;x cu'jf
! ;dGjo vf]hL tyf p4f/
@ vfB tyf s[ifL
# cf>o:yn
$ jGbf]j:tL
% vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ tyf :JfR5tf
^ :jf:Yo
& kf]if0f
* lzIff
( u}/ vfB ;fdfu|L
!) ;+/If0f
!! tTsflng k'gnf{e
!@ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
!# cGo

ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ 9f+rf @)&% cg';f/

qm=; ljifout If]q Sni6/ cu'jf Sni6/ ;x cu'jf
! :jf:Yo :jf:yo tyf hg;+Vof WHO
dGqfno
@ vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / :Jff:Yo vfg]kfgL dGqfno UNICEF
k|j4{g
# cfktsflng cf>o:yn zx/L ljsf; dGqfno IFRC/UN Habitat
$ vfB ;'/Iff s[ifL tyf kz'k+5L WFP/FAO
ljsf; dGqfno
% kf]if0f :jf:yo tyf hg;+Vof UNICEF
dGqfno
^ lzlj/ ;dGjo tyf lzlj/ u[x dGqfno IOM
Joj:yfkg
& ;+/If0f dlxnf, jfnjflnsf / UNHCR/UNICEF/UNFPA
h]i7 gful/s dGqfno
* lz3| k'gnf{e ;+l3o dfldnf tyf UNDP
;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno
( lzIff lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw UNESCO/SC
dGqfno
!) aGbf]j:tL u[x dGqfno WFP
!! cfktsflng ;+rf/ ;+rf/ tyf ;'rgf k|ljlw WFP
dGqfno

62
k"j{tof/L
;+efljt jf xfnsf] k|sf]k 36gf cyjf k|sf]k cj:yfsf c;x¿sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg],
k|ltsfo{ ug{;Sg] / To;af6 k'gnf{e lng ;Sg] ;/sf/L lgsfo, k|ltsfo{ tyf k'gnf{edf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf,
;d'bfo / :jo+ JolQmx¿åf/f ljsl;t 1fg tyf Ifdtf .
d'Vo k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{x?
!= lg/Gt/ ;dGjo j}7s ;+rfng ug]{ M
• :yfgLo tyf j8f ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
• Sni6/ ;d'x :t/df

@= ;d'bfosf] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg

/ hnjfo" kl/jt{g cg's"ng hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf ug]{ /
gu/ tyf ufp gu/ kflnsf:t/df hf]lvdsf] klxrfg
ug]{
#= cfwf/e't dfkb08sf ljlwx? Tfyf lgltut
lgb]{lzsfx? gu/ tyf ufp+ gu/kflnsf+ :t/df 5g\
eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{ Hf:t} M
• ld/f / o;sf] kmd]{6
• :km]o/sf dfkb08x?
• cfO;L ;fdfu|Lx? / ;"rgf k|jfxsfnflu
;Gb]zx?
• ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sfnflu /fli6«o :t/sf lgb]{lzsfx?
$= ax' If]qut cfsl:ds of]hgf, ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / cwfjlws ub} { n}hfg]
%= gu/ tyf ufp+kflnsf :t/df ePsf >f]t ;fwgx?sf] gSzf+sg ug]{ - cfly{s /sd, cfsl:ds ;dodf
k|bfg ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx? / dfgljo >f]t_ / cfjZostf cg';f/ e08f/0f ug]{
^= ;"rgf Joj:yfkg, If]qut sfo{qmdsf]nflu l4lto ;"rgfsf] ;+sng
&= k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf h8fg
*= Sni6/ ;d'x4f/f cfktsflng cj:yfdf ljt/0f ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ljkb k"j{ g} ;+sng / e08f/0f ug]{
• cfsl:ds cj:yfdf ljt/0f ul/g] ;fdfu|Lx? M vf2 / u}/ vf2
• ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;+rf/ ;fdfu|Lx?, kDkn]6,kf]:6/ / j|f];/

(= ljkb ;Dk{s JolQmx?sf] tnsf ljifodf Ifdtf clej[lWb tflnd

s= ljkb\ n]vfhf]vfsf ljlwx? -O/f,ld/f, l;P;l8P / lkl8PgP_
v= cfsl:ds k|ltsfo{sfnflu :km]o/ dfkb08x?
u= ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;+rf/ ;fdfu|Lx? / ;Gb]zx?
3= ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sfnflu /fli6«o :t/sf lgb]{lzsfx?
8= ;dGjo

!)= gd'gf cEof;, ;Lk ljsf; / ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd h:t} kf}8L v]Ng l;sfpg], e"sDk cfp+bf s;/L
;'/lIft /xg] tl/sf l;sfpg] .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]xL k"j{tof/L sfo{x¿ lgDg x'g ;Sg]5g\ .

