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RURAL
DEVELOPMENT:
ADMINISTRATION AND
PLANNING

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KHU701 or RURAL DEVELOPMENT: ADMINISTRATION

KHU801 AND PLANNING

Syllabus
Unit 1: Rural Planning & Development:

Concepts of Rural Development, Basic elements of rural Development, and Importance of Rural
Development for creation of Sustainable Livelihoods, An overview of Policies and Programmes for
Rural Development- Programmes in the agricultural sector, Programmes in the Social Security,
Programmes in area of Social Sector.

Unit 2: Panchayati Raj & Rural Administration:

Administrative Structure: bureaucracy, structure of administration; Panchayati Raj Institutions

Emergence and Growth of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India; People and Panchayati Raj; Financial
Organizations in Panchayati Raj Institutions, Structure of rural finance, Government &
Non-Government Organizations / Community Based Organizations, Concept of Self help group.

Unit 3: Rural Development Programmes:

Sriniketan experiment, Gurgaon experiment, marthandam experiment, Baroda experiment, Firkha

development scheme, Etawa pilot project, Nilokheri experiment,approaches to rural community
development: Tagore, Gandhi etc.

Unit 4: Human Resource Development in Rural Sector:

Need for Human Resource Development, Elements of Human Resource Development in Rural
Sector Dimensions of HRD for rural development-Health, Education, Energy, Skill Development,
Training, Nutritional Status access to basic amenities - Population composition.

Unit 5: Rural Industrialization and Entrepreneurship:

Concept of Rural Industrialization, Gandhian approach to Rural Industrialization, Appropriate

Technology for Rural Industries, Entrepreneurship and Rural Industrialization- Problems and
diagnosis of Rural Entrepreneurship in India, with special reference to Women Entrepreneurship;
Development of Small Entrepreneurs in India, need for and scope of entrepreneurship in Rural area.

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Unit 1 Rural Planning & Development

\

● Employment generation: Creating sustainable

Definition: Rural development is about making life
livelihoods in rural areas reduces migration to
better for people in villages and rural areas. It focuses
urban centers and eases urban problems.
on helping them earn more money, have a better
● Resource utilization: Effective utilization of
standard of living, and overcome challenges like
unused and under-utilized resources in rural
poverty and lack of opportunities.
areas boosts the overall economy.

Scope
Need for Rural Development
● Agricultural growth: Improving agricultural
● Population share: A large portion of the
productivity and income through better
population resides in rural areas, making their
technology, infrastructure, and access to
development essential for national progress.
markets.
● Economic support: Rural areas provide
● Economic and social infrastructure: Building
essential food, raw materials, and labor to
roads, bridges, irrigation systems, schools,
urban centers, impacting overall economic
hospitals, and other essential facilities.
growth.
● Housing and house sites: Providing
● Urban problems: Improved rural living
affordable and secure housing for the landless
conditions can reduce migration to cities and
and disadvantaged.
alleviate urban challenges like slums and
● Village planning: Developing sustainable and
poverty.
resilient villages with proper land use and
● Food security: Development of agriculture and
infrastructure.
allied activities is crucial for food production and
● Public health: Improving access to clean
employment in rural areas.
water, sanitation, and healthcare services.
● Sustainable development: Utilizing rural
● Education and functional literacy: Enhancing
resources effectively contributes to a more
educational opportunities and skills
sustainable and balanced national
development for rural youth.
development.

Importance Objectives of Rural Development

● Majority of population: About 70% of India's
● Improve productivity and wages: Increase
population lives in rural areas, so their
income and economic well-being of rural people
development is crucial for national progress.
through various initiatives.
● Economic contribution: Agriculture and rural
● Socio-economic equity: Bridge the gap
sectors contribute significantly to the national
between rich and poor, promoting equality in
income and provide raw materials for industries.
access to resources and opportunities.
● Social equity: Rural development helps bridge
● Spatial balance: Ensure balanced
the gap between urban and rural communities,
development across different regions, reducing
promoting social equality and stability.
disparities between rural and urban areas.

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● Improved living standards: Enhance access promoting human rights, access to information,
to basic needs like education, healthcare, clean and freedom from exploitation.
water, and sanitation for all.
● Sustainable livelihoods: Create long-term
economic opportunities and self-reliance for
rural communities. Importance / Reasons of Rural
Development for Creation of
Sustainable Livelihoods
Key issues in rural development. ● Poverty Reduction: Rural development directly
addresses poverty by generating employment
● Infrastructure: Lack of adequate infrastructure
opportunities, improving access to resources
like roads, electricity, and irrigation facilities
and markets, and enhancing skills and
hinders development.
capabilities. This empowers individuals and
● Poverty: High poverty rates in rural areas
communities to break out of poverty cycles and
necessitate targeted interventions and income
achieve sustainable livelihoods.
generation opportunities.
● Enhanced Equity: Rural development helps
● Health facilities: Inadequate healthcare
bridge the gap between rural and urban areas
infrastructure and services pose a major
by promoting balanced growth and social
challenge to rural communities.
inclusion. This fosters equal opportunities for
● Productive resources: Limited access to
all, regardless of location, and contributes to a
resources like land, water, and credit restricts
more equitable society.
livelihood options in rural areas.
● Food Security: By supporting sustainable
● Human resources: Low literacy rates and lack
agricultural practices, improving infrastructure,
of skill development hinder human capital
and strengthening market linkages, rural
development in rural areas.
development improves food security and
nutrition for both rural and urban populations.
● Environmental Sustainability: Promoting
Elements / Components of Rural sustainable resource management, land use
practices, and renewable energy sources in
Development rural areas is essential for mitigating climate
change and ensuring long-term environmental
● Basic Necessities of Life: Access to food,
sustainability.
shelter, clothing, basic healthcare, education,
● Empowerment: Rural development empowers
and security is fundamental for human
rural communities by building their capacity to
well-being and development. Addressing these
address local challenges, participate in
needs empowers individuals and communities
decision-making, and advocate for their rights.
to participate actively in further progress.
This leads to more equitable and inclusive
● Self-Respect and Dignity: Fostering a sense
development processes.
of respect, dignity, and empowerment, free from
discrimination and social inequities, is crucial for
sustainable development. This necessitates
ensuring equal opportunities and promoting
participation in decision-making processes.
● Freedom: Political, economic, and social
freedom allows individuals to exercise their
choices, pursue their potential, and contribute
meaningfully to society. This encompasses

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Rural Development Initiatives through marketing support.

● Empowers farmers through capacity building and
A. Agricultural Sector: fosters a more sustainable agricultural approach.
● Data: As of December 2022, PKVY has covered
1. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) - over 68 lakh hectares under organic cultivation
Crop Insurance Scheme (Launched in 2016) and benefitted more than 16 lakh farmers.
● Provides financial aid to farmers for crop losses ● Goal: Improves soil health, promotes healthy
due to natural disasters (floods, droughts, etc.), food production, and empowers farmers through
pests, and diseases. knowledge and market access.
● Farmers pay a small premium (maximum 2% for
Kharif crops, 1.5% for Rabi food & oilseeds, 5% 4. Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)
for annual commercial crops) with the (Launched in 2011-12)
government subsidizing the rest. ● Targets farmers in areas with low or erratic
● Aims for quick claim settlement within 2 months rainfall.
of harvest, subject to timely data provision. ● Focuses on integrated farming systems that
● Data: As of June 2023, over 8.3 crore farmers combine agriculture with allied activities like
have been benefited by PMFBY, with a claim livestock rearing and horticulture. This reduces
settlement of more than ₹1.8 lakh crore. risks and increases farm returns.
● Goal: Supports farmers' income stability and ● Aims to improve the socio-economic status of
encourages them to continue farming despite farmers in rainfed regions by promoting
risks. sustainable agricultural practices and income
diversification.
2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana ● Data: RADP has benefitted over 1.5 crore
(PMKSY) - Irrigation Scheme (Launched in 2015) farmers across India since its inception.
● Focuses on expanding irrigation coverage and ● Goal: Increases farm production and income in
improving water use efficiency by at least 20%. areas with less rain, leading to improved
● Provides end-to-end solutions for water sources livelihoods for farmers.
(construction of dams, canals, wells), distribution
networks (canals, pipelines), and farm-level 5. National Watershed Development Project in
applications (micro-irrigation techniques). Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) (Launched in 1990-91)
● Aims to create assured irrigation and promote ● Focuses on improving the livelihoods of families
water conservation practices like drip irrigation living below the poverty line in rainfed areas.
and rainwater harvesting. ● Undertakes land and water resource
● Data: PMKSY has sanctioned over 99 irrigation development activities like soil and water
projects across India as of March 2023, with a conservation practices, construction of water
targeted irrigation potential of 22.01 million harvesting structures (dams, ponds), and
hectares. promoting sustainable land use patterns.
● Goal: Increases the amount of land with reliable ● Aims to increase cash flow through employment
water access for crops, leading to higher yields generation during project implementation and
and reduced water wastage. strengthen community participation in resource
management.
3. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) - ● Data: NWDPRA has covered over 100 million
Organic Farming Scheme (Launched in 2015) hectares of land across India, impacting the lives
● Promotes organic farming practices that avoid of millions of rural families.
chemical fertilizers and pesticides, protecting soil ● Goal: Improves land use, develops water
health and producing healthy food. resources for irrigation and drinking, and
● Helps farmers learn organic techniques through generates income opportunities for rural
cluster-based training programs, obtain organic communities.
certification, and directly connect with consumers

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6. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture with a bank account.

