Lesson 20
Lesson 20
Lesson -20
Dr.Surriya Shaffi Mir
In today’s lesson you are going to read about Steps
in Problem Solving.
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Exercises
1.Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the
text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?
1. Constructing an algorithm is the basic step
in solving a problem.
2. Solving problems becomes easier if certain
steps are followed.
3. The computer does what the programmer
tells it to do.
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Exercise 1
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the
text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?
T 1. Constructing an algorithm is the basic step
in solving a problem.
This is 1 of 6 steps to be followed in solving problems. It is a detail.
T 2. Solving problems becomes easier if certain
steps are followed.
3. The computer does what the programmer
tells it to do.
A characteristic of the computer and not a step that must be followed in solving problems
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2. Understanding the passage
Decide whether the following statements are true or
false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text.
Then make the necessary changes so that the false
statements become true.
1. The computer is a great help to people
because it solves their problems.
2. All problems are equally difficult to
solve.
3. An algorithm is a sequences of
instructions used to solve a problem.
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2. Understanding the passage
Decide whether the following statements are true or
false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text.
Then make the necessary changes so that the false
statements become true.
F 1. The computer is a great help to people
because it solves their problems.
Computer only helps solve the problems.
F 2. All problems are equally difficult to
solve.
Not all problems are of the same difficulty.
T 3. An algorithm is a sequences of
instructions used to solve a problem.
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4. The most important part of problem
solving is defining the problem clearly.
5. Block diagrams cannot show
relationships.
6. Coding sheets are used for writing
programs.
7. Punched cards are the only way of
transferring the program to the
computer memory.
8. If the data is not added to the
program, the computer cannot
perform calculations. 12
F 4. The most important part of problem
solving is defining the problem clearly.
The most important part of problem solving is constructing an algorithm.
F 5. Block diagrams cannot show
relationships.
Block diagrams show relationships with arrows.
T 6. Coding sheets are used for writing
programs.
F 7. Punched cards are the only way of
transferring the program to the
computer memory.
The program can be punched on cards/entered into computer at a terminal with a VDU
T 8. If the data is not added to the
program, the computer cannot
perform calculations. 13
9. It is a good idea to test the program
before adding the data.
10. A computer is very intelligent. It is
capable of thinking.
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T 9. It is a good idea to test the program
before adding the data.
F 10. A computer is very intelligent. It is
capable of thinking.
Machines are not capable of thinking. Programmers are.
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3. Locating Information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas
are expressed. Give the paragraph references.
…….. 1. Programs are usually written on certain
lined forms.
………2. A block diagrams can show a decisions with
two different outcomes.
………3. The programmer is the one who solves the
problems.
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3. Locating Information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas
are expressed. Give the paragraph references.
P.4
…….. 1. Programs are usually written on certain
lined forms.
P.3
………2. A block diagram can show a decision with
two different outcomes.
P.1
………3. The programmer is the one who solves the
problems.
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………4. Even if the programmer is using a terminal
instead of cards, it is possible to get a
permanent copy of his program.
………5. Not all problems are of the same level of
difficulty.
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P.6
………4. Even if the programmer is using a terminal
instead of cards, it is possible to get a
permanent copy of his program.
P.2
………5. Not all problems are of the same level of
difficulty.
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4. Contextual Reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in
bold typeface refer to.
1. It is a machine (l.1)……………..
2. which the programmer give it (l.2)…………..
….
3. who solves the problems (l.3)………….
…..
4. which may be stated (l.14)
…………….
5. The latter is a diagrammatic 20
4. Contextual Reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in
bold typeface refer to.
1. It is a machine computer
(p.1)
…………….. procedures
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7. This transfers the information reading cards
(p.6)…………….
through the card reade
8. or it has errors (p.6)…………….
program
computer
9. It will follow the instructions (p.7)…………….
10. does what it is told computer
(p.7)…………….
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5. Understanding Words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the
following words:
1. construct (l.10)
……………………
2. takes a lot of time (l.13)……………………
3. exact (1.15)
……………………
4. mistakes (l.34)
……………………
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5. Understanding Words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the
following words:
1. construct formulate
(p.3)
…………………… time consuming
3. exact (p.3)
bugs
……………………
aid
4. mistakes (p.6)
……………………
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Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the
following words:
6. ambiguously (l.5)…………………..
7. specific (l.6)…………………..
8. partially (l.39)…………………
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Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the
following words.
clearly
6. ambiguously (p.2)…………………..
general
7. specific (p.2)…………………..
completely
8. partially (p.7)…………………
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6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to
complete the sentences. Then check the differences of
meaning in your dictionary.
1.Procedure, proceed, proceeding
a) The machine carries out the
………………………. which the
programmer gives it.
b) You should ……………………………….
with care when using a calculator.