• ;DalGwt txsf k|To]s ljifout ;d'xx¿df k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ ultljlwx¿df ;+nUg Ps ;lqmo
;"rgf Joj:yfkg ;+oGq ;'lglZrt ug]{
63
 • ljkb\k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sf] nflu :jo+;]jsx¿ / k|lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
• :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k"jf{g'dfgsf ;fy} k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL, ;'/Iff tyf p4f/ ;fdu|L / pks/0fn]
;an agfpg]
• k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, d"Nof+sg / lj:t[t 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f kmf/d tyf k|f¿k tof/ ug]{
• tYof+s ;+sngsf nflu cfjZos kmd{]6 tof/L ug{]
• k"jf{g'dfg ;"rgf tyf ;ts{tf ;Gb]zx¿sf nflu ;+rf/sf] ljljw Rofgnx¿sf] lj:t[t clen]v
/fVg]
• k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ ultljlwx¿sf nflu cfjZos dfgj tyf ljQLo ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg ug]{
• hg;+Vof, ;+s6f;Gg ;d'bfo, ;fdflhs ;]jf, Ifdtf k|0ffnL, ;'/Iff l:ylt, hLljsf]kfh{g,
a;f]af;sf] cj:yf, v'nf vfnL 7fpFx¿, oftfoft / k"jf{wf/;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{
• ;'/lIft dfu{x¿, vf]h tyf p4f/ dfu{x¿, ;+s6f;Gg ;d'bfodf x]nLk]8, cjt/0f / 8«k hf]g
klxrfg ug]{
• ;DalGwt txdf k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ 6f]nL lgdf{0f ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{
• c:yfoL cfkt\sfnLg cf>o:yn, vfB tyf u}/vfB j:t'x¿sf nflu e08f/0f u[x / e08f/0f
:ynsf] klxrfg ug]{, >f]t ;fdfu|Lsf] cfFsng / gk'u ;fdfu|Lsf] hf]xf] ug]{
• cfkt\sfnLg /fxtsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfB tyf u}/ vfB a:t'x¿sf] ahf/ ;j]{If0f ug]{
• :jf:Yo ;'/Iff of]hgf tof/ ug]{, c:yfoL :jf:Yo s] › kl fg g]
• ljBfnox¿sf] hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df jlu{s/0f ub{} ;'/Iff of]hgf tof/ ug]{, cfslZds of]hgf
agfpg]
• hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;fwgx¿sf] -ufO{kfng, afv|fkfng, ;'Fu'/ / s'v'/f kmf/dx¿, df5f kf]v/L, t/sf/L
v]tL nufot ;]jfd"ns cGo k]zf tyf Joj;fo cflb_ ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ af/] of]hgf agfpg]
• af9L lgsf; / gx/x¿ ;a} ;kmf /x]sf ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;+a]bgzLn ;+/rgfsf] dha'tLkgf
n]vfhf]vf ug]{
• ;'/Iff lgsfo / cGonfO{ vf]hL tyf p4f/ tflnd k|bfg ug]{
• k"j{tof/L jf/]df /fhg}lts bn / gfu/Ls ;dfhsf nflu ;+o'Qm cled'vLs/0f ug]{

k|ltsfo{
• ljkb 36gf eO/x]sf] a]nf / tTsfn 36gf kZrft dflg;sf] hLjg/Iff ug{ dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{
;Sg] c;/x¿nfO{ Go"g ug{ / cfd gful/snfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'sf ;fy} k|efljt JolQm jf
;d'bfosf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"tL{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{ cfktsfnLg ;]jfx¿
/ ;fj{hlgs ;xfotfsf Joj:yfx¿ ug]{ sfo{ g} k|ltsfo{ xf] .
k|ltsfo{sf sfo{x¿ lgDg x'g ;Sg]5g\M
• ;DalGwt txsf] ljkb\Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cfsl:ds a}7s ug]{
• vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f] / ›' k|l sfo f] sf] kl/ f g g]
• 3fOt]nfO{ 3'DtL lSnlgsx¿ dfkm{t k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{
• dflg;x¿ / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ :yfgfGt/0f ug]{

