1.What is Java?

Java is a platform-independent high-level programming language. It is platform-independent

because its byte codes can run on any system regardless of its operating system.

2.What are the features of Java?

Object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts
Platform independent
High performance
Multi-threaded

3.What is JDK?
JDK stands for Java development kit.
It can compile, document, and package Java programs.
It contains both JRE and development tools.

4.What is JVM?
JVM stands for Java virtual machine.
It is an abstract machine that provides a run-time environment that allows programmers to
execute Java bytecode.
JVM follows specification, implementation, and runtime instance notations.

5.What is JRE?
JRE stands for Java runtime environment.
JRE refers to a runtime environment that allows programmers to execute Java bytecode.
JRE is a physical implementation of the JVM.

6.In Java, what are the differences between heap and stack memory?
Memory

Stack memory is used only by one thread of execution.

All the parts of the application use heap memory.
Access

Other threads can’t access stack memory.

Objects stored in the heap are globally accessible.
Memory Management

Stack follows the LIFO manner to free memory.

Memory management for heap stems from the generation associated with each object.
Lifetime

Stack exists until the end of the execution of the thread.

Heap memory lives from the start till the end of application execution.
Usage
Stack memory only contains local primitive and reference variables to objects in heap space.
Whenever you create an object, it is always stored away in the heap space.

7.What is a JIT compiler?

A JIT compiler runs after the program is executed and compiles the code into a faster form,
hosting the CPU’s native instructing set.

8.How does a JIT compiler differ from a standard compiler?

JIT can access dynamic runtime information, and a standard compiler does not. Therefore, JIT
can better optimize frequently used inlining functions.

9.What is data encapsulation, and why is it useful?

Encapsulation is a concept in Object-Oriented Programming for combining properties and
methods in a single unit. Encapsulation helps developers follow a modular approach for
software development because each object has its own set of methods and variables and
serves its functions independent of other objects. In addition to that, encapsulation serves data
hiding purposes.

10.What is polymorphism?
Polymorphism is one interface with many implementations. This characteristic allows you to
assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts. For example, you can
use polymorphisms to enable more than one form for entities, such as variables, functions, or
objects.

11.What are the types of polymorphism, and how do they differ?

There are two types of polymorphism:

Compile-time polymorphism is method overloading.

Run-time polymorphism uses inheritance and interface.

12.What does an interface in Java refer to?

An interface as it relates to Java is a blueprint of a class or a collection of abstract methods and
static constants.
Each method is public and abstract, but it does not contain any constructor.

13.What are constructors in Java?

In Java, a constructor refers to a block of code used to initialize an object. In addition:

Constructors must have the same name as that of the class.

Constructors have no return type.
Creating an object will call a constructor automatically.

14.Name and explain the types of constructors in Java.

The two types of constructors in Java are the Default Constructor and the Parameterized
Constructor.

Default Constructor
Does not take any inputs
Main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with the default values
Widely used for object creation
Parameterized Constructor
Capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided values.
These constructors take the arguments.

15.What is an inner class?

An inner class is a class that is nested within another class. An Inner class has access rights for
the class that is nesting it, and it can access all variables and methods defined in the outer
class.

16.What is a subclass?
A subclass is a class that inherits from another class called the superclass. Subclass can
access all public and protected methods and fields of its superclass.

17.What is a package in Java?

In Java, packages are the collection of related classes and interfaces which bundle together.

18.How can developers use packages in Java?

Packages in Java allow developers to modularize the code and optimize its reuse easily. In
addition, developers can use other classes to import and reuse the code within the packages.

19.What are the advantages of packages in Java?

Packages help developers avoid name clashes.
Packages provide easier access control.
Packages can also contain hidden classes that are not visible to the outer classes and are only
used within the package.
Packages create a standardized hierarchical structure, making it easier to locate related
classes.

20.What is a class in Java?

All Java codes are defined in a class. It has variables and methods.

21.What is a variable within Java?

Variables are attributes that define the state of a class.

22.How do you use a method in Java?

Methods are the place where the exact business logic has to be done. Methods contain a set of
statements or instructions that satisfy specified requirements.
23.What is a Java object?
An object is an instance of a class. The object has a state and behavior.

24.What is a singleton class, and how can it be used?

A singleton class in Java can have only one instance. Therefore, all its methods and variables
belong to this instance. The singleton class concept is useful when the developer needs to limit
the number of objects for a class.

25.What is a constructor in Java?

The sole purpose of using Constructors in Java is to create an instance of a class. Creating an
object of a class will invoke them. Some key features of Java constructors include:

26.Constructors can be public, private, or protected.

If a class already defines a constructor with arguments, you can no longer use a default
no-argument constructor — you have to write one.
Instantiating a class will only call them once.
They must have the same name as the class itself.
They do not return a value, and you do not have to specify the keyword void.
If you do not create a constructor for the class, Java helps you by using a so-called default
no-argument constructor.
How are non-primitive variables used in Java?
Non-primitive variables always refer to objects in Java.

27. In Java, what is a static variable?

A static variable is associated with a class and not objects of that class.

28.What are Java data types, and how are they grouped?
In Java, a variable must be a specified data type such as an integer, floating-point number,
character Boolean, or string. The two groups of data types are:

Primitive data types, which include byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, and char
Non-primitive data types, which include string, arrays, and classes

29.How do you define primitive data types and describe each by size and description?
byte is 1 byte in size. It stores whole numbers from -128 to 127
short is 2 bytes in size. It stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
int is 4 bytes in size. It stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long is 8 bytes in size. It stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float is 4 bytes in size. It stores fractional numbers and is sufficient for storing 6 to 7 decimal
digits.
double is 8 bytes in size. It stores fractional numbers and is sufficient for storing 15 decimal
digits.
Boolean is 1 bit in size. It stores true or false values.
char is 2 bytes in size. It stores a single character/letter or ASCII values.