(NMSA) (Launched in 2010) 3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
● A comprehensive mission that combines various (PMJJBY):
initiatives to make farming more productive, ● Life insurance scheme that offers ₹2 lakh
sustainable, and climate-resilient. coverage in case of death due to any reason.
● Promotes location-specific farming systems ● Available to people between 18 and 50 years old
based on local conditions and needs. with a savings bank account.
● Encourages resource conservation practices like ● Low annual premium of around ₹30.
soil health management (composting, mulching)
and efficient water management techniques (drip
irrigation). 4. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):
● Focuses on improving soil fertility through the
use of organic matter and judicious fertilizer ● The National Social Assistance Programme
application. (NSAP) is a program by the Indian government
● Aims to build capacity of farmers through training to provide financial aid to those in need.
programs and pilot models for rainfed farming ● Launched in 1995, it offers support to elderly,
that can be replicated across similar regions. widows, disabled individuals, and families who
lost their primary breadwinner.
● Data: NMSA has played a significant role in
promoting sustainable agriculture practices ● NSAP is administered by the Ministry of Rural
across India, contributing to improved soil health, Development and covers both rural and urban
water conservation, and climate change areas.
adaptation. ● The program works through various schemes
● Goal: Makes agriculture more profitable in the including the Indira Gandhi National Old Age
long run, minimizes environmental impact, and Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) and the National
helps farmers adapt to the challenges of climate Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS).
change ● NSAP aims to ensure a minimum standard of
living for these vulnerable populations.

B. Social Security:
C. Social Sector:
1. Atal Pension Yojana (APY):
● Open to all Indian citizens between 18 and 40 1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
years old. Guarantee Act (MGNREGA):
● Offers a guaranteed minimum monthly pension ● Launched in 2005, MGNREGA guarantees up to
between ₹1,000 and ₹5,000 after retirement. 100 days of manual work in a year to any rural
● You contribute a small amount every month, and household that requests it. This provides
the government adds some money too. much-needed income and social security,
● After you die, your spouse will continue to get the especially during lean agricultural seasons,
pension. improving the overall well-being of rural families.
● The work focuses on creating valuable assets for
2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): the community like roads, ponds, canals, and
wells, which improve infrastructure and irrigation
● Provides accidental death and disability cover for
a small annual premium (around ₹12). facilities. This benefits everyone in the village.
● If you die in an accident, your family gets ₹2 ● Who benefits: Primarily rural families,
lakh. especially women, Scheduled Castes (SCs),
● If you are permanently disabled due to an and Scheduled Tribes (STs). MGNREGA
accident, you get ₹1 lakh or ₹2 lakh depending empowers these communities through
on the severity. guaranteed work opportunities.
● Open to people between 18 and 70 years old ● Data: As of March 2023, MGNREGA has

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provided employment to over 2.3 billion ● Eligibility criteria include active existence of
person-days and created countless rural assets self-help groups and adherence to
across India, significantly impacting rural 'Panchasutras'.
livelihoods.
5. Twenty Point Programme (TPP):
2. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) ● Launched in 1975, with revisions in 1982, 1986,
and finally in 2006.
● Launched in December 2000 by the ● Focused on priority areas like poverty reduction,
Government of India. education, health, and infrastructure
● Aims to provide connectivity to unconnected development.
habitations in rural areas as part of a poverty ● Aligned with the UN Millennium Development
reduction strategy. Goals and SAARC Social Charter.
● Provides all-weather road connectivity to ● Addressed issues like poverty, employment,
habitations with a population of 500 and above education, housing, health, agriculture, and
in plain areas, and 250 and above in hill states, environmental protection.
tribal areas, and other backward areas.
● As of March 2023, PMGSY has connected over 6. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP):
7.8 lakh habitations across the country.
● Introduced in the Fifth Five-Year Plan
(1974-1979).
3. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
● Aimed to provide basic necessities like
● Launched in April 1999 by the Government of education, healthcare, water, sanitation,
India. electricity, and housing in rural areas.
● Aims to provide self-employment opportunities ● Initially focused on eight components, with adult
to the rural poor through micro-credit and skill education added later.
development. ● Achieved significant progress in some areas, but
● Provides financial assistance to individuals and faced challenges in others with uneven success
groups for setting up micro-enterprises in across states.
various sectors such as agriculture, allied
activities, services, and manufacturing. 7. Food for Work Programme (FFW):
● As of March 2023, SGSY has assisted over 5.5 ● Launched in 1977 to generate employment and
crore rural households across the country. create rural infrastructure.
● Provided food grains as wages for manual labor
on projects like road construction and canal
4. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)
cleaning.
● Merged with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
● NRLM aims to reduce rural poverty through job
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in
creation and income generation.
2006.
● It provides better living standards by improving
● Primarily aimed at providing food security and
housing, water, and healthcare.
promoting rural development through work
● Women empowerment is a key focus through
opportunities.
self-help groups.
● Strong communities are built through
8. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP):
collaboration and sustainable practices.
● Launched in 1980 to replace the Food for Work
● DAY-NRLM targets 7 crore rural households
Programme.
across India.
● Focused on creating employment and building
● Core values include inclusion, transparency, and
durable community assets in rural areas.
community self-reliance.
● Gave priority to landless laborers for work
● Implementation focuses on demand-driven
opportunities.
strategies and capacity building.
● Merged with the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)

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in 1989.
9. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP):
● Launched in 1983-84 to specifically target
landless workers.
● Guaranteed 100 days of employment per year
for landless households.
● Had similar objectives and implementation
mechanisms as NREP.
● Merged with NREP in the 1989-90 annual plan.

10. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY):

● Launched in 1989 by merging NREP and
RLEGP.
● Funded by the central and state governments in
an 80:20 ratio.
● Targeted unemployed and underemployed
people below the poverty line in rural areas.
● Gave priority to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes, and freed bonded laborers.
● Reserved 30% of employment opportunities for
women.
● Replaced by the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
in 1999, which later merged with the Sampoorna
Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) in 2001.

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Unit 2 Rural Development Programmes

Sriniketan Experiment Impact:

Rabindranath Tagore, a famous poet, witnessed the ● Introduced new farming techniques and skills.
poverty and hardship of farmers in East Bengal. He ● Promoted self-reliance and cooperation among
dreamt of improving their lives and making villages villagers.
self-sufficient and dignified. To achieve this, he started ● Empowered women through education and
the Sriniketan experiment in 1920, with the help of a economic opportunities.
British expert named Leonard Elmhirst.

Goals of Sriniketan Experiment: The Gurgaon Experiment

● Befriend villagers: Understand their problems
The Problem: In 1920, F.L. Brayne witnessed the
and work together to solve them.
struggles of rural communities in Gurgaon. People
● Learn by doing: Students got practical
faced poverty, poor health, and limited opportunities.
experience in farming, crafts, and other skills
needed to run a village.
The Dream: Brayne envisioned a better future for
● Science meets tradition: Combine modern these villages – increased crop production, improved
knowledge with traditional practices for better
health, and educated women.
results.
● Self-reliance: Train villagers to be self-sufficient The Plan (The Gurgaon Scheme):
in food, clothing, and other necessities.
● Cooperation: Encourage villagers to work ● Spreading Knowledge: Village guides were
together for the common good. trained to share information on better farming
methods, health practices, and women's
Key Activities: education.
● Demonstration farms: Showcased new farming ● Improved Farming: New seeds, tools, and
methods and trained villagers. techniques were introduced to boost harvests.
● Training in various crafts: Carpentry, weaving, ● Focus on Health: Health centers were
pottery, etc. to create additional income. established to provide medical care to villagers.
● Animal husbandry: Dairy, poultry, and ● Women's Empowerment: Training programs
beekeeping to improve nutrition and income. focused on women's education and skills
● Cooperative movement: "Dharmagola" - a development.
community rice bank where villagers could store
and borrow grain during tough times. Challenges:
● Women's empowerment: Mahila Samities
focused on women's education, health, and ● Limited Expertise: Village guides lacked
economic participation. technical knowledge, limiting the effectiveness
of the program.
Challenges: ● Lack of Ownership: Villagers weren't involved
in planning, so the project struggled to continue
● Limited government support hindered expansion. after Brayne's departure.
● Lack of research limited program development. ● Imposed Solutions: People weren't

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encouraged to participate actively, hindering ● Volunteer Issue: Volunteers weren't financially

long-term success. supported, making it difficult to sustain the
program.