64
 • ;"rgf ;Íng ug{, JofVof ug{ / k'li6 ug{ cfkt\sfnLg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -tYofÍ–;"rgf OsfO{_ :yfkgf /
;~rfng ug]{
• cfkt\sfnLg k|ltsfo{sf nflu sfo{ ;+rfng ljlw cg';f/ cfkt\sf g sfo;~ f g s] › ;l o
agfpg]
• cfkt\sfnLg cf>o:yn, /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{
• af9Lsf] vt/f If]qdf gbLsf] ;tx ;ts{tf tx eGbf tn gem/];Dd k|lt306fsf] cBfjlws ;"rgf
k|jfx hf/L /fVg]
• ;Da4 cfkt\sflng k|ltsfo{ of]h gfx¿nfO{ ;lqmo agfpg]. laifout If]q -Cluster_ / sfo{bn
;d' ] cfˆgf ; l cfk \sflng of]hgfx¿ ;lqmo agfpg g]t[Tj ug]{
ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ d"ntM
 tTsfn Pj+ cNksfnLg cfjZoQmfx¿df s]lGb|t
/xG5
 slxn]sflxF o;nfO{ æljkb\ /fxtÆ klg elgG5 .
 k|ltsfo{ r/0f / tTkZrftsf] k'gnf{e r/0f
aLrdf 7ofSs} l;df/]vf sf]g{ ufx|f] 5 .
 h:tf] ls c:yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tyf
vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ h:tf k|ltsfo{sf ultljlwx¿
k'gnf{esf] r/0fdf ;d]t sfof{lGjt x'G5g\ .

ljkb\ ePdf
▪ ;d'bfonfO{ ;fO/g, l;6\7L, jf :yfgLo hfgsf/L
lbg] ljwL k|of]u u/]/ 5/–l5d]snfO{ klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;"rgf lbg'k5{ .
▪ cfktsflng emf]nf af]s]/ ;'/lIft 7f+pdf hfg'k5{ .
▪ ue{jtL dlxnf, ;'Ts]/L dlxnf, h]i7 gfuls,
ckfu+tf ePsf JolQm, afn–aflnsf, /f]uL /
czQm dflg;nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u u/L ;'/lIft
7f+p tkm{ n}hfg'k5{ .
▪ k|sf]k ePsf] ;dodf k"j{tof/Lsf ;fdfg k|of]u
u/L p4f/df nfUg'k5{ .
▪ x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ .
▪ cfktsflng /fxt ljt/0fdf s;}dfly e]befj
gxf]; eg]/ Wofg lbg'k5{ .
▪ lkl8tnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] / w}o{ lbg] vfnsf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .
▪ l;ls:t la/fdLsf nflu 5'6} kfn jf sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfktsflng pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{
.
k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] hg–wgsf] Ifltaf/] ;s];Dd l56f] ;'/Iff lgsfo, ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;xof]uL ;+3;+:yfnfO{ ;xL
hfgsf/L lbP/ ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x ug'{k5

65
z];g & sf nflu k|:t''tLsf :nfO8x?
/ c f/0ff l z] f /]/ dfgl o ;] f k| fg f } / l; } cf sf] c f/0ff f]
;g % df dfgl o k|l sfosf] k'g/f f]sg l/ sf]
;+o' /f ;+ o ;+:yf / }/ ;+o' /f ;+ o ;+:yf sd df ;d o ;d o
lgold g } sl ]sf + / ol cg';f/ 'g] /]sf] / flo sf] sd / f
;+:yf sf] g l df klg s k f g sf] h: f ; f kl fg

o;k f ;f] k'g/f f]sg ] f If] df ;' f/ g'kg] l;k l/;