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6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to
complete the sentences. Then check the differences of
meaning in your dictionary.
1. Procedure, proceed, proceeding
a) The machine carries out the
procedure
………………………. which the
programmer gives it.
proceed
b) You should ……………………………….
with care when using a calculator.
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2. program, programmer, programmed,
programming
a) I would like to …………………in COBOL.
b) There were quite a few errors in
my………………………..
c) My calculator is ……………………. It
plays a tune on the hour.
d) Fortran is one of the many
……………………… languages available
on the market. 30
2. program, programmer, programmed,
programming
program
a) I would like to …………………in COBOL.
b) There were quite a few errors in
program
my………………………..
programmed
c) My calculator is ……………………. It
plays a tune on the hour.
d) Fortran is one of the many
programming
……………………… languages available
on the market. 31
e) Computer………………… is a new field of
study at the university.
F) He is a good ……………………… because
he always constructs algorithm for his problems.
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programming
e) Computer………………… is a new field of
study at the university.
programmer
F) He is a good ……………………… because
he always constructs algorithm for his problems.
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3. relationships, relate, related
a. The first two steps in your program are not
………………………. They are basically different.
b. In a flowchart the…………………………
between events is shown by means of connecting
arrows.
c. Assembler is one example of a
machine……………………………….
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3. relationships, relate, related
a. The first two steps in your program are not
related
………………………. They are basically different.
relationship
b. In a flowchart the…………………………
between events is shown by means of connecting
arrows.
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4. code, coding
a. Do you have any …………………………..
sheet left.
b. I have to …………………………. my
program.
c. Assembler is one example of a
machine………………………………..
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4. code, coding
coding
a. Do you have any …………………………..
sheet left.
code
b. I have to …………………………. my
program.
code
c. Assembler is one example of a
machine………………………………..
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5. printer, printing, print, printed
a. ………………………… your name and
address in block letters.
b. …………………………. Was introduced by
Gutenberg in Germany
c. The quality of the ………………………..
Output from a daisy wheel printer is superior to
that from a dot matrix.
d. …………………………provided a hard copy
of the results of data processing operations.
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5. printer, printing, print, printed
a. Print
………………………… your name and
address in block letters.
Printing
b. …………………………. Was introduced by
Gutenberg in Germany
c. The quality of the printed
………………………..output from a daisy
wheel printer is superior to that from a dot matrix.
Printers
d. …………………………provided a hard copy
of the results of data processing operations.
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7a Content Review
Try to think of a definition for each of these items
before checking them in the Glossary. Then
complete the following statements with the
appropriate words. Make sure you use the correct
form, i.e. singular or plural.
algorithm coding sheets flowchart
robot printout bugs
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1. Special forms which are usually used for writing
programs are called ……………….
2. Another word for program errors
is……………..
3. A number of steps used in solving a program is
called an …………………..
4. A machine which is incapable of thinking but
follows instructions is called a
…………………..
5. A ………………………… is either a group of
exact sentences to solve a problem or a block
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diagram.
1. Special forms which are usually used for writing
programs are called ………………. coding sheets
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7b. Control review
Solving a problem is a process involving various
steps. Complete the following diagram to show the
sequence of these steps.
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2. The computer will follow the instructions in the
program to the minutest details. Therefore, one
can say that the computer is a robot.
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Classifying
The term ‘classification’ means to separate objects
from one another. The simplest classification divides
things into those that show groups of characteristics
that are shared and those that are not. For example,
one would not place fish and birds together in the
same class with trees. Classification usually goes
from general to specific and is essential in attempting
to make sense out of things around us.
Classification, then, is a process of bringing order out
of confusion by breaking down the general topic into49
its related parts in a logical way. Outlining is very
closely related to classification, because it
organizes information in a logical fashion, going
from general to specific, or from least important to
most important, or from specific to general.
1. From general to specific
There are several ways to expressing each of these
relationships. By focusing on the large or high-
level category and talking about its parts, that is,
from general to specific, the following expressions
can be used:
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is is made up of
can be divided into is composed of
is of comprises
has consists of
includes
A general to specific classification will usually have
singular main verbs, unless two or more things are
being analysed simultaneously.
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Examples
1. The CPU is divided into three parts: the control
unit the arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.
2. The CPU has three parts: the control unit, the
arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.
3. The CPU includes three parts: the control unit, the
arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.
4. The CPU is made up of three parts: the control
unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.
5. The CPU is composed of three parts: the control
unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and memory. 52
6. The CPU consists of three parts: the control unit,
the arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.