The Marthandam Experiment

When and Where: In 1921, Dr. Spencer Hatch, an Baroda Experiment
American expert, started a project in Marthandam,
India, to improve village life. Overview:

The Goal: Make villages better in all aspects: ● Year: 1932

● Location: Baroda state (present day Vadodara,
● Spirituality: Strengthen religious values and Gujarat)
practices. ● Initiator: V.T. Krishnachari, Dewan of Baroda
● Mind: Improve education and knowledge. ● Goal: Rural reconstruction and development
● Body: Focus on health and well-being.
● Society: Build strong communities. Key Aspects:
● Economy: Create better opportunities to earn a
living. ● Comprehensive Approach: Aimed to improve
various aspects of rural life, not just agriculture
What they did: (education, infrastructure, etc.).
● Improved Living Standards: Uplifting the
● Model Center: Established a central location quality of life for villagers.
with: ● Self-Reliance: Encouraging villagers to be
○ Improved breeds of animals (cows, self-sufficient.
goats)
○ Beehives for honey production Implementation:
○ Demonstration plots for better crops
○ Training in weaving and other crafts ● Pilot Project: Began in Kosamba villages.
○ Tools and equipment for learning new ● Development Committees: Village-level
skills committees with officials and villagers for
● Self-help and cooperation: Encouraged planning and execution.
villagers to work together and solve problems ● State Rural Welfare Board: Provided guidance
on their own. and oversight at the state level.

Success Stories: Specific Initiatives:

● Egg-selling Club: Villagers formed a ● Promoting Cottage Industries: Programs

self-governing club to sell eggs efficiently. focused on income generation through activities
● Honey Cooperative: Learned modern like gardening, poultry, beekeeping, spinning,
beekeeping methods and sold honey together. and weaving.
● Revitalizing Panchayats: Strengthening
Challenges: traditional village councils for better
governance.
● Limited Money: The project didn't have ● Adult Education: Expanding educational
enough funding to continue long-term. opportunities for adults.
● No Government Support: The government
didn't provide much help.
● Reliance on one person: The project
depended heavily on Dr. Hatch's leadership.

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Firka Development Scheme Etawah Pilot Project

Origin: Origin (1948):

● Launched in 1946 by T. Prakasam in Madras ● Initiated by Albert Mayer (American engineer) in

state (present-day Tamil Nadu). Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India.
● Supported by the U.S. Point Four Program and
Goals: the Government of Uttar Pradesh.

● Comprehensive Rural Development: Address Goals:

various rural issues, not just agriculture.
(education, economy, sanitation) ● Develop methods for rural development to
● Self-Sufficiency: Make villages self-sufficient improve living standards.
in basic needs. (food, clothing, shelter) ● Promote self-reliance through cooperatives and
● Gram Swaraj: Aligned with Gandhi's vision of community participation.
village self-governance. ● Test the project's scalability for wider
application.
Implementation:
Key Features:
● Focus: Firkas (administrative divisions) served
as development units. ● Focus on local resources: Utilized existing
● Phased Rollout: Started in 34 Firkas, then resources and knowledge for development.
expanded to 50 more. ● Multi-purpose village workers (VLWs):
● Decentralized Management: Introduced village-level workers to provide
○ Collectors oversaw districts. on-ground guidance and support.
○ Gram Sewaks supervised village groups ● Practical solutions: Prioritized solutions that
within each Firka. villagers could readily implement and maintain.
○ Collaboration between officials and
non-governmental agencies. Activities:

Key Areas: ● Improved agricultural practices: Introduced

better seeds, fertilizers, and implements.
● Infrastructure: Improved roads, ● Animal husbandry projects: Promoted livestock
communication, water supply. health and productivity.
● Governance: Strengthened Panchayats ● Infrastructure development: Improved roads,
(village councils). water supply, and drainage.
● Agriculture: Increased food production, ● Social development initiatives: Adult literacy
irrigation, livestock improvements. programs, farmer training, and community
● Cottage Industries: Promoted engagement activities.
self-employment through crafts like handloom
weaving. Impact:

● Increased agricultural production, particularly in

wheat.
● Improved living standards and infrastructure in
participating villages.
● Served as a model for India's Community
Development Programme.

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Challenges: swampy land to increase agricultural

productivity (as mentioned previously).
● Sustainability: Maintaining success after the ● Cooperative System: Encouraged cooperative
project's initial phase and Mayer's departure in societies for credit, marketing, and small-scale
industries (as mentioned previously).
1957 proved difficult.
● Project Nickname: The project was nicknamed
"Mazdoor Manzil" (House of Labor) due to its
Additional Notes: emphasis on work as a principle (as mentioned
previously).
● The project began in 64 villages and eventually
expanded to cover over 360 villages. Additional Details:
● Success hinged on community participation and
a bottom-up development approach. ● Location: Built on swampy land around a
● Further research can explore the project's vocational training center on the Delhi-Ambala
long-term effects beyond Etawah and its highway.
influence on rural development programs ● Skilled Workforce Training:
worldwide. ○ Training on agricultural implements
preparation.
○ Training on cottage industries.
○ Training on carpentry and various other
Nilokheri Experiment crafts.
○ Work centers established for weaving,
calico printing, soap making, bakery,
Origin (1948):
metalworking, leatherworking, and more.
● Initiated during 1948 under the leadership of ● Comprehensiveness: The Nilokheri project
S.K. Dey, who was then the Project Director aimed to provide everything necessary for a
(not Minister of Community Development). self-sufficient town or village within a planned
settlement for the refugees.
Goals: ● Infrastructure & Industries: The colony
included a school, an agricultural farm, a
● Rehabilitation & Integration: Develop a new polytechnic training center, a dairy, poultry and
township to rehabilitate and integrate displaced pig farms, a horticulture garden, a printing
persons from West Pakistan after partition. press, a garment factory, an engineering
● Self-Sufficiency: Create a self-sufficient workshop, a soap factory, and more.
rural-cum-urban township meeting essential
needs. Significance:
● Skilled Workforce: Provide work and training
opportunities based on the displaced persons' ● The Nilokheri project stands out for its
backgrounds. comprehensive approach to refugee
● Reduce Exploitation: Eliminate the need for resettlement and community development.
middlemen by creating efficient marketing ● It served as a model for future planning of
channels. self-sufficient towns.

Key Activities:

● Vocational Training: Established a polytechnic Approaches to Rural Community

training center to equip residents with
Development
marketable skills (as mentioned previously).
● Housing & Marketing: Provided housing
facilities and established marketing A. Gandhian Approach to Rural Community
infrastructure for locally produced goods (as Development
mentioned previously).
● Infrastructure Development: Managed Core Values:
schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities (as
mentioned previously). ● Morality Over Materialism: The Gandhian
● Land Reclamation: Cultivated previously approach prioritizes moral values like honesty,

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compassion, and simplicity over just material self-sufficiency and employment.

improvement.
● Religious Inspiration: Gandhi believed religion Trusteeship:
and scriptures like the Upanishads and Gita
offered a foundation for moral values. ● Private Property with Limits: Gandhi didn't
oppose private property but advocated
Ideal Social Order (Rama Rajya): restricting it to what was necessary for a decent
livelihood.
● Village as the Base: Gandhi envisioned ● Principle of Trusteeship: For any excess
self-governing villages as the building blocks of wealth, he proposed a concept called
a perfect society (Rama Rajya). "trusteeship," where the wealthy held their
● Voluntary Federation: Villages would freely possessions for the benefit of society.
join a larger federation, not by force. ● Social and Economic Responsibility: This
● Central Authority's Role: Coordinate village principle applied to all social and economic
activities, manage common interests aspects, with those who have more resources
(education, healthcare, etc.), and offer having a responsibility to share and help others.
guidance.
● Decision-Making: Moral persuasion, not
enforcement, would guide interactions between
the central authority and villages. B. Tagore's Approach to Rural Community
Decentralization: Development

● Empowering Villages: Gandhi stressed Tagore's Big Idea:

decentralization of power, with decision-making
authority vested in elected village Panchayats. Rabindranath Tagore, a famous poet and thinker,
● Panchayat Functions: These Panchayats believed in solving problems in rural communities using
would handle local governance, including logic, science, and practical solutions. Here's what he
education, health, sanitation, and resource thought was important:
management.
● Moral Leadership: Panchayats would also
● Villagers Working Together: He encouraged
promote moral and spiritual values within the
villages. villagers to form cooperatives, where they could
help each other and become more
Self-Sufficiency: independent.
● Using Local Knowledge: Tagore felt it was
● Meeting Basic Needs: Villages should strive to important to use the skills and knowledge that
be self-sufficient in meeting basic needs like
villagers already had. This would make
food, clothing, and shelter.
● Local Production: Villages should produce solutions more effective and relevant to their
their own food and cotton to minimize culture.
dependence on external sources.
● Full Employment: The village economy should Education for All:
be planned to provide employment
opportunities for all adults. ● Breaking Barriers: Tagore believed that all
children, girls and boys, should have access to
Industrialization: education. This would create a stronger and
more knowledgeable rural population.
● Concerns About Large-Scale Industries: ● Learning by Doing: Schools shouldn't just
Gandhi believed large-scale industries could teach reading and writing. They should also
exploit villages and displace workers. teach practical skills that help with farming and
● Promoting Cottage Industries: He advocated crafts, making villages more productive.
for reviving village and cottage industries to
create jobs and meet local needs.
● Appropriate Technology: Use of machines
and tools was acceptable as long as they were
locally made, affordable, and promoted