/ c f/0ff ; } l fo If] df kof Ifd f / g]

de uate capacity and predictabl,
, dfgl o ;+of]hs cfk sfl g ;dodf k| f sf/ g] / ;+of]hg

l fo If] c f/0ff dfgl o ; fo f /sd kof ;dodf g} / cf os f cg';f/ kl/dfhg g

; g] ; fo f /sd

e leadership
;f ] f/ ;+o' /f ;+ o ;+:yf / }/ ;+o' /f ;+ o ;+:yf l l of]
in all sectors ;f ] f/

dershipin all sectors

lo ally l ter ead are re on i le for

trengt ening y te ide re aredne
and oordinating te ni al a a ity to
re ond to anitarian e ergen ie in
/ c f/0ffsf] d' o ] o cfk sfl g t eir re e ti e e tor
c :yfdf k|l sfo g sf] fl ;f ] f/ l / g] g] cf cfk gf] l fo If] sf] k of/
;f ] f/ l of] ] s cfk;sf] ldsf f+ k f+ / k|fl l s Ifd f l g ;d o / cfk sfl g
} k|l sfo f k| f sf/ gf g] f] ;dodf k|l sfo g lh d] f/ ' g

f] / g]kf /
; l fo If] g]
; l fo If] / g] ; g]
sf
lzl / o :yfkg / ;+of]hg d f o
lzl / o :yfkg / ;+of]hg
cfk sfl g lzIff lzIff l fg yf k|l l d f o
lz | k'g f
cfk sfl g cf f; z / l sf; d f o
lzIff
cfk sfl g : f: o : f: o yf hg;+ of d f o
% cfk sfl g cf f;
and % cfk sfl g kf] f0f : f: o yf hg;+ of d f o
cfk sfl g ;+ f/
cfk sfl g ;+/If0f dl f f fl sf / h] gf l/s
: f: o
d f o
f] : kfg / ;/;k f vfg]kfg d f o
kf] f0f vf ;'/Iff ld o :yf s f yf ; sf/ d f o and
;+/If0f cfk sfl g ;+ f/ ;+ f/ yf ; gf k|l l d f o
kfg / ;/;k f cfk sfl g f] : d f o
vf lz | k'g f ;+l o dfld f yf ;fdf o k|zf;g
z/0ffy d f o

66
 l fo If] yf c ' f ;+:yfsf] ; kl/dflh lg ]lzsf cg';f/
l; g+ l fo If] c ' f ;+:yf ; ks ol ; ks s}l k o
l /0f
;d o vf]h yf f/
vf yf sl f
cf o:y
f] :
% vfg]kfg ;/;k f yf
: f
: f: o
kf] f0f
lzIff
}/vf ;fd |
;+/If0f
sf g k'g f
;fdflhs ;'/Iff
co

/fl o l k k|l sfo f+ f cg';f/ k of/

; l fo If] / g] ; g] ;+ fl f f sf] k|sf]k gf cy f k|sf]k c :yfsf c; sf] k| f sf/ + ] k f g'dfg g ; g] k|l sfo
g; g] / o; f k'g f l g ; g] ;/sf/ lgsfo k|l sfo yf k'g f df sfd g] ;+:yf ;d' fo / : o+
lzl ; ;d o yf o :yfkg z / l sf; d f o
ol f/f l sl; fg yf Ifd f
vf ;'/Iff s f l sf; d f o f /0fsf fl s] k of / sfo lg g 'g ; g] g
cf f; z / l sf; d f o ; l sf k| o]s l fo ;d' df k of/ /
a itat
k|l sfo l l l df ;+ g s ;l o ; gf o :yfkg ;+o
f] : ;'lgl g]
% vfg]kfg ;/;k f yf : f: o z / l sf; d f o l k k of/ / k|l sfosf] fl : o+;] s / k|lzIfs sf] Ifd f cl l g]
k| g :yfg o ;d' fo f k f g'dfgsf ;fy} k ; gf k|0ff ;'/Iff yf f/ ;fd | / ks/0f ] ; gf g]
: f: o : f: o yf hg;+ of d f o k|f /l s ]vfhf]v f dNof+sg / l : / '/ ; ]If0f k f/d yf k|f k of/ g]
of+s ;+s gsf fl cf os k d ] of/ g]
lzIff lzIff d f o k f g'dfg ; gf yf ; s f ; ]z sf fl ;+ f/sf] l l ofg sf] l : cl ]v /f g]
kf] f0f : f: o yf hg;+ of d f o k of/ / k|l sfo l l l sf fl cf os dfg yf l o ;|f ] kl fg g]
hg;+ of ;+s f; g ;d' fo ;fdflhs ;] f Ifd f k|0ff ;'/Iff l:yl h l sf]kfhg ;f] f;sf] c :yf
;+/If0f dl f f fl sf yf ;dfh sNof0f
d f o / /fl o dfg cl sf/ cfof] v' f vf f of fof / k f f/; ; gf k|f g]
;'/lIf df vf]h yf f/ df ;+s f; g ;d' fodf ] k] c /0f / k hf]gl kfg g]
z | k'g f ;+ o dfld f yf :yfg o l sf; ; l df k of/ yf k|l sfo f] lgdf0f g] / g f fl d k| fg g]
cfk sfl g '/;+ f/ ; fgf yf ;+ f/ d f o