30. What do the terms autoboxing and unboxing mean in Java?

Autoboxing represents the Java compiler that automatically transforms primitive data types into
object equivalents or wrapper types to ease compilation.
Unboxing is the automatic transformation of wrapper types into their primitive equivalent.

31.What are wrapper classes in Java?

Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it, known as wrapper classes.
We call them wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of that
class.
Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into reference types (objects).

32.Can you override a private method or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. You cannot override a private method in
subclass because it’s not accessible there.

33.What is method hiding?

Method hiding is an alternative to overriding a private or static method, which occurs when you
hide the superclass method. You create a similar method with the same return type and same
method arguments in child class. For example, you can create another private method with the
same name in the child class.

34.What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method
Is defined in object class in Java.
Used for checking the equality of two objects defined by business logic.
“==” (equality operator)
A binary operator provided by Java programming language and used to compare primitives and
objects.
public boolean equals (object o) is the method provided by the Object class.
Default uses == operator to compare two objects. For example, you can override a method like
string class. equals() method is used to compare the values of two objects.

35.Can you write multiple catch blocks under a single try block?
Yes, you can have multiple catch blocks under a single try block.

36.What is a local variable?

Local variables are defined in the method and scope of the variables that exist inside the
method itself.

37.What is an instance variable?

An instance variable is defined inside the class and outside the method. The scope of the
variables exists throughout the class.

38.How do you use final keywords and final variables in Java?

When Java programmers use final keywords with a variable of primitive data types, they cannot
change the variable’s value.
When you use final with non-primitive variables, you cannot change the members of the referred
object.

39.What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the
other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes.

40.In Java, what types of classes perform inheritance?

Parent class
Child class

41.What types of inheritance does Java support?

Single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Hybrid inheritance

42.What is Java exception handling?

In Java, exceptions are objects. When you throw an exception, you throw an object. However,
you can’t throw just any object as an exception — only those objects whose classes descend
from throwable. Throwable serves as the base class for an entire family of classes, declared in
java.lang, that your program can instantiate and throw.

43.What are the differences between unchecked exception, checked exception, and errors?
An Unchecked exception inherits from RuntimeException (which extends from exception). The
JVM treats RuntimeException differently as there is no requirement for the application code to
deal with them explicitly.

A checked exception inherits from the exception class. The client code has to handle the
checked exceptions either in a try-catch clause or has to be thrown for the super-class to catch
the same. A checked exception thrown by a lower class (sub-class) enforces a contract on the
invoking class (super-class) to catch or throw it.

Errors (members of the error family) usually appear for more serious problems, such as
OutOfMemoryError (OOM), that may not be so easy to handle.

44.What are loops in Java?

You would use a loop to execute a statement or a block of statements repeatedly.
45. What are the types of loops in Java, and how are they used?
For loops are used in Java to execute statements repeatedly for a given number of times. For
loops are used when the programmer knows the number of times to execute the statements.
The while loop is useful when certain statements need to execute repeatedly until it fulfills a
condition. In while loops, it checks the condition before the execution of statements.
The do while loop is the same as the while loop, except that it checks the condition after the
execution of block of statements. Also, do while loop statements execute at least once.

46.What is an infinite loop?

An infinite loop runs without any condition and runs infinitely. You can break an infinite loop by
defining any breaking logic in the body of the statement blocks.

47.How do you declare an infinite loop?

for (;;)

// Statements to execute

// Add any loop breaking logic

48.What is the difference between the continue and break statement?

Break and continue are two important keywords used in loops. When using a break keyword in
a loop, the loop breaks instantly. The current iteration breaks when using the continue keyword,
and the loop continues with the next iteration.

49.What is the entry point in Java, and how is it written?

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program.
main() is always written as public static void main string args.

50.In Java, what are public static void main string args?
Public static void main string args, also known as public static void main(String[] args), means:

Public is an access modifier used to specify who can access this method. Also, this method is
accessible by any class.

Static is a keyword in java that identifies when it is class-based.

main() is made static in Java to access it without creating the instance of a class. If main is not
made static, the compiler will throw an error as main() is called by the JVM before creating any
objects. It can only invoke static methods directly via the class.
Void is the return type of the method that defines the method. That method does not return a
value.

Main is the name of the method searched by JVM as a starting point for an application (with a
particular signature only). It is also the method where the main execution occurs.
String args[] is the parameter that passes to the main method.

51.In Java, what’s the purpose of static methods and static variables?
Developers use a static keyword to make a method or variable shared for all objects when there
is a requirement to share a method or a variable between multiple objects of a class. This is
used instead of creating separate copies for each object.

52.How do you use, call, and access a static method in Java?

You must use the static keyword before the method name.
Call a static method using the class (className.methodName).
Static methods cannot access any non-static instance variables or methods.

53.How do you use, call, and access a non-static method in Java?

You do not need to use the static keyword before the method name.
Call a non-Static method like any general method.
Non-static methods can access any static method or static variables without creating an
instance of the class.

54.In Java, what are this() and super(), and where are you required to use them?
In Java, super() and this() are special keywords used to call the constructor. When using this()
and super(), they must be the first line of a block.