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More Than Just Farming: C. The Goals of Sriniketan Experiment:

● Well-Rounded Development: While farming ● Building Trust: Gaining the trust and friendship
was important, Tagore stressed the need for of villagers by showing an interest in their lives
improvements in other areas like sanitation,
and helping them solve problems.
healthcare, and cultural activities for a happy
● Learning by Doing: Bringing village issues into
and healthy life.
● Respecting Nature: He believed in using classrooms and using the institute's farm to find
methods that wouldn't harm the environment solutions.
while improving villages. ● Practical Skills: Teaching students practical
skills like farming, raising animals, keeping
Tagore's Work in Action: chickens, various crafts, keeping villages clean,
● Sriniketan Institute: Tagore set up an institute working together, and more.
in Sriniketan that put these ideas into practice. ● Science for Everyday Life: Providing students
It focused on education, better farming with basic scientific knowledge that could be
methods, and traditional crafts. applied to their practical skills.
● Helping Villages Around Shantiniketan: ● A Spirit of Service: Encouraging students to
Tagore actively participated in helping villages dedicate themselves to helping the villages
near Shantiniketan. He encouraged villagers to
around them.
start self-help projects and cooperatives.
● Self-Reliance and Dignity: Helping students
Tagore's Rural Development Program: feel good about themselves and teaching them
skills they needed to live well in their villages.
A. Seeing the Problems Firsthand (East Bengal
Experiment): D. Reviving Local Crafts (Rural Industries):

● Life in Rural Bengal: Managing his estate in ● Bringing Back Old Skills: Tagore believed it
East Bengal exposed Tagore to the difficulties was important to revive traditional crafts and
faced by villagers. This inspired him to work on train young people and artisans in using new
rural development. techniques.
● A Comprehensive Plan: His program included ● Shilpa Bhavana: He established Shilpa
improvements in health, education, crafts, Bhavana at Santiniketan to achieve this goal.
farming, fishing, and weaving.
E. The Institute of Rural Reconstruction:
● Modernization Efforts: He introduced tractors
for farming, furnaces for pottery making, and
● Helping in Many Ways: The institute had
machines for husking rice. His goal was to
different units that focused on farming, raising
create well-developed villages that were
animals, crafts, health, education, and village
self-sufficient and confident.
organization.
B. Fighting Exploitation (Rural Bank): ● A Multifaceted Approach: Their work included
research, teaching villagers new methods, and
● The Cause of Poverty: Tagore saw unfair providing education.
treatment by landlords, middlemen, and money
F. Making Knowledge Accessible (Rural Library
lenders as a major reason for poverty in
System):
villages.
● The Solution: He established Patisar Bank in
● The Importance of Reading: Tagore knew that
1905, offering loans with lower interest rates.
libraries were important for learning, so he
This helped villagers escape debt.
established a central library for research.
● Local Libraries: There were also smaller
libraries in villages to serve the community and
encourage reading and learning.

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● Unique Feature: Mobile Library (1925): A

special library with a village worker who
delivered books door-to-door, making
knowledge accessible to everyone.

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Unit 3 Panchayati Raj & Rural Administration

What They Do:

Bureaucracy and Structure of
Administration ● Planning and Budgeting: They make annual
plans and budgets for village development
● Bureaucracy: A system with many levels and projects.
clear rules about who does what and how things ● Helping in Times of Need: They organize
get done. You might find bureaucracies in relief efforts during natural disasters.
governments, companies, and even clubs. In ● Keeping Things Tidy: They manage public
Panchayati Raj, the bureaucracy refers to the property and remove any unauthorized
officials working within the Panchayati Raj structures.
Institutions (PRIs) at different levels. ● Community Spirit: They encourage villagers to
volunteer for community projects.
● Structure of Administration: The way different ● Keeping Track: They maintain records and
parts of an organization are arranged to achieve statistics about the village.
specific goals. It's like a blueprint showing who ● Village Improvement: They work on projects
reports to whom and what each part is related to education, health, agriculture, and
responsible for. more.
● Giving a Voice: They represent the villagers'
concerns to higher authorities.
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) ● Setting Rules: They create and enforce rules
for the village to function smoothly, including
India's rural development system is based on a collecting taxes.
three-tiered Panchayati Raj structure:

1. Gram Panchayat (Village Level) 2. Panchayat Samiti (Block Level)

A Gram Panchayat is the village council at the most The Panchayat Samiti is like a mini-parliament that
basic level of the Panchayati Raj system in India. looks after a group of villages called a "development
Imagine it as a mini-government for your village! block." Here's a breakdown of what it is and what it
does:
The most basic unit, directly elected by villagers. It
handles village-level development activities like What it is:
sanitation, water supply, and primary education.
● A rural local government body in India at the
How it Works: intermediate level (between village and district).
● Often called the "panchayat of panchayats"
● A village is divided into sections because it coordinates village-level
(constituencies) based on the number of voters. Panchayats.
● Each constituency elects one member.
● These elected members come together to form Who's Who:
the Gram Panchayat, like a village cabinet.
● A mix of elected representatives from villages
(Gram Panchayats), government officials, and

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seats reserved for under-represented groups. What Does it Do?

● Elects a Chairman and Deputy Chairman for
a five-year term. ● Advising Blocks: The Zila Parishad provides
guidance and recommendations to the
Key Functions: block-level Panchayats.
● Approving Plans: It reviews and approves
● Plans, executes, and oversees development budgets and development plans proposed by
programs for the entire block. the blocks.
● Supervises the work of Gram Panchayats within ● Funding Distribution: The Zila Parishad
its area. allocates funds from the government to different
● Encourages villagers to take initiative and blocks within the district.
improve their lives. ● Education Focus: It takes responsibility for
● Provides support for implementing development managing secondary education in the district.
programs. ● Rural Development Champion: The Zila
● Looks after the welfare and development of Parishad advises the state government on
various sectors like agriculture, healthcare, matters related to rural development in the
education, and sanitation. district.
● Manages funds and loans for village housing ● Monitoring Progress: It reviews and evaluates
projects. the effectiveness of various development
programs implemented at the block level.

3. Zila Parishad (District Level)

What is it? Objectives of Panchayat Raj

The Zila Parishad (District Council or Mandal 1. Uplifting Weaker Sections: Providing
Parishad or District Panchayat) is the highest level of assistance to economically disadvantaged
the Panchayati Raj system in India. Imagine it as the groups within the village community.
district council, overseeing all the villages and blocks 2. Community Cohesion: Promoting unity and
within a district. cooperation among villagers through self-help
initiatives.
3. Cooperative Development: Encouraging the
Who's Involved?
formation and growth of cooperative institutions
like credit societies and marketing federations.
● Elected Members: People in the district vote
4. Local Resource Utilization: Developing local
for representatives. resources for the benefit of the village, including
● Block Leaders: Heads of block-level utilizing available manpower effectively.
Panchayats (Panchayat Samiti) are part of the 5. Focus on Agriculture: Prioritizing increased
Zila Parishad. agricultural production as the foundation of
● Government Representatives: Members of village planning.
6. Decentralization of Power: Distributing
Parliament and state legislature from the district
authority and decision-making initiatives
have a seat. progressively downwards (vertically) and across
● Officials: A chief executive officer manages the different village groups (horizontally). This
administration, supported by a deputy secretary. includes emphasizing the role of voluntary
organizations in community development.
How Does it Work? 7. Rural Industrial Promotion: Encouraging and
supporting the establishment of rural industries
● The Zila Parishad is elected for a five-year term. to generate employment and income.
● It acts as bridge between the state government 8. Harmony in Governance: Fostering
and the village councils (Gram Panchayats). understanding and cooperation between
elected representatives (Panchayat members)
and government officials (servants) through

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proper training, education, and clear definitions Taking Steps:

of responsibilities.
● Rajasthan became the first state to set up a
Panchayati Raj system in 1959.

Gram Sabha Rethinking and Improvement:

The Gram Sabha is like a village meeting! All adults ● Another committee, led by Ashok Mehta,
gather to discuss village issues. They can: reviewed the system in 1977.
● They suggested changes like a two-tier system,
● Talk about problems like water or roads. regular checks on spending, allowing political
● Suggest solutions and ideas for improvement. parties at all levels, and reservations for
● Approve plans made by the village council disadvantaged communities.
(Gram Panchayat).
● Basically, they have a say in how their village The Journey Continues:
develops!
● More committees followed, all aiming to
strengthen Panchayati Raj.
● One committee, led by L.M. Singhvi, was the
Emergence and Growth of Panchayati first to propose giving Panchayati Raj
Raj Institutions in India constitutional status.

A Landmark Moment:
Panchayati Raj is all about villages governing
themselves!
● Finally, in 1992, the 73rd Amendment Act made
Panchayati Raj a part of the Constitution!
● It wasn't a new idea in India. Villages already
had Panchayats that handled local issues and ● This guaranteed regular elections, reservations
for women and marginalized communities, and
disputes, kind of like mini-courts.
● Even Mahatma Gandhi believed in empowering more power and resources for Panchayats.
these Panchayats for a better rural India.