k|l sfo
l k gf / ]sf] ] f / sf gf k f dflg;sf] h g/Iff g dfg : f: odf kg ; g]
c;/ f og g / cfd gf l/s f ;'/Iffsf] k| of l l g'sf ;fy} k| fl ol f ;d' fosf fl
cf f/ cf os f kl/k g ; g] c :yf ;'lgl g] cfk sf g ;] f / ;f hlgs ; fo fsf
o :yf g] sfo g} k|l sfo f]
k|l sfo sf sfo lg g 'g ; g] g
; l sf] l k o :yfkg ;ldl sf] cfsl:ds } s g]
vf]h yf f/ f] / ' k|l sfo f] sf] kl/ f g g]
f ] f ' l lgs dfk k|fylds k f/ g]
dflg; / /kf ' f hgf / :yfgf /0f g]
; gf ; g g of of g / k'l g cfksf g ; gf k|0ff of ; gf sf :yfkgf /
;~ f g g]
cfk sf g k|l sfosf fl sfo ;+ f g l l cg';f/ cfksf g sfo;~ f g s] ;l o
gf g]
cfk sf g cf o:y /f ;fd | sf] o :yf g]
f sf] v /f If] df g sf] ; ; s f f g /]; d k|l 0 fsf] c f l s ; gf k| f
hf/ /f g]

67
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M*
ljifo M :km]o/ dfkb08 ;do M ^) ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M :km]o/ / :km]o/ dfkb08sf] cEof; af/] tof/L
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– :km]o/ cEof;sfnflu rflxg] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;"rL agfpg ;Sg]5g\
– :km]o/ cEof;sf]nflu rflxg] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] tof/L ug]{5g\
– \

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• :km]o/ tof/L ubf{ Wofg lbg kg]{ s'/fx? / cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• :km]o/sf dfkb08x?
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ljlw ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 ;f] % ld :km]o/ lel8of]
• :km]o/sf] cEof; ug{ s] s] tof/L
ug'{kb{5 ;f]Wgxf];\
• cj xfdL :km]o/ cEof;sf] tof/Lsf] jf/]df
5nkmn ub{5} egL atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|ZGf pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• :km]o/ cEof; ubf{ s] s] ug'{kb{5 egL @, #
hgfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; <
• s;}n] :km]o/sf] cEof; u/]sf] 5 ;f]Wg'xf]; <
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .
• lqmofsnfk $M ;xefuLx?nfO{ $ ;d'xdf n3 k|jrg @% :nfO8 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/,
ljefhg ug'xf];\ / ;d'x ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6
• k|Tos] ;d'xnfO{ cfkmgf] If]qdf k|flS6sn 5nkmn
cEof; ubf{ tof/L ug'{kg] ;dfu|Lx?sf] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg'xf];
• ;j} ;xefuLx?sf] c cfkmgf] e"ldsf s] s] xg]
lglZrt ug{ nufpg'xf];\
• :km]o/sf] If]qsf] cEof; ug]{ :yfg klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\

68
 • lqmofsnfk %M ;d'xnfO{ ;j}sf] e"ldsf lglZrt @) Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/
e};s]kl5 ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;fdfu|L tof/ ldg]6
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fdfu|Lx?
sf] tof/L
ug]{

lqmofsnfk ^M ;xhstf{{n] tof/L eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt cjnf]sg %ldg]6

ug{'xf];\ / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'emfj lbg'xf]; \

lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' k|jrg % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6

;f/f+;df :km]o/sf cEof; jf/] d'Vo d' Vo hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg k|Zgf]Q/ # ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M ;j}sf] tof/L s] s] eof] !, @ hgfnfO{ eGg
nufpg] <
k|Zg @ M \s;sf] s] e"ldsf lglZrt eof] !, @
hgfnfO{ eGg nufpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn @ ldg]6
• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL :km]o/sf] cEof; g} ub{5f} eGg] jf/]df
atfpg'xf];

