Expanding the sentence

• She bought a pen

• The lady bought a blue pen
• The young lady bought a blue pen in the book store.
• The young lady who studied English bought a beautiful blue pen in
the bookstore near her house.

• He works in the office

• They go by airplane
• The family have a picnic
 TOEFL ITP
SECTION 2
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN
EXPRESSIONS
Parts of speech:
• NOUN: air, water, a child, children, a table, happiness, …
• PREPOSITION: in, on, at, from, to, beside, under, about, …
• PRONOUN: he, she, it, they, we, you, him, her, them, us, his, her, our, …
• ADJECTIVE: hot, cold, hard, interesting, interested, bored, boring, …
• VERB: eat, ate, is eating, go, went, gone, have, had, get, …
• ADVERB: quickly, beautifully, very, really, always, sometimes, …
• CONJUNCTION: and, or, but, so, for, …
NOUN
• TYPES: COUNT/ UNCOUNT, SINGULAR/ PLURAL, CONCRETE/ ABSTRACT
• FUNCTION: A noun serves as a subject of verb, an object of verb or an object of preposition.

My mother bought some vegetables in the grocery store.

Subject Object of verb Object of preposition

PREPOSITION
FUNCTION: a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show
direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
• In 2021, she graduated from the state university in Jakarta.
• My daughter is the love of my life.
• The office is across from the bank near the hospital.
PRONOUN
• TYPES:
• SUBJECTIVE PRONOUN: (I, you, they, we, he, she, it)
• OBJECTIVE PRONOUN: (me, you, them, us, him, her, it)
• POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE: (my, your, their, our, his, her, its)
• POSSESSIVE PRONOUN: (mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers)
• REFLEXIVE PRONOUN: (myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, ourselves, himself, herself, itself)

FUNCTION: used as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and whose referents are named or
understood in the context
My mother bought some vegetables in the grocery store. → She bought them in it.

Noun: a book, books, water, air

Noun phrase: a very beautiful rose, the lord of the rings, the golden jewelry inside the wood box.
ADJECTIVE
FUNCTION: an adjective modifies a noun and a pronoun.
Type:
• Demonstrative adjectives: this book, that car, these computers, and those hours
• Definite and indefinite articles: a, an, and the → a car, an apple, an hour, a university, the whale
• Indefinite adjectives: all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, few, half, least, less, little,
many, more, most, much, neither, one (and two, three, etc.), other, several, some, such, whole.
• True adjective: good, bad, nice, smart, wrong → comparative → superlative
The ordering of true adjectives will vary, but the following order is the most common:
opinion word→ size→ age→ shape→ color→ nationality→ material.
A BEAUTIFUL SMALL OLD ROUND BROWN INDONESIAN TEAK TABLE
• Participles:
• present participle (boring, interesting, charming, writing) → active meaning
• Past participle (bored, interested, charmed, written) → passive meaning
VERB
• What is a verb? (TAKEN FROM Verb Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster)
• Verbs are words that show an action (sing), occurrence (develop), or state of
being (exist). Almost every sentence requires a verb. The basic form of a verb is
known as its infinitive. The forms call, love, break, and go are all infinitives.
• Almost all verbs have two other important forms called participles. Participles are
forms that are used to create several verb tenses (forms that are used to show
when an action happened); they can also be used as adjectives. The present
participle always ends in -ing: calling, loving, breaking, going. (There is also a kind
of noun, called a gerund, that is identical in form to the present participle form of
a verb.) The past participle usually ends in -ed, but many past participles have
irregular endings: called, loved, broken, gone.
• The verb's past tense usually has the same -ed form as the past participle. For
many verbs, however, the past tense is irregular. An irregular past tense is not
always identical to an irregular past participle: called, loved, broke, went.
VERB
• TYPES:
• INFINITIVE : BREAK, CALL, DO, HAVE, LOVE, GO,
• PAST FORM : BROKE, CALLED, DID, HAD, LOVED, WENT
• PRESENT FORM: BREAK/ BREAKS, CALL/ CALLS, DO/ DOES, HAVE/ HAS, LOVE/ LOVES, GO/ GOES
• PRESENT PARTICIPLE : BREAKING, CALLING, DOING, HAVING, LOVING, GOING
• PAST PARTICIPLE : BROKEN, CALLED, DONE, HAD, LOVED, GONE

• GERUND IS NOT A VERB, IT IS A NOUN

JOHNY LOVES SWIMMING → JOHNY LOVES IT → SWIMMING = NOUN
JOHNY IS SWIMMING IN THE POOL NOW. → IS SWIMMING = VERB
 ADVERB
Adverbs are words that usually modify
• Verbs : They only shopped locally.
• Adjectives : The roads are very steep.
• Other adverbs : He talks to me very quickly.
• Entire sentences : Unfortunately, the sky is cloudy.
An adverb answers the question when?, where?, how?, how much?, how long?, or how often?:
The elections are coming soon.
They only shopped locally.
They are happily married.
The roads are very steep.
He stopped by briefly to say hello.
My daughter calls me regularly.
CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions are words that join together other words or groups of
words.

• A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal

importance.
• The main coordinating conjunctions are: and, or, and but.
They bought apples, pears, and oranges.
You can wait either on the steps or in the car.
The paintings are pleasant but bland.
• A subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate clause (a clause that does not
form a simple sentence by itself) and joins it to a main clause (a clause that can be
used as a simple sentence by itself).
She waited until they were seated.
It had been quiet since the children left.
• Some conjunctions are used in pairs. The most common pairs are
either ... or, both ... and, neither ... nor, and not only ... but (also).

• They could either continue searching or go to the police.

• Both Clara and Jeanette graduated from Stanford.
• He could neither sing nor dance.
• Not only the money but also the jewelry had been found.
 TYPES OF SENTENCES
• SIMPLE SENTENCE
• THERE IS ONLY ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: The man lives in a house
• COMPOUND SENTENCE
• THERE ARE TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: He loves sports but she loves dancing.
• COMPLEX SENTENCE
• THERE ARE ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND ONE DEPENDENT CLAUSE
(SUBORDINATE CLAUSE):
She met him yesterday. → She met him, when she went to the airport.
independent dependent
• COMPLEX COMPOUND SENTENCE
IN PART 1, ANALYZE THE STRUCTURE OF THE
SENTENCE AND IDENTIFY THE MISSING PART
BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN:
SIMPLE SENTENCE:
• S + V + prepositional phrase : She ran around the park yesterday.

• She slept at 10 o’clock yesterday.

• Martha is eating out at the new restaurant near her office.

• Billie sang beautifully at the performance last night.

SIMPLE SENTENCE:
• S + V + O : She met her old friend last weekend.

• He ate hot and spicy spaghetti.

• The builder builds the apartment.

• Billie sang a beautiful song at her performance last night.

 Simple sentence with more complex structure
According to the latest news, the victims of the earthquake have been saved by the
rescue team.
According to the latest news/, the victims of the earthquake/ have been saved/ by the
rescue team.
Prepositional phrase + Subject + Verb + Object

Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the Statue of Liberty was given to the United
States by the people of France
Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi,/ the Statue of Liberty/ was given/ to the
United States/ by the people of France
Participial phrase + Subject + Verb + Object of preposition + Object of preposition
 Strategy:
• Read the whole sentence.
• Analyze the sentence structure.
• Identify the subject and the main verb.
• Decide whether the sentence is simple, complex or compound by
locating the conjunction.
• Focus on the missing part (which part of the structure does it belong?).
• Decide the problem.
• Choose the best option that fits the sentence.