The Constitution Takes Notice:

The 73rd Amendment Act
● Knowing their importance, our Constitution
included a provision for Panchayats (Article 40). Big Change for Village Councils!
● This article tells states to set up village
● In 1992, the Indian Constitution got an update
Panchayats and give them the power to
(73rd Amendment) to strengthen Panchayati
function as self-governing units.
Raj.
● But, it didn't specify how these Panchayats
● This added a new section about Panchayats
would be organized.
and gave them more power.
Building a Structure:
Key Points:
● A committee led by Balwant Rai Mehta came up
● Gram Sabhas: Ensured village meetings are
with the first formal structure for Panchayati Raj
held for everyone to discuss issues.
in 1957.
● Three Tiers: Established a clear structure with
● They suggested a three-tier system with village,
village (Gram Panchayat), block (Panchayat
block, and district levels. They also wanted
Samiti), and district (Zila Parishad) levels.
direct elections for the village level.
● Direct Elections: People directly vote for most
Panchayat representatives.

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● Age Limit: You need to be at least 21 years old Looking Ahead:

to run for Panchayat elections.
● Reservations: Seats are reserved for women ● Strengthen Internal Revenue: Increase
capacity to generate income for sustainable
and marginalized communities (Scheduled
financing.
Castes/Tribes) to ensure their voices are heard. ● Explore New Options: Consider innovative
● Election Commission: Each state has a financing mechanisms like public-private
special commission to handle Panchayat partnerships.
elections fairly.
● Five-Year Term: Panchayats work for five Additional Information:
years, with new elections if dissolved early.
● PRIs often have a weak financial base and
● Financial Support: A commission is set up limited resource mobilization.
every five years to recommend how to provide ● To reduce dependence on governments, PRIs
funds for Panchayats. need more power to raise their own revenue.
● State budgets should clearly allocate funds for
PRIs.
● A suggestion is to devolve 30-40% of a state's
Financial Organizations in Panchayati development plan budget to local bodies.
● Some of these funds should be untied for
Raj Institutions flexible use based on local needs.
● Training and capacity building for PRI officials is
The Challenge: PRIs play a vital role in rural crucial for effective financial management.
development, but they often struggle financially. ● Devolution of financial resources should be
accompanied by assigning relevant government
Sources of Funds: staff to support PRIs.

● Government Grants: Finance Commissions:

○ Central Government: Allocates funds
based on recommendations by a ● Address concerns about the adequacy of PRI
commission (Central Finance resources.
Commission) for specific programs. ● Objectives:
○ State Governments: Provide funds ○ Collect data on PRI finances (income &
based on their own commission's expenditure).
recommendations and priorities. ○ Study PRI structures, functions,
○ Limited Stability: Reliance on grants can performance at different levels.
limit autonomy and responsiveness to ○ Analyze resource situation and its
local needs. relation to assigned functions.
● Internal Revenue: (varies by state) ○ Analyze the impact of the 73rd
○ Limited Taxes: PRIs can levy some Amendment on PRI finances.
taxes like property tax or user fees for
sanitation.
○ Non-Tax Revenue: Income generation
through user charges for markets or
community facilities. Structure of Rural Finance
● Other Sources:
○ Grants-in-Aid: Additional grants from Rural areas need money for development, just like
central/state governments for specific cities! Here's how they get it:
projects.
○ Loans: PRIs can borrow for projects, but Formal Sources (organized institutions):
careful management is needed to avoid
debt burden. ● Banks: Regular banks offer loans and savings
accounts for farmers, businesses, and
individuals.
● Cooperative Banks: These banks are owned
by their members, often focusing on agriculture

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and rural credit. The Birth of NABARD:

● Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): Set up
specifically to serve rural areas, offering loans ● This committee, led by Shri B. Sivaraman,
highlighted the need for a new organization to
and other financial services.
focus on rural credit needs.
● NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and ● They recommended creating a unique
Rural Development): This government bank development bank dedicated to rural areas.
provides refinancing to other rural financial ● Based on this recommendation, the Parliament
institutions and promotes rural development approved the formation of NABARD in 1981.
initiatives. ● It was officially launched in 1982 by Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi.
Informal Sources (less organized):
What Does NABARD Do?
● Money lenders: Individuals or small ● Makes it easier for farmers to get loans for
businesses that lend money at high interest things like land, animals, and crops.
rates, which can trap borrowers in debt. ● Supports small businesses in villages so they
● Landlords: Some landlords may advance loans can create jobs.
to tenants in exchange for a share of the crops. ● Helps fund projects that improve villages, like
● Self-help groups (SHGs): Groups of villagers, better roads or schools.
● Teaches people in villages about saving money
often women, who pool their savings and
and using loans wisely (financial literacy).
provide small loans to each other.
NABARD's Vision and Mission:
Choosing the Right Source:
● Vision: To be the leading development bank for
● Formal sources are generally safer and offer fostering rural prosperity in India.
lower interest rates, but may have stricter ● Mission: To promote sustainable and equitable
requirements. agriculture and rural development through
● Informal sources can be more flexible but can various financial and non-financial
interventions, including innovation, technology,
be risky due to high interest rates.
and institutional development, ultimately aiming
to secure prosperity for rural India.

NABARD
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
Imagine a giant bank that cares about villages!
Imagine banks that focus on villages!
● That's NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture
and Rural Development). ● That's what Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are
● It's like a super bank that helps other banks all about.
lend more money in villages. ● They're like smaller banks that work closely with
villages to provide financial help.
Why was NABARD Created?
Who Owns Them?
● In the past, India faced challenges in boosting
rural development through just planning. ● RRBs are a joint effort between the central
● The agricultural and rural economy needed a government, state government, and a sponsor
financial push. bank (like a big national bank).
● The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), at the
government's request, formed a committee in Who Do They Help?
1979 to address these issues.
● RRBs focus on small farmers, agricultural
workers, and small businesses in villages.
● They offer:

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○ Loans for farming needs (land, animals, NGO vs. CBO

crops)
○ Loans for starting small businesses Feature NGO CBO (Community
○ Savings accounts (Non-Governmental Based
Benefits of RRBs: Organization) Organization)

● Easier access to loans for villagers compared to Focus Broad social issues Specific needs of a
big banks. (poverty, education, particular
● RRBs understand village needs better and can healthcare, community
offer more relevant services. environment, human
● They help boost the rural economy by rights)
supporting local businesses and agriculture.
Geograp Local, national, Local (village, town,
hic international neighborhood)
Scope
Government & Non-Government
Leaders May have paid staff Led by volunteers or
Organizations
hip and professional members of the
There are many organizations working to improve leadership community
people's lives. Here's a breakdown of two main types: Funding Donations, grants, Membership fees,
fundraising local fundraising,
1. Government Organizations (GOs):
sometimes
● Who they are: Run by the government, funded government grants
by taxes we pay.
Structur More formalized Less formal
● What they do: Provide essential services like
e structure with boards structure, often
education, healthcare, roads, and social welfare
and directors based on social ties
programs.
● Examples: Account Accountable to Accountable to the
○ Public schools and hospitals ability donors and funders community they
○ Police and fire departments serve
○ Social security and welfare programs
Example Red Cross, UNICEF, Local women's
2. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and s Greenpeace cooperatives,
Community Based Organizations (CBOs): neighborhood
development
● Who they are: Not run by the government, rely
groups, youth clubs
on donations, grants, and fundraising.
● What they do: Focus on specific social issues Advanta Access to wider Deep understanding
like poverty, education, healthcare, ges resources and of local needs and
environment, or human rights. expertise strong community
○ CBOs are usually smaller and focus on connections
a specific community's needs.
● Examples: Disadva May be less Limited resources
○ NGOs: Red Cross (disaster relief), ntages responsive to local and capacity
UNICEF (children's rights), Greenpeace needs
(environment).
○ CBOs: Local women's cooperatives,
neighborhood development groups,
youth clubs.

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Self-Help Groups (SHGs) ● Artisans working together to market their crafts.

Challenges and Overcoming Them:

Imagine a group of people in your village coming
together to support each other!
● Limited reach: Not all poor families may be
involved in existing SHGs.
● That's the power of Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
● Skill development: Upgrading skills is crucial
These are small, informal groups where people
facing similar challenges join forces to create a for sustainable income generation in
businesses started by SHGs.
brighter future.
● Resource limitations: SHGs may lack access
to training, marketing support, and
Why are SHGs crucial for rural development?
infrastructure. To address this:
● Villages often struggle with poverty, illiteracy, ○ The government can provide support for
and limited access to credit. infrastructure and capacity building
● SHGs tackle these issues head-on through programs.
collective action and self-help. ○ SHGs can expand to credit-deficient
● They promote self-employment and empower areas and even urban/peri-urban
marginalized communities, especially women. regions.
● Management issues: Poor accounting
How SHGs Work: practices and misappropriation of funds can
occur. Establishing monitoring cells can track
● Members, typically from similar social and progress and address these issues.
economic backgrounds (often women), meet ● Dependence on external support: SHGs
regularly. often rely on NGOs and government programs.
● They contribute small amounts of money to a To foster self-reliance:
common pool, building a savings fund together. ○ Commercial Banks and NABARD can
● This fund becomes a source of loans for collaborate with the government to
members' needs, like starting a business, design new financial products
covering medical expenses, or educating their specifically for SHGs.
children.
● Beyond financial support, SHGs provide a
strong network of social support,
encouragement, and a sense of belonging.