69
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M(
ljifo M :km]o/ dfkb08 ;do M !@) ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M :km]o/ / :km]o/ dfkb08sf] cEof; ug]{
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– :km]o/ sf If]qx?df s] ul/G5 eGg] s'/f atfpg ;Sg]5g\
– :km]o/ cEof;sf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;"rL agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg]5g\
– \

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• :km]o/sf] If]qut dfkb08x?sf] cEof;

k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ljlw ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L

cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 ;f] % ld
• ;j} ;xefuLx?nfO{ tof/L x'g'x'G5 egL ;f]Wg'xf];
• cj xfdL :km]o/ cEof;sf]nflu hf+b}5f} eGg]
jf/df] atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ < k|ZGf pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• s;}n] :km]o/sf] cEof; u/]sf] 5 ;f]Wg'xf]; <
• ;xefuLsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug'{xf]; /
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; .
• lqmofsnfk $M ;xefuLx?nfO{ $ ;d'xdf ;fd'lxs !) :nfO8 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/,
ljefhg ug'xf];\ 5nkmn ldg]6 Go"h lk|G6
• ;j}nfO{ tof/L s] s:tf] eof] hf+r
ug{ nufpg'xf]; / yk tof/L eP
ug{ nufpg'xf];\
• lqmofsnfk %M k|To]s ;d'xnfO{ cfkmgf] If]qdf &% :km]o/ cEof;sfnflu
k|flS6sn cEof; ug{sf]nflu k|:yfg ldg]6 rflxg] ;fdfu|Lx? af+;,
ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf]; / ;do cjwL klg atfpg' Jojxfl/s 8f]/L, hls{g, bfn, rfdn,
xf];\ gd'gf g"g, t]n, lsnsf+6L
• ;xhstf{n] ;j} ;d'xdf k'u]/ s] s:tf] e}/x]5 cEof;
cg'udg ug'{xf];\
•

70
lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn !) /fd|f / ;'wf/ kIfsf] l6kf]6
• ;j}n] cEof; ul/;s]kl5 ;j}nfO{ sIff jf]nfpg' ldg]6
xf];\
• s] /fd|f] eof] s] ug{ ;lsPg eGg] jf/]df
5nkmn ug'{xf;\

lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' k|jrg % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6

;f/f+;df :km]o/sf cEof; ubf{ ePsf /fd|f kIf / ;'wf/
ug{ kIf jf/] d'Vo d' Vo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; \
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg k|Zgf]Q/ # ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M :km]o/sf] cEof; s:tf] nfUof] <
k|Zg @ M :km]o/ cEof;af6 s] l;sfO{ eof] ] <

lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn @ ldg]6

• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL :km]o/sf] cjnf]sg e|d0fdf hfG5f} eGg]
jf/]df atfpg'xf];

71
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;q M !) / !!
ljifo M :km]o/ dfkb08 ;do M !*) ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] :ynsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
– :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] s] s:f/L Joj:yfkg ul/G5 eGg] x]/]/ atfpg ;Sg]5g\
–
;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M
• :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?
•
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO ljlw ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f :nfO8 ;f] % ld
• ;j} ;xefuLx?nfO{ :km]o/ tyf Sni6/
cg';f/ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ug]{ af/]df
atfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ld pWb]Zo n]lvPsf] :nfO8
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg] Kf|:t'tL
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ < k|ZGf pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / jf]8{ dfs{/
• s;}n] :km]o/sf] e08f/0f :yn cjnf]sg
ug{'ePsf] 5 egL k|Zg] ug]{

• lqmofsnfk $M ;xefuLnfO{ /]8qm; tyf cGo ;fd'lxs #) ldg]6 oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf]

u}/ ;/sf/L tyf bft[ lgsfox?n] Sni6/ 5nkmn Joj:yf, kfgLsf] Joj:yf
cg';f/ e08f/0f tyf Joj:yfkg u/]sf] :yndf
n}hfg]
• lqmofsnfk %M &% :km]o/ tyf Sni6/
pQm ;+:yfsf ;b:on] ;xefuLx?nfO{ Psk6s ldg]6 cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
s] s:tf] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 Jojxfl/s e08f/0f u/]sf] :ynsf]
eGg] jf/]df atfpg] gd'gf klxrfg / ;dGjo
• ;fdfu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg cEof;
ug]{
lqmofsnfk ^M 5nkmn %) /fd|f / ;'wf/ kIfsf] l6kf]6
• ;j}n] cjnf]sg ul/;s]kl5 s] l;lsof] eGg] ldg]6
oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] Joj:yf
jf/]df ;+lIfKt 5nkmn ug]{
• cjnf]sg :ynaf6 sIff sf]7fdf kmls{g]
lqmofsnf &M ;+If]kLs/0f n3' k|jrg % ldg]6 ;+If]kLs/0f gf]6
;f/f+;df :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
cjnf]sg ubf{ ePsf /fd|f kIf / ;'wf/ ug{ kIf jf/]
d'Vo d' Vo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\