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2. From specific to general
A specific to general classification, what the smaller
(or lower-level) components make when they are
put together, usually has the following expressions:
are…. of constitute
make up may be
form can be
are classified as
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A specific to general classification will have plural
verbs, because two or more lower-level categories
are the focus of classification.
Examples:
1. The control unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and
memory are the three parts of the CPU.
2. The control unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and
memory are the three parts that make up the CPU.
3. The control unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and
memory are the three parts that form the CPU.
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4. The control unit, the arithmetic -logical unit and
memory are the three parts that constitute the CPU.
5. The control unit, the arithmetic-logical unit, and
memory together are classified as the CPU.
N.B. The active/passive pairs such as made up and
make up are not interchangeable.
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Example
The CPU is made up of the control unit, the
arithmetic-logical unit and memory (from general
to specific).
Not: ‘The CPU makes up the control unit, the
arithmetic-logical unit, and memory.’
Not: ‘The control unit, the arithmetic-logical unit,
and memory are made up of the CPU.’
Finally, understanding classification is important for
understanding and recognizing definitions.
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A computer has four basic components: input,
processor, memory, and output. The CPU consists
of two parts: the ……………………………..
which directs and controls the signals and
commands inside the processor, and the
………………………….. unit which does the
arithmetic operations and the decision-making
operations. While the ………………………is
made up of a ………………………….., a
…………………………., a…………………….
and a………………………, the
……………………….. is composed of
……………….., a…………………. and 58
A computer has four basic components: input,
processor, memory, and output. The CPU consists
control unit
of two parts: the ……………………………..
which directs and controls the signals and
commands inside the processor, and the
arithmetic - logical
………………………….. unit which does the
arithmetic operations and the decision-making
control unit
operations. While the ………………………is
register decoder
made up of a …………, a ……………………….,
counter clock
a……………………. and a………………………,
ALU
the ……………………….. is composed of
registers
……………….., binary adder
a…………………. and
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……………….., which compares information and
and makes decision based on the results of the
comparisons.
In a computer, internal memory or
…………………… refers to the storage location
inside the computer, whereas…………………….
refers to the storage embodied in the
peripherals………………….. can be divided into
three types:………………………….,
………………… and …………………
…………………, on the other hand, may be
grouped as ……………………………
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circuitry
……………….., which compares information and
and makes decision based on the results of the
comparisons.
In a computer, internal memory or
primary memory
…………………… refers to the storage location
secondary memory
inside the computer, whereas…………………….
refers to the storage embodied in the
Primary memory
peripherals………………….. can be divided into
core
three types:………………………….,
chip bubble
………………… and …………………
Secondary memory on the other hand, may be
…………………,
sequential
grouped as ……………………………
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(………………) or ………………….. (…………….)
The ………………………. devices can be either a
………………., a …………………, a…………….
or a
These devices enter the information into the
computer. After the processor has operated on it,
the ……………………. devices display the results
of the computations on either a ……………………
or a ………………………….., or store them on
tape or disk for future use.
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tape
(………………) random access
or ………………….. disk
(…………….)
input
The ………………………. devices can be either a
card reader tape drive disk drive
………………., a …………………, a…………….
terminal
or a …………………...
These devices enter the information into the
computer. After the processor has operated on it,
output
the ……………………. devices display the results
printer
of the computations on either a ……………………
terminal
or a ………………………….., or store them on
tape or disk for future use.
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Exercise 2
Using the diagram below, complete the paragraph that follows.
A computer system
CPU
Primary
Memory Processor
CPU
Binary
Registers Circuitry
adder
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Input Output
Secondary
memory
Tape Tape
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A computer has four basic components: input,
processor,memory, and output. The CPU consists of two
parts: the_____________which directs and controls the
signals and commands inside the processor, and
the________ unit which does the arithmetic operations and
the decision making operations. While the _____is made up
of a _____, a_________, a ________, and a
____________,the__________ is composed of __________,
a _______and________, which compares information and
makes decisions based on the results of the comparisons.
66
A computer has four basic components: input,
processor,memory, and output. The CPU consists of two
parts: the Control unit which directs and controls the signals
and commands inside the processor, and the arithmetic-
logical which does the arithmetic operations and the decision
making operations. While the Control unit is made up of a
register, a decoder, a counter, and a clock,the_ALU_ is
composed of registers, a binary adder and Circuitry, which
compares information and makes decisions based on the
results of the comparisons.
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In a computer, internal memory or _______ refers
to the storage locations inside the computer,
whereas______refers to the storage embodied in the
peripherals.__________ can be divided into three types:
____________ , ______________ and_______________ .
_______ on the other hand may be grouped as
_____________ ( _______) or _______ ( ________ ).
The __________ devices can be either a _________, a
______, a _______ or a ______________.