Benefits of SHGs:

● Financial empowerment: Access to loans

without high-interest rates, reduced
dependence on moneylenders, and improved
financial literacy.
● Improved livelihoods: Starting small
businesses or investing in income-generating
activities creates alternative income sources
beyond agriculture.
● Social upliftment: SHGs encourage collective
action against social issues like dowry and
alcoholism. They empower women, promote
gender equality, and increase participation in
village governance (Gram Panchayats).

Examples of SHGs:

● Women's groups saving for their children's

education.
● Farmers pooling resources to buy better seeds
or equipment.

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Unit 4 Human Resource Development in Rural Sector

● Computer training: Learning new skills to get

Human Resource Development (HRD) & jobs in the city or start online businesses.
its Importance for Rural Areas
Need for Human Resource Development
Imagine you live in a village. HRD is like a program to
help everyone in your village learn new things and The world keeps changing, and so do the skills we
improve their skills. This can be anything from farming need to succeed. Here's why learning new things (like
better to fixing things around the house. HRD) is important:

HRD Definition: HRD refers to the systematic process ● New Jobs, New Skills: Just like tools change, so
of enhancing the knowledge, skills, abilities, and overall do jobs. HRD helps people learn the skills needed
capabilities of individuals within a rural community. It for the latest jobs, keeping them competitive.
empowers them to contribute effectively to economic, ● Skilled Workforce: HRD creates a skilled
social, and cultural development. workforce that can adapt to changing needs and
contribute to economic development.
Why is HRD important for villages? ● Innovation & Productivity: A well-developed
workforce fosters innovation, leading to increased
● More Money: When people learn new skills, they productivity and competitiveness.
can get better jobs or start their own businesses. ● Employee Satisfaction: Programs that focus on
This means more money for everyone in the well-being and growth can lead to higher job
village! satisfaction and reduced turnover.
● Healthier Lives: HRD can teach people about ● Better at Everything: Even for existing jobs, new
healthy habits and how to prevent diseases. This knowledge can make people better at what they do.
keeps everyone in the village stronger and happier. Like learning new farming tricks or better customer
● Better Environment: HRD can help people learn service.
how to farm in a way that protects the land and
water. This keeps the village a nice place to live for
generations to come.
● Unlocks Potential: Rural areas have vast Elements of Human Resource
resources, but a lack of skilled people can hold Development in Rural Sector
them back. HRD unlocks this potential.
● Stronger Together: HRD can help people work 1. Tailored Education and Training Programs:
together on projects to improve the village, like Programs designed to address the specific needs
building a new school or fixing the roads. and challenges faced by rural communities.
2. Skill Development Initiatives: Focus on areas like
Examples of HRD in villages: agriculture, livestock management, artisanal crafts,
and other local industries that are crucial for rural
● Farming workshops: Learning new techniques livelihoods.
to grow more food with less water. 3. Healthcare Access and Education: Programs
● Carpentry classes: Fixing furniture and that provide access to healthcare services, promote
building new things for the community. health education, disease prevention, and proper
● Health fairs: Getting checkups and learning nutrition.
how to stay healthy. 4. Infrastructure Development: Improvements in

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connectivity, access to markets, and basic Access to Basic Amenities for Rural
amenities in rural areas.
Development
5. Entrepreneurship and Micro-Enterprise
Development: Initiatives that create new livelihood ● Infrastructure: Development of roads,
opportunities by fostering entrepreneurship and the transportation, and communication networks to
growth of micro-enterprises. improve connectivity and access to markets.
6. Community Organization Strengthening: ● Water and Sanitation: Provision of clean
Programs that strengthen community organizations drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene
and institutions, facilitating collective action and education to promote public health and
building social capital. well-being.
● Electricity: Rural electrification initiatives to
enhance productivity, improve quality of life, and
Dimensions of HRD for Rural provide access to modern amenities.
Development ● Housing: Adequate housing and shelter to
ensure safety, security, and dignified living
1. Health: Access to healthcare services, health conditions for rural populations.
education, disease prevention, and promoting
healthy lifestyles.
2. Education: Improving access to quality education, Population Composition & Role of
vocational training, and adult literacy programs.
Population Pyramids
3. Energy: Promoting renewable energy sources for
rural electrification, providing access to clean ● Population Composition: Refers to the
cooking fuels, and enhancing energy efficiency. structure of a population based on characteristics
4. Skill Development: Programs to build capacity like age, sex, education, occupation, and other
and enhance employability and entrepreneurship in demographic factors.
rural areas. ● Population Pyramids: Visual representations of
5. Training: Specialized training programs focused on the age and sex distribution of a population. The
agriculture, agro-processing, animal husbandry, shape of the pyramid reflects birth rates, death
and handicrafts to strengthen rural livelihoods. rates, and overall population growth trends.
1. How to read it:
a. Divided in half: Males on the left,
Nutritional Status & Measurement females on the right.
Methods b. Bottom to top: Younger ages on the
bottom, older ages on top.
Nutritional Status: Refers to the health condition of an c. Bar length: Represents the number of
individual or community concerning their dietary intake people in that age group (can be shown
and its utilization. as a number or percentage).

Measurement Tools:

● Anthropometric: Measures body size,

proportions, and composition. Examples include
weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), and
waist circumference.
● Biochemical: Measures levels of nutrients,
metabolites, and other substances in the blood,
urine, or other tissues. Examples include
hemoglobin levels (anemia), vitamin A
deficiency, and iron deficiency.

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2. Uses of Population Pyramids:

a. Picture the Population: Shows ages
and how many males/females there are.
b. Who Needs Help? Tells you how many
young and old people need support.
c. Male vs Female: Shows if there are
more males or females in a certain area.
d. Birth and Death Rates: Helps
understand how many babies are born
and how long people live.
e. Future Planning: Gives clues on how a
population might grow or change.

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Unit 5 Rural Industrialization and Entrepreneurship

○ Focus on small-scale, labor-intensive

Rural Industrialization industries using local resources.
○ Example: Charkha (spinning wheel) for
Definition: Establishing industries or businesses in khadi (handloom cloth) production.
rural areas, distinct from large-scale factories. Activities ● Decentralization and Self-Governance:
can range from household-based production to small ○ Power resides within villages, with local
factories. control over industries.
○ Panchayat institutions play a role in
Goals: planning and development.
● Generate employment opportunities in rural ● Non-Violent and Ethical Practices:
areas. ○ Fair wages and working conditions for
● Reduce dependence on agriculture and curb
all involved.
rural-urban migration. ○ Sustainable practices to minimize
● Promote balanced regional development. environmental impact.
● Encourage traditional arts and crafts. ● Focus on Rural Development:
● Improve the standard of living in rural ○ Industrialization should uplift villages,
communities. not exploit them.
● Slows down urban migration. ○ Industries create employment
opportunities and improve livelihoods.
Benefits:
● Increased employment and income generation. Challenges:
● Reduced pressure on urban centers.
● Preservation and promotion of local skills and ● Competition with Large-Scale Industries:
traditions. Cottage industries may struggle to compete.
● Potential for value addition to agricultural ● Modernization and Skill Development:
products. Meeting market demands while preserving
● Improved overall economic development. traditions.
● Access to Infrastructure and Finance: Rural
areas may lack necessary resources.
Gandhian Approach to Rural
Industrialization

Core Principles: Appropriate Technology for Rural

Industries
● Focus on Village Self-Sufficiency (Swaraj):
○ Villages should be self-reliant, Concept:
minimizing dependence on external
resources. Appropriate technologies are those that consider the
○ Industries cater to local needs, reducing specific needs, resources, and skills of rural
reliance on urban centers. communities to foster development. They prioritize:
● Emphasis on Cottage Industries:
○ Reviving and promoting traditional crafts ● Sustainability: Minimizing environmental
and skills within villages. impact and using renewable resources.

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● Affordability: Accessible to rural communities Rural Entrepreneurship

with limited financial resources.
● Labor intensiveness: Creating employment Concept:
opportunities in villages.
● Simplicity: Easy to operate, maintain, and ● Establishing businesses in rural areas,
repair using local skills. leveraging local resources and skills.
● Promotes self-reliance and economic
Approaches and Characteristics: development in villages.

There are two main ways to pick a good technology for Benefits:
rural development:
● Employment Generation: Creates jobs and
● Social Welfare Approach: Will this technology reduces rural-urban migration.
help people in the community thrive? Consider ● Income Growth: Increases income
creating jobs, improving lives, and making sure opportunities for rural communities.
everyone benefits. ● Local Development: Stimulates local
● Technology Specifications Approach: Will production, processing, and consumption.
this technology harm the environment? Look for ● Empowerment: Fosters self-sufficiency and
options that use clean energy and don't pollute. decision-making within villages.
● Preservation of Skills: Supports traditional
Key Characteristics of Appropriate Technology: crafts and knowledge.