72
lqmofsnfk *M ;q d"Nof+sg k|Zgf]Q/ # ldg]6 k|Zgx?
o; ;qdf /flvPsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n eP ls ePgg
yfxf kfpgsf] nflu ;xefuLx?nfO{ tnsf]
k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];
k|Zg ! M :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
Joj:yfkg s:tf] nfUof] <
k|Zg @ M :km]o/ tyf Sni6/ cg';f/sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
cjnf]sgaf6 s] l;sfO{ eof] <

lqmofsnfk ( M 5nkmn @ ldg]6

• ;q d'Nof+sg kZrft ca o; k5fl8 sf] ;qdf
xfdL tflndsf] d'Nof+sg / ;dfkg z];gdf
hfG5f} eGg] jf/]df atfpg'xf];

73
 ;q of]hgf
df]8'n ! M cfwf/e"t dfgljo dfkb08 ;qM !@
ljifo M sfo{ of]hgf, tflndsf] d"Nof+sg / ;dfkg ;do M () ldg]6
;fwf/0f p2]Zo M dfgljo ;xof]usf dfkb08 dfkb08jf/] tflndsf] d'Nof+sg ug]{ {
lglb{i6 p2]Zo M ;qsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?n] M
• dfgljo ;xof]usf dfkb08 sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{
• ;du| tflndsf] l;sfO{ pknlJw d"Nofs+g ug]{
• tflndsf] cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;dfkg ug]{

;qsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'M

• sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{
• tflndsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{
• tflndsf] ;dfkg ug]{
•
k|lzIf0f – l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk l;sfO{ ;do k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;fdfu|L
ljlw cjlw
lqmofsnfk !M ;xefuLx?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f uLt, g[To % ldg]6
• ;xefuLx? ;j}nfO{ p7g nufpg'xf];
/ ;j}nfO{ tfnL jhfpg nufpg'xf]; / Wofgfsif{0f
ug'{xf];
lqmofsnfk @ M ;qsf] gfd, p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' :nfO8 % ldg]6 pWb]Zo tof/
;qsf] gfd, pWb]Zo, ljifoj:t' / ;do cljwL jtfpg'xf]; \ k|:t'tL ul/Psf] :nfO8
lqmofsnfk # M ljifoj:t' ;DaGwL ;xefuLx?sf] a'emfO{ k|Zg pQ/ % ldg]6 jf]8{ / dfs{/
• ;xefuLx?NffO{ tkfO{x?n] sfo{ of]hgf tof/
ug'{ePsf] 5 egL ;f]Wg'xf];\
• sfo{ of]hgfdf s] s] /fVg'k5{ egL ;f]Wg'xf]; \

• lqmofsnfk $ ;xefuLaf6 cfPsf] j'bfnfO{ ;d]6b} ;d'x @% Go"h lk|G6, dfs{/, dfl:s8=
cj xfdL sfo{ of]hgf jgfp+5f} egL 5nkmn ldg]6 6]k, sfo{ of]hgf kmd]{6
sfo{ of]hgfsf] kmd]{6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\
• sfo{ of]hgf jgfp+bf ;+:yfsf] cf cfkmgf] slDtdf
^ dlxgfsf]nflu ug{ ;lsg] of]hgf jgfpg'xf];
egL eGg' xf]; / o; of]hgfsf] cg'udg x'g] 5
egL jtfpg'xf];
lqmofsnfk % M ;d'x 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 k|:t't n3' k|jrg !% ldg]6
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / of] of]hgf n]Vg dfq ge} sfo{FfGjog
ug'{k5{ egL jtfpg'xf];\
lqmofsnf ^M ;xefuLx?nfO{ M ;xefuLx?nfO{ tflnd n3' k|jrg !) tflnd d"Nof+sg kmf/fd
kZrftsf] d'Nof+sg kmf/fd eg{ nufpg'xf]; / ;+sng ldg]6
ug'{xf];

74
lqmofsnfk & M ;q d"Nof+sg !)
• tflnd s:tf] /xof] eGg] jf/]df tflnd d'Nof+sg ldg]6
kmf/fd eg{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;+sng ug'{xf];\
• tflnd s:tf] /xof] eGg] jf/]df Ps hgf dlxnf /
Ps hgf k'?ifaf6 cfkmgf] egfO{ eGg nufpg'xf]; \

lqmofsnfk * M ;dfkg !% ldg]6

• tflnddf pkl:yt ePsf ljz]if JolQmx? 5g\ eg]
cfkmgf] egfO{ /fVg nufpg'xf];\
• tflndnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;dfkg ePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\
lqmofsnfk ( M nlhli6s
;xefuLx? ;+u lx;fjlstfj ldnfg ug{ 5 eg]
Tof] ;DkGg ug'{xf];

75
;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;"rL

!= g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno @)!&, @)!( g]kfn ljkb\ k|ltj]bg

@= g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno , @)!* ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf @)!* – @)#)
#=;'lgn ;g zfSo, @)&^ , :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng k|lzIf0f
;fdfu|L, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg
$= UNDP/BCPR, 2004 Global Report Reducing Disaster Risk
%= Mapple Croft 2011, Climate Change Risk Atlas
^ Shree Ram Sharma, Phd, You tube speech by Lightening Expert
&= SnfOd]6 P08 8]Enkd]G6 gn]h g]6js{Ù @)!@ g]kfn OG;]K;g l/kf]6{ km/ Osglds PgfnfOl;; km/ SnfOd]6
r]Gh ODKofS6;\
*= Humanitarian charter and minimum standard, SPHERE Handbook 2018
(= cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 PnfoG;, URD ;d"x / b :km]o/ kl/of]hgf k|yd ;+:s/0f M ;g\ @)!% cfwf/e"Tf
dfgljo dfkb08
!)= Humanitarian charter and minimum standard , The Humanitarian Charter
!!= International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the ICRC: The Code
of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non- Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief,
!@= Humanitarian charter and minimum standard in Humanitarian response, Protection
Principles.
!#= g]kfn ;/sf/ ljkb\ lkl8t p4f/ / /fxt ;DjlGw dfkb08 @)^$ / kl/dflh{t @)&&
!$= g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno, @)&^ , ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th{'df lgb]{lzsf, @)^& /
kl/dflh{t @)&^
!%= g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno, @)&^ , /fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ 9f+rf
!^= UN ISDR Terminology 2017, Terminologies on DRR
!&= g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"GfLs/0f / Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$
!*= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g, @)&$
!(= ;]08fO{ k|m]djs{ @)!% – @)#)
@)= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@

76
yk hfgsf/Lsf]nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] k':tsx? / >f]tx?

o; lgb]{lzsfdf ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df ul/g] ;j} k|ltsfo{sf If]qx? ;d]6g ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljz]if u/]/ cfwf/e"t
dfgljo dfkb08 / :km]o/ xof08a'sdf ePsf If]qx?sf] dfkb08x?nfO{ dfq o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . of]
tLg lbgsf] cjwLsf]nflu dfq tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ p4]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf]n] ;j} If]qx? ljz]if u/]/
cfktsflng lzIff, lhljsf]fh{g h:tf If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6g ;lsPsf] 5}g . ct M o; lgb]{lzsf k|of]u ug]{ hf]
sf]xLnfO{ klg yk tn pNn]lvt >f]t ;fdfu|Lx? cWoog ug{sf]nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .

!= Catholic Relief Services, 2018, Guidance on Livelihoods Programming in Emergency

Response and Recovery Contexts

@= INEE 2010, Minimum Standards for Education, Preparedness, Response, Recovery

#= UNICEF/UNESCO, Education in Emergencies,

$= CHS Alliance, 2011, Making Work Aid Better for People

%= People in Aid: Code of Good Practice in the Management and support of Aid Personnel
Published in 1997 and revised in 2003

^=Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International (HAP - I): The 2010 HAP Standard in
Accountability and Quality Management, 2007 and edition 2010

&=Oxfam GB, 2007, Impact Measurement and Accountability in Emergencies, The Good
Enough Guide: published in 2007

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