● Small-Scale Equipment and Processes:

Suitable for the production volume and
available skills in rural areas. Problems and Diagnosis of Rural
● Lower Capital Intensity: Requires less upfront
investment compared to conventional
Entrepreneurship
technologies.
Problems:
● More Labor Intensive: Creates employment
opportunities in rural communities. ● Limited Infrastructure: Rural areas often lack:
● Simpler Operation, Maintenance, and ○ Transportation: Difficulty transporting raw
Repair: Easier to use and manage with readily materials and finished goods.
available skills. ○ Power: Insufficient or unreliable electricity
● Labor-Saving Compared to Traditional supply hampers production.
Methods: Improves efficiency over older ○ Communication: Poor internet connectivity
techniques. hinders marketing and information access.
● Socially beneficial: Contribute to poverty ● Access to Funding:
reduction, improved livelihoods, and equitable ○ Financial institutions may be concentrated
development. in urban areas.
● Environmentally sound: Minimize resource ○ Lack of collateral or credit history can make
depletion and pollution. securing loans difficult.
● Economically viable: Be cost-effective, ○ High-interest rates may discourage
generate income, and support local economies. investment.
● Locally adaptable: Function effectively with ● Market Access:
available skills and resources. ○ Reaching wider markets can be expensive
and challenging.
○ Rural producers may lack marketing skills
and networks.
○ Competition from established urban
businesses can be fierce.

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● Skill Development: Women Entrepreneurship

○ Traditional skills may not be sufficient for
modern production methods. Concept:
○ Training opportunities for acquiring new
skills may be limited. Women establishing and running their own businesses,
○ Lack of business management knowledge contributing significantly to the global economy. This is
can hinder entrepreneurial success. particularly impactful in rural development.
● Competition:
○ Cottage industries may struggle to compete Benefits:
on price with mass-produced goods.
● Economic Empowerment: Provides women with
○ Difficulty establishing brand recognition and
financial independence and decision-making power,
competing with established players.
crucial for overcoming poverty and improving
Diagnosis (Solutions): livelihoods in rural areas.
● Job Creation: Creates employment opportunities
● Infrastructure Development: for themselves, other women, and the community,
○ Government investment in rural fostering economic diversification in rural settings.
infrastructure (roads, power grids, internet) ● Community Development: Contributes to local
is crucial. economic growth and social progress by promoting
○ Public-private partnerships can encourage local production, processing, and innovation in rural
infrastructure development. areas.
● Financial Support: ● Role Models: Inspires other women to pursue
○ Microfinance initiatives can provide small entrepreneurial ventures, creating a ripple effect of
loans to rural entrepreneurs. empowerment and economic participation.
○ Government loan schemes with relaxed ● Increased Diversity: Brings diverse perspectives
collateral requirements can be helpful. and experiences to the business world, leading to
○ Incubator programs can offer financial more creative and responsive solutions for rural
support and business guidance. challenges.
● Market Access Initiatives:
○ Government support for marketing Challenges:
cooperatives and collectives.
● Access to Funding: Gender bias may hinder loan
○ Online platforms and e-commerce solutions
approvals and investment opportunities, limiting
to connect rural producers with consumers.
access to capital for starting or expanding
○ Training programs to improve marketing and
businesses.
business communication skills.
● Work-Life Balance: Balancing business with family
● Skill Development Programs:
responsibilities can be difficult, especially in rural
○ Government-sponsored vocational training
areas with limited childcare options.
programs in rural areas.
● Social Norms & Stereotypes: Societal
○ Training in modern production techniques,
expectations and gender roles can create barriers,
business management, and marketing.
such as resistance to women taking on leadership
○ Collaboration with educational institutions
roles in businesses.
for skill development initiatives.
● Mentorship and Networking: Limited access to
● Promoting Rural Products:
networks and mentorship opportunities can hinder
○ Government procurement programs
growth and knowledge sharing for women
favoring locally produced goods.
entrepreneurs in rural areas.
○ Campaigns to raise awareness and promote
● Marketing and Business Skills: May require
the value of rural products.
training and support in specific business areas like
○ Supporting the creation of rural product
marketing, finance, and technology to compete
brands and certification schemes.
effectively.

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Development of Small Entrepreneurs in 2. Creativity and Innovation:

India ● Think outside the box to develop unique
products, services, or business models.
Importance: ● Adapt to changing market trends and embrace
innovation.
● Small businesses are the backbone of the
Indian economy, accounting for over 95% of 3. Risk-Taking and Decision-Making:
industrial units and employing a significant
● Calculated risk-taking to seize opportunities
portion of the workforce.
despite potential uncertainties.
● They contribute to poverty reduction, balanced ● Make sound decisions based on analysis and
regional development, and increased exports. market understanding.

Government Initiatives: 4. Planning and Strategy:

● MUDRA Yojana scheme for easier access to ● Develop a comprehensive business plan
loans. outlining goals, strategies, and financial
projections.
● Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and
● Adapt and revise plans as needed based on
Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) to mitigate market feedback and changing circumstances.
lending risks.
● Goods and Services Tax (GST) to simplify 5. Resource Management:
taxation.
● Manage financial resources effectively,
Impact of Digitalization: optimizing costs and securing funding.
● Utilize human resources strategically, building
● E-commerce platforms like Amazon and Flipkart and motivating a capable team.
providing wider reach and increasing sales. 6. Marketing and Sales:
● Improved internet access in rural areas creating
new opportunities. ● Effectively communicate the value proposition
of the business to attract customers.
Challenges: ● Develop strong marketing and sales strategies
to reach target markets.
● Access to finance remains an issue for many
entrepreneurs. 7. Communication and Negotiation:
● Complex regulations can hinder growth.
● Clearly articulate business ideas and vision to
investors, partners, and customers.
● Negotiate effectively with suppliers, vendors,
and clients.
Competencies for Successful 8. Leadership and Teamwork:
Entrepreneurship
● Inspire and motivate others to achieve shared
Entrepreneurship requires a unique blend of skills, goals.
knowledge, and personal qualities. Here's a breakdown ● Build strong teams with complementary skills
of key competencies: and foster collaboration.

1. Opportunity Identification and Vision: 9. Problem-Solving and Resilience:

● Ability to identify unmet needs or problems in ● Overcome obstacles and adapt to challenges
the market. with a solution-oriented approach.
● Develop a clear vision for a business solution ● Persevere through setbacks and maintain
and its potential impact. motivation despite difficulties.

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10. Learning Agility and Adaptability: ● Handicrafts & Traditional Skills: Many rural
areas have a rich tradition of handicrafts and
● Continuously learn new skills and stay updated indigenous skills. Entrepreneurs can revive
on industry trends.
these crafts, improve designs, and connect
● Adapt business strategies and operations in
response to changing market dynamics. them to wider markets.
● Ecotourism & Sustainability: Rural areas
Additional Considerations: often have stunning natural beauty and unique
ecosystems. Eco-entrepreneurs can promote
● Passion and Drive: A strong passion for your sustainable tourism practices and create
business idea and the drive to succeed.
experiences that attract visitors.
● Integrity and Ethics: Upholding ethical
business practices and building trust with ● Social Entrepreneurship: Businesses can
stakeholders. address social issues faced by rural
● Time Management and Organization: communities, such as healthcare access,
Effectively manage time and prioritize tasks for education, or sanitation.
efficient business operations.

Need for and Scope of Entrepreneurship

in Rural Areas
Need:

● Job Creation: Rural areas often face

unemployment and underemployment.
Entrepreneurship creates new businesses,
which provide much-needed jobs for local
residents.
● Income Generation: Jobs lead to income,
improving the standard of living for individuals
and families. This reduces poverty and
increases purchasing power within the
community.
● Reduced Rural-Urban Migration: When
economic opportunities exist in rural areas,
people are less likely to migrate to cities in
search of work. This helps maintain a stable
and vibrant rural population.
● Development: Entrepreneurship fosters
economic development in rural areas. New
businesses bring investment, improve
infrastructure, and stimulate overall growth.

Scope:

● Agriculture & Value Addition: Rural areas

have an abundance of agricultural resources.
Entrepreneurs can focus on processing,
packaging, and marketing agricultural products,
creating new value streams.

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Printed Page: 1 of 2
Subject Code: KHU701
0Roll No: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B TECH
(SEM-VII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22
RURAL DEVELOPMENT: ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: 1. Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose suitably.
SECTION A

1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20

a. Outline the elements of Human Resources
b. Define community-based organizations for rural development
c. How can you say that “Gram Sabha is the basic unit of Panchayat Raj system”?
Justify.
d. Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61): What was this addressing?
e. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana: Explain.
f. Why was Nilokheri Experiment called as “Mazdoor Manzil”?
g. Gurgaon Experiment aimed at addressing what issues of rural Development?
h. Women Entrepreneurship in India: Discuss
i. What are the factors contributing to Negative Impacts of Industrialization?
j. What was Gandhian View of Self–Sufficient Village Economy?

1
90
SECTION B

13
_2

2.
2. Attempt any three of the following: 10 x 3 = 30
1P

24
a. What are the benefits of National Rural Livelihood Mission? Give a detailed
2O

5.
report.
b. Discuss Firka movement and Etawa Pilot project with respect to their
.5
P2

methodology pf working
17
c. Write short notes on advantages of financing through Self Help Groups.
Q

|1

d. Discuss critical HRD issues.

e. What are the Strategies for Improving Rural Industrialization? Explain with
8
:1

sufficient examples.
1

SECTION C
:3

3. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x 1 = 10

13

(a) Explain 4th , 5th and Rolling Plans of Government schemes in Indian agriculture
22

and rural development

(b) Problems associated with rural development. Discuss.
20
n-

4. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x 1 = 10

Ja

(a) What was the necessity of Gandhian constructive programme? Explain

2-

(b) Discuss the relationship between Marthandam Project and YMCA, with their
|1

activities and methods of work

5. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x 1 = 10

(a) Explore the powers and responsibilities delegated to Panchayats at appropriate
levels of hierarchy.
(b) NABARD’s Self Help Group’s Bank Linkage Program. Give a detailed
insight.

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Printed Page: 2 of 2
Subject Code: KHU701
0Roll No: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


6. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x 1 = 10

(a) What contributed to the evolution of Human Resources Development? Explain
in detail.
(b) Explain the elements of human resources development in rural sector.

7. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x 1 = 10

(a) What is rural entrepreneurship? Discuss in detail Rural Entrepreneurship in
India.
(b) Rural Industries under Make in India: Explain with respect to Government’s
Schemes.

1
90

13
_2

2.
1P

24
2O

5.
.5
P2

17
Q

|1
8
1 :1
:3
13
22
20
n-
Ja
2-
|1

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Printed Pages:02 Sub Code: KHU-801

Paper Id:
236001
Roll No.

B.TECH
(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2022-23
RURAL DEVELOPMENT: ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose suitably.

SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20
a. What do you mean by Rural Administration?
b. What is Self help group?
c. Define Bureaucracy.
d. Difference between development and training
e. Define administration.
f. What is Sustainable Livelihoods?
g. Define Population composition
h. What do you mean by rural credit?
i. Define Community Based Organizations?

7
j. What is RRBs. 90

19
_2
SECTION B

9.
P1

11
2. Attempt any three of the following: 10x3=30
a. Write an overview of policies and programmes for rural development in the agricultural

4.
3E

sector.

9
P2

b. Discuss in brief Baroda experiment and the Marthandam experiment.

.1
c. What is NABARD? Explain the importance of NBARD for rural development. 06
Q

d. Explain the elements and the needs of HRD in the rural sector?
|1
e. Define women's entrepreneurship. Explain the problems and diagnosis of women's
entrepreneurship.
5

SECTION C
:3

3. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

7
:5
08

a. What is meant by rural development? Explain the basic elements of rural Development.
b. Differentiate between government and non-government organisations.
23

4. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

0
-2
06

a. What is the Panchayati Raj System? Explain the emergence and growth of panchayati
raj institutions in India.
5-

b. Explain in brief the financial organizations in Panchayati Raj Institutions.

|0

5. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

a. What do you mean by "community-based organisations"? And also explain the

importance of community-based organisations in rural areas.
b. Write down the Structure of rural finance with appropriate example.

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12/3/24, 10:40 PM Rural development notes

6. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

a. What do you mean by Human Resource Development? Explain the dimensions of HRD
for rural development.
b. How did Tagore contribute to rural development?

7. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

a. What do you mean by rural industrialization? Explain the appropriate technology used in
rural industries and also explain their importance.
b. Explain the Gandhian approach to the development of rural industrialization in India.

7
90

19
_2

9.
P1

11
4.
3E

9
P2

.1
06
Q

|1
5
7 :3
:5
08
0 23
-2
06
5-
|0

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Printed Page: 1 of 2
Subject Code: KHU801
0Roll No: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BTECH
(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22
RURAL DEVELOPMENT : ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING


Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

Notes:
 Attempt all Sections and Assume any missing data.
 Appropriate marks are allotted to each question, answer accordingly.

SECTION-A Attempt All of the following Questions in brief Marks (10X2=20) CO

Q1(a) What are the basic importance of rural development for creation of sustainable 1
livelihoods in India?
Q1(b) What are the policies and programs for rural development? 1
Q1(c) What are the main objectives of Sriniketan experiment? 2
Q1(d) Why is Sriniketan important in rural development? 2
Q1(e) What is the bureaucracy structure? 3
Q1(f) What is administrative structure in government? 3
Q1(g) What is the concept of self-help groups? 4
Q1(h) What is the nutritional status? 4
Q1(i) What is the need and importance of rural industrialization? 5
Q1(j) How can technology help rural India? 5
90

1
SECTION-B Attempt ANY THREE of the following Questions Marks (3X10=30) CO

3
Q2(a) What are the main components of rural development? Describe Public health and 1
_2

.1
Sanitation and Women empowerment component.

42
P1

Q2(b) What are the main features of Gurgaon experiment? Describe it. 2

.2
2E

Q2(c) How many Panchayati Raj institutions are there in India? What is Panchayati Raj 3

5
institutions explain its functions?
.5
P2

Q2(d) What are the elements of human resource development in rural sectors? Explain 4
17
Enhance cultural quality, and moral quality.
Q

|1

Q2(e) What is rural entrepreneurship discuss the problems and prospects of rural 5
entrepreneurship in India?
7
:2

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

9

Q3(a) What are the rural development programs introduced by government? Explain 1
:2

MGNREGA and PMGSY.

13

Q3(b) What are the social sector initiatives in India? Describe Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar 1
22

Yojana and NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (NSAP).

0
-2

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q4(a) What is Nilokheri development project? Explain various objective of the project. 2
06

Q4(b) What is Gandhian concept of rural development? What is Gandhian approach to 2

7-

rural industrialization?
|0

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q5(a) What are the financial organization in Panchayati Raj institutions? Explain their 3
powers and responsibilities.
Q5(b) What is the difference between CBO and NGO? 3

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Printed Page: 2 of 2
Subject Code: KHU801
0Roll No: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BTECH
(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22
RURAL DEVELOPMENT : ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING


SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q6(a) Why human resources are important for rural areas? What are the major challenges 4
faced by HRD for rural development?
Q6(b) What are the different tools and methods for measuring nutritional status in the 4
community? Describe anthropometric, and biochemical.

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q7(a) What is the role of women entrepreneurship in rural India? What is rural 5
entrepreneurship explain the challenges of rural entrepreneurship?
Q7(b) What is rural entrepreneurship and what is its need? Describe it. 5

90

3 1
_2

.1
42
P1

.2
2E

5
.5
P2

17
Q

|1
7
9 :2
:2
13
0 22
-2
06
7-
|0

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Printed Pages: 02 Sub Code:KHU-701

Paper Id: 2 3 1 0 6 5 Roll No.

B.TECH.
(SEM VII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2022-23
RURAL DEVELOPMENT: ADMINISTRATION & PLANNING

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

Note: Attempt all Sections. If you require any missing data, then choose suitably.

SECTION A

1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2x10 = 20

(a) State the mandate of MGNREGA.
(b) List out the various policies or program for social security of rural
sector undertaken by government of India.
(c) Enlist various approaches to achieve rural community development.
(d) State the basic elements of Gandhian approach to rural community
development.
(e) State the role of Article 73 in emergence and growth of PRIs in India.

2
(f) Explain the objectives of Regional Rural Banks.
90

3
(g) Describe the significance of nutritional status in rural development.

.1
_2

(h) Explain the need for human resource development (HRD) in rural

42
P1

sector.

.2
(i) Describe the significance of rural industrialization.
3D

5
(j) State the scope of women entrepreneurship in rural sector.
.5
P2

17
Q

SECTION B
|1

2. Attempt any three of the following: 10x3 = 30

9
0 :5

(a) Explain the need and importance of rural development in India.

:3

(b) Explain the reasons behind successful outcomes of Nilokheri

13

experiment.
23

(c) Describe the structure of Panchayti Raj Institutions in India along with
the role and functions of each level.
0
-2

(d) Explain the significance of various dimensions of HRD for rural

development.
01

(e) Describe the Gandhian approach to rural industrialization.

6-
|0

SECTION C
3. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1 = 10

(a) Explain the basic elements of rural development in detail.

(b) Describe in detail any one policy or program undertaken by
government of India for rural development in agriculture sector.

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4. Attempt any one part of the following: 10 x1 = 10

(a) Describe the major initiatives of Gurgaon and Marthandam experiment.

(b) Explain in detail the various elements of Tagorian approach to rural
development with major emphasis on Sriniketan experiment.

5. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1 = 10

(a) Explain the structure of rural finance in India along with the functioning of
NABARD.
(b) Describe the role and functioning of CBOs and SHGs in rural development.

6. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1 = 10

(a) Describe the importance of access to various basic amenities for rural
development.
(b) Explain the concept of population composition and the role of
population pyramids for understandin g population of a country.

2
7. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1 = 10
90

3
.1
_2

42
(a) Describe the role and benefits of rural entrepreneurship in rural
P1

.2
development.
3D

5
(b) Explain the various problems and issues in development of rural
entrepreneurship.
.5
P2

17
Q

|1
9
0 :5
:3
13
0 23
-2
01
6-
|0

QP23DP1_290 | 06-01-2023 13:30:59 | 117.55.242.132

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